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The mortality risk of being overweight in the twentieth century: Evidence from two cohorts of New Zealand men 20世纪超重的死亡风险:来自两组新西兰男性的证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101472
Kris Inwood , Les Oxley , Evan Roberts
{"title":"The mortality risk of being overweight in the twentieth century: Evidence from two cohorts of New Zealand men","authors":"Kris Inwood ,&nbsp;Les Oxley ,&nbsp;Evan Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How have health and social mortality risks changed over time? Evidence from pre-1945 cohorts is sparse, mostly from the United States, and evidence is mixed on long-term changes in the risk of being overweight. We develop a dataset of men entering the NZ army in the two world wars, with objectively measured height and weight, and socioeconomic status in early adulthood. Our sample includes significant numbers of indigenous Māori, providing estimates of weight and mortality risk in an indigenous population. We follow men from war's end until death, with data on more than 12,000 men from each war. Overweight and obesity were important risk factors for mortality, and associated with shorter life expectancy. However, the reduction in life expectancy associated with being overweight declined from 5 to 3 years between the two cohorts, consistent with the hypothesis that being overweight became less risky during the twentieth century</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10164007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
War, pandemics, and modern economic growth in Europe 战争、流行病和欧洲的现代经济增长
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101467
Leandro Prados de la Escosura , C. Vladimir Rodríguez-Caballero
{"title":"War, pandemics, and modern economic growth in Europe","authors":"Leandro Prados de la Escosura ,&nbsp;C. Vladimir Rodríguez-Caballero","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper contributes to the debate on Europe's modern economic growth using the statistical concept of long-range dependence. Different regimes, defined as periods between two successive endogenously estimated structural shocks, matched episodes of pandemics and war. The most persistent shocks occurred at the time of the Black Death and the twentieth century's world wars. Our findings confirm that the Black Death often resulted in higher income levels but reject the view of a uniform long-term response to the Plague. In fact, we find a negative impact on incomes in non-Malthusian economies. In the North Sea Area (Britain and the Netherlands), the Plague was followed by positive trend growth in output per capita and population, heralding the onset of modern economic growth and the Great Divergence in Eurasia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000456/pdfft?md5=6257ebd707a4f0f5b78be5bc39db46e5&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498322000456-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Globalization and the spread of industrialization in Canada, 1871–1891 全球化与工业化在加拿大的传播，1871-1891
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101466
Taylor Jaworski , Ian Keay
{"title":"Globalization and the spread of industrialization in Canada, 1871–1891","authors":"Taylor Jaworski ,&nbsp;Ian Keay","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The dramatic decrease in international trade costs in the second half of the nineteenth century led to a global trade boom. In this paper, we examine the consequences of greater openness to international trade for regional economic activity in a small, open economy during the first era of globalization. Specifically, we provide a quantitative assessment of the role that exposure to globalization played in industrialization in Canada between 1871 and 1891. Greater exposure to globalization leads to faster growth of manufacturing and the greater concentration of </span>industry around entrepôts of trade between Canada and the rest of the world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Sweet diversity: Colonial goods and the welfare gains from global trade after 1492 甜蜜的多样性:1492年后殖民地商品和全球贸易带来的福利收益
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101468
Jonathan Hersh , Hans-Joachim Voth
{"title":"Sweet diversity: Colonial goods and the welfare gains from global trade after 1492","authors":"Jonathan Hersh ,&nbsp;Hans-Joachim Voth","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When did overseas trade start to matter for living standards? Traditional real-wage indices suggest that living standards in Europe stagnated before 1800. In this paper, we argue that welfare may have actually risen substantially, but surreptitiously, because of an influx of new goods. Colonial “luxuries” such as tea, coffee, and sugar became highly coveted. Together with more simple household staples such as potatoes and tomatoes, overseas goods transformed European diets after the discovery of America and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope. They became household items in many countries by the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. We apply two standard methods to calculate broad orders of magnitude of the resulting welfare gains. While they cannot be assessed precisely, gains from greater variety may well have been big enough to boost European real incomes by 10% or more (depending on the assumptions used).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence 迫害、大屠杀和种族灭绝:概念框架和新证据
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471
Sascha O. Becker , Sharun Mukand , Ivan Yotzov
{"title":"Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence","authors":"Sascha O. Becker ,&nbsp;Sharun Mukand ,&nbsp;Ivan Yotzov","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Persecution, pogroms, and genocide have plagued humanity for centuries, costing millions of lives and haunting survivors. Economists and economic historians have recently made new contributions to the understanding of these phenomena. We provide a novel conceptual framework which highlights the inter-relationship between the intensity of persecution and migration patterns across dozens of historical episodes. Using this framework as a lens, we survey the growing literature on the causes and consequences of persecution, pogroms, and genocide. Finally, we discuss gaps in the literature and take several tentative steps towards explaining the differences in survival rates of European Jews in the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000493/pdfft?md5=51f333a57055c4a747f3db3f60282569&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498322000493-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
US immigrants’ secondary migration and geographic assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration 大规模移民时代美国移民的二次移民与地理同化
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101457
Ariell Zimran
