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Explorations in Economic History最新文献

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Corporations and partnerships: Factory productivity in late Imperial Russia 公司与伙伴关系：帝国晚期俄罗斯的工厂生产力
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621
Nikita Lychakov
{"title":"Corporations and partnerships: Factory productivity in late Imperial Russia","authors":"Nikita Lychakov","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using factory-level data from an official manufacturing census, I examine productivity among two forms of enterprise in the Russian Empire from around 1908. I find that despite having 60 times more financial capital, factories owned by corporations did not outperform those owned by ordinary and limited partnerships. Although corporations were more mechanized per worker, both enterprise forms attained equal capital and labor productivity and total factor productivity. Corporations attained higher labor productivity than partnerships only in the metals and machinery industry. These findings suggest that Russian factories used the corporate form's unique advantages in a rather limited way: to build larger factories and undertake larger projects, but not to enhance productivity beyond the level of the partnership form. I also find that there were fewer accidents per worker at partnership-owned factories than at corporations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reservoirs of power: The political legacy of dam construction in Franco’s Spain 权力水库：佛朗哥时期西班牙大坝建设的政治遗产
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101628
Gema Lax-Martinez
{"title":"Reservoirs of power: The political legacy of dam construction in Franco’s Spain","authors":"Gema Lax-Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper delves into infrastructure projects initiated during the dictatorship in Spain, particularly the construction of reservoirs and dams. These projects were instrumental in bolstering support for right-wing factions advocating for Franco’s regime over the years. However, our research reveals a notable trend: areas where dams were erected by the regime demonstrate diminished political backing for right-wing parties in the post-dictatorship era. We present evidence suggesting that this phenomenon is driven by the use of forced labor in dam construction by the regime, as inferred from the proximity to concentration camps. To address endogeneity concerns, we instrument dam construction with river gradient suitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wealth and history: A reappraisal 财富与历史：重新评估
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101624
Daniel Waldenström
{"title":"Wealth and history: A reappraisal","authors":"Daniel Waldenström","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study revisits trends and drivers of wealth inequality and accumulation since the onset of industrialization. Empirical analysis reveals that Western countries are both wealthier and more equal today than a century ago. Wealth concentration has declined in all countries over the past century, remaining at historically low levels in Europe, while rising in the United States. These trends are largely driven by new wealth accumulation among the lower and middle classes, primarily through housing and pension savings, rather than a decline in the fortunes of the affluent. The findings challenge the view that unregulated capitalism inevitably leads to extreme wealth concentration and question the idea that wealth equalization requires shocks to capital, such as wars or progressive taxation. Instead, the evidence emphasizes the equitable effects of economic and political institutions that enable ordinary individuals to build personal wealth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Black–white lifetime earnings gap 黑人与白人终生收入差距
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101629
Ezra Karger , Anthony Wray
{"title":"The Black–white lifetime earnings gap","authors":"Ezra Karger ,&nbsp;Anthony Wray","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The average white male born in 1900 earned 2.6 times more labor income over their lifetime than the average Black male. This gap is nearly twice as large as the more commonly studied cross-sectional Black–white earnings gap because 48% of Black males born in 1900 died before the age of 30 as compared to just 26% of white males. We calibrate a model of optimal consumption in a world with mortality risk to data describing the life-cycle earnings and survival probabilities of Black and white males born between 1900 and 1970. We find that convergence in Black and white mortality rates led to a 50% reduction in Black–white welfare gaps between the 1900 and 1920 birth cohorts, even as cross-sectional Black–white income gaps for those cohorts remained relatively constant. However, the Black–white welfare gap stagnated for the 1920 to 1970 birth cohorts as gaps in Black–white life expectancy and income remained stable and large.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Print culture and economic constraints: A quantitative analysis of book prices in eighteenth-century Britain 印刷文化与经济制约：十八世纪英国图书价格的定量分析
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101614
Iiro Tiihonen , Leo Lahti , Mikko Tolonen
{"title":"Print culture and economic constraints: A quantitative analysis of book prices in eighteenth-century Britain","authors":"Iiro Tiihonen ,&nbsp;Leo Lahti ,&nbsp;Mikko Tolonen","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Who could afford books in the late early-modern period? We explore how prices related to the demand for books in eighteenth-century Britain by analysing extensive bibliographic and socio-economic data based on Bayesian statistics and machine learning. Our results quantify in financial terms the difficulty of buying print products faced by most British households in the eighteenth century, and how this related to the varying levels of supply across price segments. We found no evidence of the well known claim that legislation would have led to lower prices. The inadequate supply and high cost of books make it likely that only higher-income households bought them regularly from the primary market.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000408/pdfft?md5=ad3cbaf2082eaae945ae3c8aa0f407a1&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000408-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Skill, race, and wage inequality in British Tanganyika 英属坦噶尼喀的技能、种族和工资不平等
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625
Sascha Klocke
