Cognitive Processing最新文献_第2页

Cognitive augmentation: AI-enhanced tools for supporting individuals with cognitive disabilities. 认知增强：用于支持有认知障碍的个人的人工智能增强工具。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-025-01258-9

Mrim M Alnfiai, Nouf Abdullah Alsudairy, Asma Ibrahim Alharbi, Nouf Nawar Alotaibi, Salma Mohsen M Alnefaie

{"title":"Cognitive augmentation: AI-enhanced tools for supporting individuals with cognitive disabilities.","authors":"Mrim M Alnfiai, Nouf Abdullah Alsudairy, Asma Ibrahim Alharbi, Nouf Nawar Alotaibi, Salma Mohsen M Alnefaie","doi":"10.1007/s10339-025-01258-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-025-01258-9","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive disabilities significantly impact individuals' ability to navigate daily life, creating challenges in communication, memory, and task performance. This research proposes an AI-enhanced framework integrating neural network technologies and advanced natural language processing algorithms to support individuals with cognitive disabilities. The framework aims to enhance language understanding, memory retention, and overall task efficiency. Its validity is demonstrated through experiments and performance analysis using real-world datasets, showing marked improvements in language comprehension, memory recall, and task execution. Key factors influencing the model's effectiveness include the severity of cognitive impairments, individual cognitive profiles, and the adaptability of AI algorithms. The transformative potential of AI-driven interventions is highlighted, offering personalized, scalable solutions to meet diverse needs. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on leveraging technology to promote independence, inclusion, and quality of life for individuals with cognitive disabilities, laying the groundwork for future advancements in cognitive augmentation and assistive technologies.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Breaking through the 'wall of complexity' in a politically themed microworld: a challenge for elected officials and the general public. 在以政治为主题的微观世界中突破“复杂之墙”：对民选官员和公众的挑战。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-025-01257-w

Benoît Béchard, Helen M Hodgetts, Gabrielle Teyssier-Roberge, Frédéric Morneau-Guérin, Mathieu Ouimet, Sébastien Tremblay

{"title":"Breaking through the 'wall of complexity' in a politically themed microworld: a challenge for elected officials and the general public.","authors":"Benoît Béchard, Helen M Hodgetts, Gabrielle Teyssier-Roberge, Frédéric Morneau-Guérin, Mathieu Ouimet, Sébastien Tremblay","doi":"10.1007/s10339-025-01257-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-025-01257-w","url":null,"abstract":"Political leaders are often regarded as the most qualified individuals to address modern societal challenges, owing to the knowledge they acquire through their experience in dealing with complex issues, governance and management, and working towards making impactful decisions. To understand the influence of prior knowledge on decision-making, we conducted a comparative analysis of complex decision-making performance in a politically themed computer-simulated microworld involving incumbent elected officials and a general population sample, each contrasted with a random-response baseline produced with randomly generated decisions. Participants were tasked to govern a country for re-election while maintaining financial stability. The pattern of results suggests that decision-making faces a 'wall of complexity' whether one is an elected official or a citizen. Although elected officials generally reported having greater political knowledge, their performance was still relatively poor. The elected officials and general population subgroups performed at the same level and only slightly better than chance. Addressing the societal challenges of our time requires elected officials to possess more than domain-specific prior knowledge.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immorality backward, morality forward? Metaphorical morality in Chinese-English bilinguals. 不道德向后，道德向前？汉英双语者的隐喻道德。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01225-w

Huilan Yang, Neng Yang

{"title":"Immorality backward, morality forward? Metaphorical morality in Chinese-English bilinguals.","authors":"Huilan Yang, Neng Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01225-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01225-w","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored whether instructing participants to make forward or backward joystick movements in response to morality words is consistent with the conceptual metaphor MORAL IS MOVING FORWARD/IMMORAL IS MOVING BACKWARD in Chinese-English bilinguals' first and second languages. Chinese-English bilinguals were instructed to categorize words as moral or immoral while moving a joystick in a compatible block (moral-forward, immoral-backward) and an incompatible block (moral-backward, immoral-forward). The results revealed three main conclusions: First, participants showed faster categorization of immoral words when their responses involved backward joystick movements compared to forward joystick movements. Second, participants also demonstrated a slightly faster categorization of moral words when their responses involved backward joystick movements compared to forward joystick movements. Third, Chinese morality words were categorized faster overall than English morality words. However, despite a slightly larger effect size observed in L1, the action compatibility effects for morality words exhibited a similar pattern across both languages. In sum, bilinguals showed shared access to the IMMORAL IS MOVING BACKWARD conceptual metaphor across both L1 and L2, but they did not access the MORAL IS MOVING FORWARD conceptual metaphor in either L1 or L2. This study provides new evidence supporting the conceptual metaphor theory.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Age-related decline in source and associative memory. 与年龄有关的源记忆和联想记忆衰退。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01230-z

