Planning Theory & Practice最新文献

{"title":"The Geometric World of Fishes: A Synthesis on Spatial Reorientation in Teleosts.","authors":"Greta Baratti, Davide Potrich, Sang Ah Lee, Anastasia Morandi-Raikova, Valeria Anna Sovrano","doi":"10.3390/ani12070881","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani12070881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fishes navigate through underwater environments with remarkable spatial precision and memory. Freshwater and seawater species make use of several orientation strategies for adaptative behavior that is on par with terrestrial organisms, and research on cognitive mapping and landmark use in fish have shown that relational and associative spatial learning guide goal-directed navigation not only in terrestrial but also in aquatic habitats. In the past thirty years, researchers explored spatial cognition in fishes in relation to the use of environmental geometry, perhaps because of the scientific value to compare them with land-dwelling animals. Geometric navigation involves the encoding of macrostructural characteristics of space, which are based on the Euclidean concepts of \"points\", \"surfaces\", and \"boundaries\". The current review aims to inspect the extant literature on navigation by geometry in fishes, emphasizing both the recruitment of visual/extra-visual strategies and the nature of the behavioral task on orientation performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8997125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74164465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policing the Campus: Police Communications and near-Campus Development across Atlanta’s University Communities","authors":"S. Sherman","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2050281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2050281","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research on anchor institutions and studentification largely neglects U.S. universities’ police, who often have legal arrest powers as well as firearms. Using mobile GIS methods, this paper investigates how police communications shape campus neighborhoods in two different U.S. universities: Georgia Institute of Technology and Georgia State University. Police communications through Clery Act notices amplify racist discourse about crime fears, but more so at the predominately white institution with non-local students. Notices can increase neighborhood stigma and alter student behaviors. The paper highlights how Clery notices may affect neighborhood property values through amplifying stigma, and the actions U.S. academics may take to shape police at their universities.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"368 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42303895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning Standards and Spatial (in)Justice","authors":"M. Ng","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2061773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2061773","url":null,"abstract":"fl ood resilient spatial planning in two case studies in the Netherlands. In the Dutch Multi-Layer Safety concept, fl ood resilient spatial planning is considered as the second layer in between direct fl ood protection ( fi rst layer) and crisis management (third layer). The paper provides a useful practice-informed framework to assess fl ood resilient spatial planning from the spatial-physical and institu-tional-organizational dimensions. The authors argue that as maximum fl ood depths in deltaic and coastal areas in the Netherlands are generally very deep, there is a limit to fl ood resilient spatial planning, especially when fi nancial resources and cost-bene fi t analysis are considered. Comparatively speaking, the institutional barriers such as raising awareness, enhancing collaboration or concerted responsibilities to fl ood resilient spatial planning are more surmountable and may create synergy with other aspects of urban developments. the heterogeneity of “ public interests ” involved when a government plays a “ hybrid ” role (as an entrepreneur as well as a regulator) to transact or contract with the private sector. Their case study is the Dutch state selling Amsterdam ’ s Bijlmer prison. They conclude that “ subjective, pragmatic and context-speci fi c choices ” made by the involved parties are crucial to balance the dilemma of prioritising fi nancial revenue or social value, organising a private transaction or a public tender, and choosing fl exibility or certainty.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"167 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42823070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Housing for People, Not for Profit: Models of Community-Led Housing","authors":"Lisa K. Bates","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2057784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2057784","url":null,"abstract":"Grassroots-led models of housing delivery are experiencing growth in many countries as alternatives to mainstream, top-down housing models. These encompass a diverse assemblage of housing types, delivery methods, social relationships and organisational structures, whose common feature is involvement of residents and/or other local stakeholders in the design, delivery, ownership and management of homes. This article sets out to capture the essential characteristics of “ community housing ” across the devolved jurisdictions of the UK Since there is no single de fi nition of “ community housing, ” I start off by attempting to de fi ne what the term might mean, before looking at factors which have historically both contributed to and inhibited the development and survival of community housing in different communities in UK. This allows me to consider how those factors might play out in future before offering some conclusions on what might be needed for community housing to be able to expand in a North American context.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"267 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46990879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technocratic Urban Development: Large Digital Corporations as Power Brokers of the Digital Age","authors":"C. Carr, M. Hesse","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2043717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2043717","url":null,"abstract":"Large digital corporations (LDCs) are forging their central position in cities by asserting themselves as the sole providers of so-called essential urban infrastructures, i.e. new technologies. Barnes (2020) has argued that platform services provided by LDCs are the millennial equivalent to the railway infrastructures that transformed patterns of transport and communications at the end of the 19th century. That is, platform services are increasingly integral to the functioning of cities today, and one ought to thus consider the arrival of “platform urbanism” (2020). In this paper, we reflect on another time period of dramatic infrastructural change in North American and European cities, and highlight the similarity between patterns of urban development at that time and those we see today unfolding under the leadership of LDCs. Rather than focussing on the technological products themselves, however, we reflect instead on the similarities in behaviour and styles of urban governance. We recall the American “tech giants” of the early to mid-20th century in the north-eastern United States and how they pushed for a certain spatial development, which for some represented the height of state-of-the-art innovation and modernity at the time. Robert Moses was one such “giant” (Caro, 1975), “tycoon” (Ahearn, 2010, p. 137), “despotic city planner” (Wainwright, 2017), and “tempestuous, arrogant and very effective bureaucrat,” (Gutman, 2008 p. 534) who – among other things, such as the neglect of NYC neighbourhoods, (Ahearn, 2010) – is widely accredited with the modernization of New York City and State during the first half of the 20th century. Moses is remembered for both the mass construction of toll roads and highway infrastructure; that is, building his “cult of the automobile” (2010, p. 145). He was also known for his formidable talent in strong-arming urban and regional development to suit his objectives (Ahearn, 2010; Caro, 1975; Kaufman 1975). In this contribution, we reflect on how Amazon or Alphabet Inc., armed with significant financial power (Fernandez et al., 2020), are similarly able to bully the field of urban development to suit their own interests, even if they are not civil servants working for the state, as Moses was. We reflect on the cases of Alphabet Inc.’s proposed project in Toronto, and Amazon’s search for a second headquarters (HQ2) in New York City (NYC), and argue that both LDCs drove a style of urban development that depended on brokering power. In this entry, we reflect on this parallel followed by some of the lessons to be learned.