{"title":"Skill, race, and wage inequality in British Tanganyika","authors":"Sascha Klocke","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High racial disparities between Europeans and Africans and high skill premiums are recurrent themes in the literature on inequality in colonial Africa. However, their determinants and effects on inequality remain underexplored. This paper investigates wage inequality, skill premiums, and racial discrimination in British Tanganyika from c. 1920 to 1960. It provides first estimates for wage inequality and race premiums in Tanganyika and extends the coverage of earlier skill premium estimates. Initially, wage inequality in Tanganyika was comparable to neighbouring Kenya and Uganda, but it remained higher in the late colonial period. A primary driver of wage inequality was racial wage disparity, which was partly caused by racial discrimination. Skill premiums also played an important and increasing role and were higher than previously thought. The Tanganyikan administration's failure to expand African education to meet skilled labour demand significantly contributed to racial income differences and wage inequality within the African labour force.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101625"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fertility responses to short-term economic stress: Price volatility and wealth shocks in a pre-transitional settler colony 生育率对短期经济压力的反应：过渡前殖民地的价格波动和财富冲击
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620
Jeanne Cilliers , Martine Mariotti , Igor Martins
{"title":"Fertility responses to short-term economic stress: Price volatility and wealth shocks in a pre-transitional settler colony","authors":"Jeanne Cilliers ,&nbsp;Martine Mariotti ,&nbsp;Igor Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the effects of short-term economic stress, captured by general price volatility and a negative wealth shock on short-run fertility behavior in the rural pre-transitional society of the Cape Colony. First, we link complete birth histories of settler women from the South African Families database to consumer price index data to examine the effect of price volatility on conceptions. Next, we link the same birth histories to slave owner and slave emancipation data to examine the effect of a negative wealth shock on conception. Upon slave emancipation in 1834, former slave owners received on average only between 40 and 50 % of the market value of their slaves as compensation, resulting in a substantial reduction in their wealth. Relying on event history models that look simultaneously at stopping and spacing, we do not find strong evidence in support of fertility control in response to general price volatility. We do find greater variance in birth interval lengths for former slaveholding households during and immediately after emancipation, suggesting that a negative wealth shock is associated with increased fertility limitation through postponement in this context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000469/pdfft?md5=0d49afd2c88aedfbe9f006be89c51f3c&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000469-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142058019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ethnic wealth inequality in England and Wales, 1858–2018 英格兰和威尔士的种族财富不平等，1858-2018 年
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617
Neil Cummins
{"title":"Ethnic wealth inequality in England and Wales, 1858–2018","authors":"Neil Cummins","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using surnames from the universe of death and wealth-at-death records in England and Wales, from 1858 to 2018, I document the emergence of a modern ethnic wealth gradient. Historically, Non-British ethnicities have average wealth 2–5 times that of the English. However, this premium has decreased over the 20th century. By 1980, non-British ethnicities have no advantage over the British. However, this masks considerable heterogeneity within the non-British ethnicity group. Europeans typically die significantly richer than the English whereas the Pakistani and Swedish die significantly poorer. Some groups always have lower wealth. The Irish, have wealth around 50% of the average English throughout. Surprisingly, the most egalitarian measure of wealth is representation within the top 1%. Most ethnicities have an equal, or greater, representation in the top 1% than the English, 1980–1992. Despite large differences in average wealth between ethnicities, the vast majority of variation, 97.5% is between individuals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000433/pdfft?md5=f9f06f75618f045bc73419d02a79b0c1&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000433-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia 劳动胁迫、财政现代化和国家能力：殖民时期印度尼西亚的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632
Mark Hup
{"title":"Labor coercion, fiscal modernization, and state capacity: Evidence from colonial Indonesia","authors":"Mark Hup","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>What explains the emergence of centralized fiscal institutions and information-intensive monetary taxation? This is the first study to estimate the effect of state capacity expansion on labor coercion as taxation, a practice known as corvée labor. To do so, I construct a new database covering eighteen Indonesian residencies over thirty-two years (1874–1905) during the period of Dutch colonial rule. I document the wide use of corvée labor and find that national-level policy centralized state finances by gradually replacing corvée with a head tax. At the same time, a residency-level panel data analysis shows that local state capacity expansion, primarily indigenous officials working as agents for the state, slowed the movement away from corvée. These estimates are supported by an IV strategy that uses effective distance to the capital as an instrument for local state capacity. The relationship between state capacity expansion and fiscal modernization therefore depends on what part of the state is expanding and whether interests across types of taxation differ within the state bureaucracy. Opposing interests of different state actors can be key in understanding fiscal modernization and public labor coercion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101632"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bank failures and economic activity: Evidence from the progressive era 银行倒闭与经济活动：进步时代的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101616
Marco del Angel , Gary Richardson , Michael Gou
{"title":"Bank failures and economic activity: Evidence from the progressive era","authors":"Marco del Angel ,&nbsp;Gary Richardson ,&nbsp;Michael Gou","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the Progressive Era (1900–29), economic growth was rapid but volatile. Boom and busts witnessed the formation and failure of tens of thousands of firms and thousands of banks. This essay uses new data and methods to identify causal links between failures of banks and bankruptcies of firms. Our analysis indicates that bank failures triggered bankruptcies of firms that depended upon banks for ongoing access to commercial credit. Firms that did not depend upon banks for credit did not fail in appreciably larger numbers after banks failed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141909652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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