Cognitive Processing最新文献

{"title":"Sex/gender differences in general cognitive abilities: an investigation using the Leiter-3.","authors":"David Giofrè, Enrico Toffalini, Lorenzo Esposito, Cesare Cornoldi","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01199-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01199-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research has shown that differences between males and females are not in general intelligence, but only in some specific factors and tasks. We used the Italian standardization of the Leiter-3, which is a completely nonverbal cognitive battery, to investigate the nature of sex/gender (we used sex/gender to reflect the awareness that the effects of biological 'sex' and socially constructed 'gender' cannot be easily separated and that most individuals' identities are informed by both sex and gender) differences. In doing so we used a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis approach. Results confirmed that males and females perform similarly in general intelligence, but present with some specificities. Males perform better on some, but not all, tasks requiring the spatial manipulation of the stimuli, but females consistently outperform males in tasks such as the nonverbal Stroop, requiring inhibition and attention control to a larger extent. The clinical and practical implications of our findings are considerable. The identification of specific cognitive strengths and weaknesses in males and females underscores the importance of tailored approaches in clinical assessments and interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"663-672"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140923186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental simulation of colour properties during language comprehension: influence of context and comprehension stages.","authors":"Donglin Liu, Lijuan Wang, Ying Han","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01201-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01201-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many studies have shown that mental simulation may occur during language comprehension. Supporting evidence is derived from the matching effects in the sentence-picture verification (SPV) task often used to assess mental simulations of object properties, such as size, orientation, and shape. However, mixed results have been obtained regarding object colour, with researchers reporting matching or mismatching effects. This study investigated the impact of colour information clarity within sentences on the process of mental simulation during language comprehension. Employing the SPV task and using novel objects, we examined whether there is a mental simulation of colour after excluding typical/atypical colour bias and how varying levels of colour information clarity in sentences influence the emergence of matching effects at different stages of comprehension. To address these issues, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, the participants read normal sentences and subsequently engaged in picture verification with a novel object after a 500 ms delay. In Experiment 2, the participants encountered sentences containing both clear and unclear colour information and, after either a 0 ms or 1500 ms interval, completed picture verification tasks with a novel object. Null effects were found in the 500 ms condition for normal sentences and the 0 ms condition for unclear colour information sentences. A mismatching effect appeared in the 0 ms condition after clear colour information sentences, and a matching effect appeared in the 1500 ms condition for all sentences. The results indicated that after excluding colour bias, the participants still formed mental simulations of colour during language comprehension. Our results also indicated that ongoing colour simulation with time pressure impacted the participant responses. The participants ignored unclear colour information under time pressure, but without time pressure, they constructed simulations that were as detailed as possible, regardless of whether the implicit colour information in the sentence was clear.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"587-600"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141293839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional text messages affect the early processing of emoticons depending on their emotional congruence: evidence from the N170 and EPN event related potentials.","authors":"Nerea Aldunate, Vladimir López, Felipe Rojas-Thomas, Mario Villena-González, Ismael Palacios, Claudio Artigas, Eugenio Rodríguez, Conrado A Bosman","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01223-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01223-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emoticons have been considered pragmatic cues that enhance emotional expressivity during computer-mediated communication. Yet, it is unclear how emoticons are processed in ambiguous text-based communication due to incongruences between the emoticon's emotional valence and its context. In this study, we investigated the electrophysiological correlates of contextual influence on the early emotional processing of emoticons, during an emotional congruence judgment task. Participants were instructed to judge the congruence between a text message expressing an emotional situation (positive or negative), and a subsequent emoticon expressing positive or negative emotions. We analyzed early event-related potentials elicited by emoticons related to face processing (N170) and emotional salience in visual perception processing (Early Posterior Negativity, EPN). Our results show that accuracy and Reaction Times depend on the interaction between the emotional valence of the context and the emoticon. Negative emoticons elicited a larger N170, suggesting that the emotional information of the emoticon is integrated at the early stages of the perceptual process. During emoticon processing, a valence effect was observed with enhanced EPN amplitudes in occipital areas for emoticons representing negative valences. Moreover, we observed a congruence effect in parieto-temporal sites within the same time-window, with larger amplitudes for the congruent condition. We conclude that, similar to face processing, emoticons are processed differently according to their emotional content and the context in which they are embedded. A congruent context might enhance the emotional salience of the emoticon (and therefore, its emotional expression) during the early stages of their processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"621-634"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The