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"476 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41683120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Professional Lobbying in Urban Planning: Publicity Management and Transparency Discourse on a Collision Course?","authors":"Aino Hirvola","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2034922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2034922","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines professional lobbying in urban planning and the related decision-making process, as perceived by lobbyists, planners, and politicians in Finland. The implications as to the transparency of planning are particularly discussed. Transparency is generally considered a key value of public governance under democratic control, while for professional lobbying a key asset is its ability to manage transparency and publicity. Examining lobbying in planning complements the picture of planning transparency, the deficiency of which has been identified as a problem of democracy. The prevailing transparency discourse appears to oppose the practices of publicity management, but does it produce only ostensible improvements to planning democracy? The emerging picture of planning transparency suggests that transparency, and thus democratic practices, play a smaller role in the legitimacy in planning than generally thought.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"175 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46835546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Entrepreneurship in Private Land Markets: Contracting Dilemmas around Selling Amsterdam’s Major Prison","authors":"E. Buitelaar, M. van den Hurk, E. Nozeman, Christine Oude Veldhuis","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2034923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2034923","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most planning theories are based on the assumption that there is a homogenous public interest. However, planning agencies are driven by multiple and conflicting interests in practice. This article conceptualises and empirically investigates these interests in an “extreme case” of active public land policy: the Dutch state selling Amsterdam’s Bijlmer prison. Three types of dilemmas or conflicting interests that arose in the Bijlmer prison case are examined: prioritising price or social value, organizing a private transaction or a public tender, and choosing flexibility or certainty. Although these are matters of principle, subjective, pragmatic and context-specific choices determine the ultimate balance.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"248 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48903563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Use of Flood Resilient Spatial Planning in Dutch Water Management. A Study of Barriers and Opportunities in Practice","authors":"Casper Oukes, W. Leendertse, J. Arts","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2034921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2034921","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Around the world, deltaic and coastal regions like the Netherlands are facing challenges from climate, change such as sea-level rise as well as more frequent and extreme natural events. Since 2009, the Dutch government has tried to mitigate flood vulnerability by deploying a balanced mix of flood protection measures, resilient spatial planning and crisis management (Multi-Layer Safety). However, recent evaluations have concluded that resilient spatial planning is (too) limitedly applied in practice. This article aims to understand the barriers and opportunities for resilient spatial planning in flood risk management by comparing two cases where resilient spatial planning was opted for: Dordrecht and the IJssel-Vecht Delta. The study suggests a large gap between the wide array of possible measures, and those that are actually realized in practice. Three physical-spatial barriers were identified: maximum flood depths, lack of space, and rigidity of the existing built environment. Additionally, institutional-organizational barriers were found, including: a false, low or non-existent safety perception or risk awareness, and therefore a lack of urgency to act; a lack of political and societal support; a suboptimal collaboration between stakeholders; ambiguity regarding responsibilities; finances and a cost-benefit imbalance; and a lack of human capital. Subsequently, the article explores possibilities to overcome these barriers. Overcoming these barriers can pave pathways for flood resilient spatial planning. The institutional-organizational barriers appear surmountable, whereas the physical-spatial barriers prove to be more problematic and form the most important restrictive factor for resilient spatial planning in flood risk management.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"212 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42452286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Displacing Conflicting Goals in Planning for Sustainability? Insights from Three Norwegian Cities","authors":"Stina Ellevseth Oseland, Håvard Haarstad","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2034924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2034924","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sustainable transformation is hampered by conflicting goals. Here we examine how goal conflicts are handled in planning practice, focusing on processes around municipal climate and sustainability governance. We investigate local manifestations of goal conflicts between transport and land use planning and emissions reductions in three Norwegian cities, using document analysis, interviews and observation. We find that governance actors handle goal conflicts through what we term strategies of displacement. We identify three such strategies: temporal, sectorial and scalar. The research contributes to explaining how and why goal conflicts persist in planning practice.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"233 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42938160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planned Out: The Discriminatory Effects of Planning’s Regulation of Small Houses in Multiple Occupation in England","authors":"Katherine Brookfield","doi":"10.1080/14649357.2022.2036800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2036800","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some claim that planning has a “dark” side which is expressed in policies and practices that disadvantage minorities and less powerful groups. This article explores how revisions to an aspect of English planning legislation, plus the linked adoption by local planning authorities of “restrictive” development policies, may disproportionately affect the housing choices of young, lower-income adults. Combining documentary research, secondary data analysis and Yiftachel’s conceptual framework of “planning as social control,” it examines how the legislation and policy might limit the supply of an accommodation type popular with this group, and the resulting social, political and economic effects. The implications for planning theory and practice are considered.","PeriodicalId":47693,"journal":{"name":"Planning Theory & Practice","volume":"23 1","pages":"194 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47629911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}