Erdi Sümer, Hande Kaynak

{"title":"Age-related decline in source and associative memory.","authors":"Erdi Sümer, Hande Kaynak","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01230-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01230-z","url":null,"abstract":"This review explores the multifaceted nature of age-related decline in source memory and associative memory. The review highlights the potential effects of age-related decline in these types of memory. By integrating insights from behavioral, cognitive, and neuroscientific research, it examines how encoding, retrieval, and neural mechanisms influence this decline. Understanding these processes is critical to alleviate memory decline in older adults. Directing attention to source information during encoding, employing unitization techniques to strengthen memory associations, and utilizing metacognitive strategies to focus on relevant details show promise in enhancing memory retrieval for older adults. However, the review acknowledges limitations in processing resources and executive function, necessitating a nuanced approach to the complexities of age-related decline. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of understanding the complexities of age-related source and associative memory decline and the potential benefits of specific cognitive strategies. It emphasizes the need for continued research on age-related memory function to improve the quality of life for aging populations.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Food for thought: the enhanced recall of metaphorical food sentences independent of hunger. 思考的食物：与饥饿无关的隐喻性食物句子的强化记忆。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01222-z

Catherine Audrin, Géraldine Coppin

{"title":"Food for thought: the enhanced recall of metaphorical food sentences independent of hunger.","authors":"Catherine Audrin, Géraldine Coppin","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01222-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01222-z","url":null,"abstract":"Metaphorical sentences are assumed to be related to more costly processes than their literal counterparts. However, given their frequent use in our daily lives, metaphorical sentences \"must come with a benefit\" (Noveck et al. Metaphor Symb 16:109-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2001.9678889 , 2001). In this paper, we investigated whether metaphorical sentences were better remembered than their literal counterparts. In addition, we were interested in assessing whether the relevance of the metaphors impacted this recall. Anchoring this hypothesis in the appraisal theory, we hypothesized that food-related metaphorical sentences may be particularly relevant when one is hungry, and consequently, be better remembered in that particular physiological state. Participants were presented with randomized metaphorical sentences and their literal counterparts and were later asked to remember the missing word in both metaphorical and literal sentences. General mixed model analyses revealed that metaphorical sentences were better remembered. However, there was no significant effect of hunger. We discuss these results in relation to (1) the metaphor literature and (2) the appraisal theory of emotion.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differences in working memory function are associated with motor imagery-induced changes in spinal motor nerve excitability and subsequent motor skill changes. 工作记忆功能的差异与运动图像引起的脊髓运动神经兴奋性变化以及随后的运动技能变化有关。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01231-y

Yuki Fukumoto, Keisuke Fujii, Marina Todo, Toshiaki Suzuki

{"title":"Differences in working memory function are associated with motor imagery-induced changes in spinal motor nerve excitability and subsequent motor skill changes.","authors":"Yuki Fukumoto, Keisuke Fujii, Marina Todo, Toshiaki Suzuki","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01231-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01231-y","url":null,"abstract":"Verification of the effectiveness of motor imagery (MI) has mainly focused on the method of implementing MI, and few studies have assessed individual factors. This study examined the individual differences in MI effects from the viewpoint of the multiple components of working memory. Forty-six healthy subjects (mean age 20.8 years) performed the Stroop Test (central executive within working memory) and reverse chanting (phonological loop within working memory). Then, F-waves were measured at rest for 30 s, the Purdue Pegboard was performed with the non-dominant hand to evaluate finger dexterity (Peg score) before MI, F-waves were measured during 30 s of kinesthetic MI, and the Peg score was evaluated after MI. For statistical analysis, the amplitude F/M ratio and Peg score were used as dependent variables, and the subjects were divided into Good and Poor groups according to cognitive function. The results showed an interaction for the amplitude F/M ratio and Peg score when grouped by reverse inverse chanting. In the subsequent simple main effect analysis, the Peg score was significantly improved after MI in both groups. The amplitude F/M ratio was significantly increased during MI compared to the resting state only in the Poor phonological loop group. Conversely, there was no interaction when the groups were divided by Stroop interference. No relationship was found between individual differences in central executive and changes in hand finger dexterity and spinal motor nerve excitability induced by MI. However, there may be a relationship between individual differences in phonological loops and changes in MI-induced finger dexterity and spinal motor nerve excitability.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predictive alternating runs and random task-switching sequences produce dissociative switch costs in the Consonant-Vowel/Odd-Even task. 在辅音-元音/奇偶任务中，预测性交替运行和随机任务切换序列会产生不同的切换成本。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01236-7