{"title":"US immigrants’ secondary migration and geographic assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration","authors":"Ariell Zimran","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I study the rates of, selection into, and sorting of European immigrants’ <em>secondary migration</em> within the United States and their <em>geographic assimilation</em> during the Age of Mass Migration. These phenomena are recognized as important components of the economics of immigration, but data constraints have limited prior study of them in this context. As part of the debate over <em>immigrant distribution</em>, they were also major issues in the broader twentieth-century immigration policy debate, which was influenced by the widely held view that immigrants in the early twentieth century were less geographically mobile and specifically more attached to urban areas than were natives and earlier immigrants. I find that immigrants throughout the Age of Mass Migration were at least as likely as natives to make inter-county moves, were more attached to urban areas, were more likely to move to urban destinations, and shared natives’ increasing attachment to urban areas over time. In spite of their mobility, immigrants experienced relatively little assimilation in their place-of-residence distributions relative to natives with time in the United States, though they did experience somewhat more convergence on natives in terms of urbanization. These results help to better understand immigrant assimilation and the effects of immigration during the Age of Mass Migration and imply that the contemporary views of immigrant immobility were either false, oversimplified, or the product of changes in the US economy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Political centralization, career incentives, and local economic growth in Edo Japan 江户时代的政治集中化、职业激励与地方经济增长
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101446
Austin M. Mitchell , Weiwen Yin
{"title":"Political centralization, career incentives, and local economic growth in Edo Japan","authors":"Austin M. Mitchell ,&nbsp;Weiwen Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We argue that heterogeneity in political centralization explains local governance. Specifically, the career incentives and promotion prospects of local officials influence how they spend local resources which in turn impacts local economic growth. We utilize the unique historical case of Edo Japan to explore the effect of institutionalized political relations between central and local governments. We argue that <em>fudai</em><span> daimyos, or political insiders, who had access to important positions in the central administration expended their local resources to benefit their own careers at a cost to local development. We analyze both macro (domain) and micro (village) level data, and use an instrumental variable approach to causally identify the economic consequences of career incentives and promotion prospects. We find that growth in agricultural output was around 10–16 percentage points lower for </span><em>fudai</em> domains/villages in the Edo Period, which is a magnitude comparable to the difference in growth rates between China and France in the same period.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77925288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Escape underway: Malthusian pressures in late imperial Moscow 逃亡途中:帝国晚期莫斯科的马尔萨斯压力
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101458
Vadim Kufenko , Ekaterina Khaustova , Vincent Geloso
{"title":"Escape underway: Malthusian pressures in late imperial Moscow","authors":"Vadim Kufenko ,&nbsp;Ekaterina Khaustova ,&nbsp;Vincent Geloso","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Did late Imperial Russia suffer from Malthusian pressures? At first glance, with its rising levels of population and per capita income, it seems Russia was in a transition away from Malthusian equilibrium. However, the joint increase in population and per capita income could also have been the result of Russia’s high land-to-labor ratio. Which of the two is it? Such a problem is a frequent one in economic history<span>, as many frontier economies have high land-to-labor ratios, which foil the researcher’s ability to determine whether an economy was transitioning or whether it was growing because of weak land constraints. In this paper, we use quarterly demographic and economic data from Moscow (which we take as a proxy for Russia) in conjunction with a Cointegrated Vector Autoregression approach to determine whether the Russian economy was transitioning away from a Malthusian equilibrium. We find signs of Malthusian pressures still operating while wages had stopped responding to changes in death and birth rates. This combination suggests that a vulnerable transition was truly underway even though a Malthusian shadow remained.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A history of aggregate demand and supply shocks for the United Kingdom, 1900 to 2016 1900年至2016年英国总需求和总供给冲击的历史
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101448
Robert Calvert Jump , Karsten Kohler
{"title":"A history of aggregate demand and supply shocks for the United Kingdom, 1900 to 2016","authors":"Robert Calvert Jump ,&nbsp;Karsten Kohler","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a history of aggregate demand and supply shocks spanning 1900 – 2016 for the United Kingdom. Sign restrictions derived from a workhorse Keynesian model are used to identify the signs of those shocks. We compare the 30 largest shocks implied by a vector autoregressive model in unemployment and inflation with the narrative historical record. Our approach provides a new perspective on well-known events in economic history. We highlight two episodes of particular interest: an aggregate supply shock in the late 1920s, which we attribute to changes in the bargaining power of labor, and positive aggregate demand shocks in the mid-1970s, which we attribute to fiscal policy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001449832200016X/pdfft?md5=54d8e82cd7f839af7952a41fe40701d0&pid=1-s2.0-S001449832200016X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137328152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Erratum to “Predictors of bank distress: The 1907 crisis in Sweden” [Explorations in Economic History 80 (2021) 101380] 对“银行危机的预测者:1907年瑞典危机”的勘误[经济历史探索80 (2021)101380]
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101456
Anna Grodecka-Messi , Seán Kenny , Anders Ögren
{"title":"Erratum to “Predictors of bank distress: The 1907 crisis in Sweden” [Explorations in Economic History 80 (2021) 101380]","authors":"Anna Grodecka-Messi ,&nbsp;Seán Kenny ,&nbsp;Anders Ögren","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101456","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498322000298/pdfft?md5=c9c0fa45aa85aa0e37763708b83f497f&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498322000298-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50167833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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