differential illusion memory for high-associated abstract concepts (DIM-HA) effect.","authors":"Alejandro Marín-Gutiérrez, Emiliano Díez Villoria, Ana María González Martín","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01220-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01220-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A vast body of evidence has shown that concrete concepts are processed faster and more accurately than abstract concepts in a variety of cognitive tasks. This phenomenon is widely known as the concreteness effect, and explanations for its occurrence seem to reflect differences in processing and organization for both types of representations. While there is considerable evidence to support this concreteness effect, the nature of these differences is still controversial. In developing an explanation, we have proposed a relatively different approach from a false memory perspective using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. To explore the implications of the association in creating false memories, we explore behavioral and electrophysiologically the false memory effect, where targets were manipulated according to their association strength and their concreteness. Results showed that false recognition rates differed significantly between concrete and abstract critical words when they were associated strongly with their respective lists, which led to a higher proportion of abstract false alarms both in behavioral and electrophysiological experiments. The principal outcome, which was called the DIM-HA effect, was discussed in terms of theories of associative activation and qualitatively different representation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"575-586"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The concept of cognitive readiness: potential solution and opportunity for the Malaysian army.","authors":"Hasmady Alim, Amelia Yuliana Abd Wahab, Ananthan Subramaniam, Norazman Mohamad Nor","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01203-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01203-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper focuses on exploring the potential solution and opportunity in the development of the Malaysian Army Transformation Plan by using the concept of Cognitive Readiness (CR). Here, the concept of CR equipped the military personnel to be cognitively ready to perform their role in military operations. The main aim of the paper is to highlight the fundamental discourse of 'what is cognitive readiness' in discovering the potential solution and opportunity in the development of the Malaysian Army Transformation Plan. The paper suggests that the strategy for transformation may start at the tactical level by focusing on enhancing the military personnel's CR. The study proposed that the Malaysian Army Organization prepare the military personnel with Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA). KSA are important to boost the military personnel to have a distinctive character such as thinking critically, problem-solving and decision-making to perform effectively during military operations. In this preliminary study, the paper proposed a Framework for Tactical Cognitive Readiness (TCR) as a potential solution and opportunity for the Malaysian Army.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"533-544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enactment encoding promotes relative temporal order memory.","authors":"Hongli Bu, Xiaojie Wang, Guili Lei, Xingpu Ye, Feng Zhang, Yongxin Li, Jialin Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01206-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01206-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have shown that enactment improves memory; however, in daily life, our memories of motor events often exhibit a relative temporal order. Therefore, this study examined whether enactment promotes relative temporal order memory. In Experiment 1, a sequential recall task and a subject-performed task were used to explore whether enactment encoding improved relative temporal order memory. The results showed that the relative temporal order memory of the enactment-encoding group was significantly better than that of the verbal-encoding group, indicating that enactment promoted relative temporal order memory. Since temporal order memory is often affected by spatial cues, in Experiment 2, we further controlled spatial cues and used a 2 (spatial cues: consistent with temporal order, vs. no cues) × 2 (encoding type: verbal vs. enactment) design to explore whether spatial cues influence the effect of enactment encoding on temporal order memory. The results showed that compared with verbal encoding, enactment encoding significantly improved relative temporal order memory. However, no effect of spatial cues on relative temporal order memory was found. Our study confirmed that enactment encoding promotes relative temporal order memory performance independent of spatial cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"567-574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reading abilities in preterm children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mónica Gutiérrez-Ortega, Aitor Álvarez-Bardón, Esperanza Vergara-Moragues, Javier Tubío, Alejandro González-Andrade","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01192-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01192-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well recognized that children born preterm have specific learning difficulties. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis on preterm children's reading ability performance. Of the 486 studies identified, 53 met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 143 effect sizes. 33,500 children between 5 and 18 years were included of whom 13,765 were preterm infants and 19,735 were full-term infants. Among preterm-born children without neurodevelopmental disorders significant differences and larger effect sizes were found in the reading subcategories, letter-word knowledge, reading comprehension, and spelling, whereas no significant differences were found in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Extremely preterm children showed larger effect size. The present meta-analysis, which includes a much larger number of studies, shows that preterm children have lower performance than full-term children in reading and spelling. This fact underlines the need to design, develop and implement neuroeducational programs that take into account the characteristics of preterm born students.