Nicholas P Maxwell, Mark J Huff, Jacob M Namias

{"title":"Predictive alternating runs and random task-switching sequences produce dissociative switch costs in the Consonant-Vowel/Odd-Even task.","authors":"Nicholas P Maxwell, Mark J Huff, Jacob M Namias","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01236-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01236-7","url":null,"abstract":"Task-switching is commonly used to investigate working memory and attentional control processes. The current study compares predictive versus non-predictive task-sequencing effects on task-switching performance. Participants completed four blocks of the Consonant-Vowel/Odd-Even (CVOE) task: Two single task pure blocks, a predictable switch block where task switching occurred every two trials, and a random switch block where switching was unpredictable. In addition to mean error rates and response times (RTs), we assessed sequence effects on local switch costs (i.e., switch vs. nonswitch trials) and global costs (i.e., nonswitch vs. pure trials) for both error rates and RTs along with their underlying distributions. Overall, we show that while predictive and random switching produced similar patterns for mean error rates and RTs, a dissociation occurred in RT switch costs. When switching was random, local costs were inflated. In contrast, predictive switching increased global costs. Increased local costs for random versus predictive switching reflect an increase in task-set reconfiguration processes as participants struggle to reconfigure to an unpredictable task type in working memory on a subsequent trial. Separately, increased global costs for predictive switching reflect declines in task-set maintenance processes, as participants must maintain both task types in working memory while simultaneously monitoring their progress through the trial sequencing.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"157-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of wearing a surgical face mask on cognitive functioning and mood states: a randomised controlled trial in young adults. 戴外科口罩对认知功能和情绪状态的影响：一项针对年轻人的随机对照试验。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01238-5

Neda Nasrollahi, Tim Jowett, Liana Machado

{"title":"Effects of wearing a surgical face mask on cognitive functioning and mood states: a randomised controlled trial in young adults.","authors":"Neda Nasrollahi, Tim Jowett, Liana Machado","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01238-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01238-5","url":null,"abstract":"Despite significant public concerns voiced about wearing face masks and reports from healthcare workers of adverse effects on cognition, research into potential adverse effects remains limited. The present trial investigated the effects of wearing a surgical face mask for prolonged periods on cognitive functioning and mood. We tested 42 university students (18-36 years old) using a controlled counterbalanced crossover design that involved a mask session and a control session, separated by 1 week. The two sessions were identical except that on the day of the mask session, participants were asked to wear a surgical mask for at least 8 h and to continue wearing it while visiting our laboratory, during which cognitive performance and mood were assessed as per the control session. Results showed that participants reported feeling less happy and more tense during the mask session compared to no-mask control. Additionally, cognitive performance differed between the two sessions for a selective attention task, reflecting slower response latencies during the mask session, which for the most part appeared to be driven by those who felt anxious wearing the mask. Although significant differences emerged for only two of six mood scales and one of eight cognitive tests, the evidence of adverse effects in a university population signals a need for research investigating vulnerable populations. Individuals with elevated anxiety may be particularly important to target.Trail Registration: This randomized controlled trial was retrospectively registered (ACTRN12620001215910). Date registered: 16/11/2020, retrospectively registered.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"189-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Choosing between bad and worse: investigating choice in moral dilemmas through the lens of control. 在坏与更坏之间做出选择：从控制的角度研究道德困境中的选择。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01226-9

Revati Shivnekar, Narayanan Srinivasan

{"title":"Choosing between bad and worse: investigating choice in moral dilemmas through the lens of control.","authors":"Revati Shivnekar, Narayanan Srinivasan","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01226-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01226-9","url":null,"abstract":"People's preferences for the utilitarian outcome in sacrificial moral dilemmas, where a larger group of individuals are saved at the cost of a few, have been argued to be influenced by various factors. Taking expected utility (EU) theory into consideration, we investigate whether the expected effectiveness of actions elucidate certain inconsistencies in moral judgments. Additionally, we also explore whether participants' role in the dilemma as the executor or a superior who merely makes a decision, which is carried out by a subordinate, influences judgments-a factor generally overlooked by classical EU models. We test these hypotheses using a modified moral dilemma paradigm with a choice between two actions, one highly successful and the other more likely to fail. Both actions are either expected to result in a favorable outcome of saving five individuals by sacrificing one or an unfavorable outcome of sacrificing five to save one. When the efficient action is anticipated to lead to a favorable outcome, in line with EU models, people almost invariably choose the efficient action. However, in conditions where the EUs associated with efficient and inefficient actions are close to each other, people's choice for favored outcome is above chance when they act as agents themselves. We discuss the implications of our results for existing theories of moral judgments.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effects of cognitive training on driving performance. 认知训练对驾驶性能的影响。

IF 1.7 4区心理学

Cognitive Processing Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01245-6

Jose L Tapia, David Sánchez-Borda, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia

{"title":"The effects of cognitive training on driving performance.","authors":"Jose L Tapia, David Sánchez-Borda, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01245-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01245-6","url":null,"abstract":"Driving is a complex task necessitating an intricate interplay of sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. Extensive research has underscored the role of neurocognitive functions, including attention, memory, executive functions, and visuospatial skills, in driving safety and performance. Despite evidence suggesting cognitive training's potential in enhancing driving abilities, comprehensive cognitive training's impact on driving performance in young adult drivers remains unexplored. Our study aimed to fill this gap by implementing an intensive, 8-week, multidomain computerized cognitive training program and assessing its transfer effects on the driving performance of young adult drivers, using a high-fidelity simulator. The study employed a randomized controlled trial design, with passive control group. The mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a notable interaction between the time of testing and the respective participant groups concerning driving performance. Post hoc analyses showed that, compared to the control group, participants undergoing cognitive training demonstrated significantly fewer traffic infractions in the post-training evaluation. These findings suggest that cognitive training could be a useful tool for enhancing driving safety and performance in young adult drivers. Further research should aim to address the limitations posed by the absence of an active control group.","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"219-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0