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"545-565"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140946216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of face mask color on perceptions of African American and white men.","authors":"Lauren A Morris, Doris G Bazzini, Christopher J Holden, Savannah J Lee","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01196-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01196-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite their widespread use during the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks hinder abilities to interpret facial expressions. Yet, they can also reduce the appearance of characteristics that are used to categorize individuals into racial groups, such as Afrocentric features. The color of a face mask might also promote associations with certain types of behavior and professional occupations (e.g., blue surgical mask connoting physician stereotypes; black masks potentially being associated with criminality). This study assessed whether the presence and color of a face mask impacted perceptions of a target male of varying race. White participants (N = 250) were presented with an African American or White male adult face from the Chicago Face Database (of equal age and attractiveness) wearing a blue or black surgical mask, or no mask (Photoshopped onto the face) and rated the man on emotions (happy, sad, angry) as well as how trustworthy, threatening, and attractive the target appeared. Targets wearing a blue surgical mask were judged as more trustworthy and attractive than those wearing no mask (perhaps due to association with medical professions), but these judgements were not qualified by race, despite the African American target's selection based on Afrocentric features. The color black on a face mask did not exacerbate negative perceptions of targets, perhaps suggesting a decline effect in previously demonstrated associations between this color and criminal actions. Unlike previous research performed at the beginning of the Covid-19 Pandemic on cloth masks shown to potentially exacerbate racial biases, surgical masks (pleated and made of polymeric materials), appear to lessen potential stereotyping of Black relative to White men.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"635-645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11541368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140897324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APOE genotype, hippocampal volume, and cognitive reserve predict improvement by cognitive training in older adults without dementia: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Pedro Montejo Carrasco, Mercedes Montenegro-Peña, David Prada Crespo, Inmaculada Rodríguez Rojo, Ana Barabash Bustelo, Borja Montejo Rubio, Alberto Marcos Dolado, Fernando Maestú Unturbe, María Luisa Delgado Losada","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01202-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01202-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive training (CT) programs aim to improve cognitive performance and impede its decline. Thus, defining the characteristics of individuals who can benefit from these interventions is essential. Our objectives were to assess if the cognitive reserve (CR), APOE genotype (e4 carriers/non-carriers) and/or hippocampal volume might predict the effectiveness of a CT program. Participants were older adults without dementia (n = 226), randomized into parallel experimental and control groups. The assessment consisted of a neuropsychological protocol and additional data regarding total intracranial, gray matter, left/right hippocampus volume; APOE genotype; and Cognitive Reserve (CR). The intervention involved multifactorial CT (30 sessions, 90 min each), with an evaluation pre- and post-training (at six months); the control group simply following the center's routine activities. The primary outcome measures were the change in cognitive performance and the predictors of change. The results show that APOE-e4 non-carriers (79.1%) with a larger left hippocampal volume achieved better gains in semantic verbal fluency (R² = .19). Subjects with a larger CR and a greater gray matter volume better improved their processing speed (R² = .18). Age was correlated with the improvement in executive functions, such that older age predicts less improvement (R² = .07). Subjects with a larger left hippocampal volume achieved more significant gains in general cognitive performance (R² = .087). In conclusion, besides the program itself, the effectiveness of CT depends on age, biological factors like genotype and brain volume, and CR. Thus, to achieve better results through a CT, it is essential to consider the different characteristics of the participants, including genetic factors.Trial registration: Trial retrospectively registered on January 29th, 2020-(ClinicalTrials.gov -NCT04245579).</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"673-689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of an embodied intervention on responsibility: put a load on one's shoulder.","authors":"Sara Shahabifar, Aryan Yazdanpanah, Abdol-Hossein Vahabie","doi":"10.1007/s10339-024-01207-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-024-01207-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Responsibility is an essential part of our social life. Although responsibility is an abstract concept, it can be represented with concrete ideas through conceptual metaphor. Expressions like \"carry a lot of responsibility,\" \"shoulder the responsibility\" shows that responsibility can be understood as a load on shoulder that one has to carry. Accordingly, this study tests the question that does putting a burden on one's shoulder makes him/her more responsible or not. In order to investigate this, on each trial, we asked participants to decide between risky situations that vary in magnitude, probability of win/lose, and the ambiguity level in two conditions: \"self\" and 'group.\" Each subject wears a vest with a load on each shoulder in half of the trials. As expected, Most of participants choose to defer on the group trials more than on the self-trials. This difference between numbers of deferring in group and self conditions is called responsibility aversion. Results indicate that responsibility aversion scores are lower (responsibility-taking was greater) in the state of wearing the vest than in the form of not wearing the vest significantly. We provided evidence that the abstract concept of responsibility is linked to bodily experiences of feeling load on the shoulder consistent with an embodied cognition theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":"613-620"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}