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Explorations in Economic History最新文献

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Transportation, decentralization, and path dependence: How did the old tramway shape Shanghai, China? 交通、分散化和路径依赖：老式有轨电车如何塑造了中国上海？
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101619
Mingxi Li
{"title":"Transportation, decentralization, and path dependence: How did the old tramway shape Shanghai, China?","authors":"Mingxi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article studies the short- and long-run economic consequences of the now-extinct Shanghai tramway. Tramway was the primary mode of transportation in Shanghai between 1908 and the 1930s, continuing to operate until 1975. With the geolocation of the tramway lines on both historical cadastral maps and current Google maps, the article finds that after the arrival of the tramway, land lots close to the tramway lines experienced a larger increase in land value relative to those far away from the tramway lines, and that the reduction in transportation costs led to a flattening land value gradient with respect to distance from the central business district (CBD). It also finds that the tramway still influences the current pattern of urban land value, even nearly fifty years after the removal of the last tramway track. Such persistent influence can be largely explained by the follow-on amenities near the tramway lines. The evidence found in this article suggests that the tramway in Shanghai promoted decentralization by enhancing accessibility to the CBD from distant locations in its heyday, and influences modern behaviors through the mutually reinforced private and public coordination of economic activities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Speed of convergence in a Malthusian world: Weak or strong homeostasis? 马尔萨斯世界的趋同速度：弱平衡还是强平衡？
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101634
Arnaud Deseau
{"title":"Speed of convergence in a Malthusian world: Weak or strong homeostasis?","authors":"Arnaud Deseau","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Malthusian trap is a well recognized source of stagnation in per capita income prior to industrialization. However, previous studies have found mixed evidence about its exact strength. This article contributes to this ongoing debate by estimating the speed of convergence for a panel of 9 preindustrial European economies over a long period of time (14th–18th century). The analysis relies on a calibrated Malthusian model for England and <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>-convergence regressions. I find evidence of significant differences in the strength of the Malthusian trap between preindustrial European economies. The strongest estimated Malthusian trap is in Sweden, with a half-life of 20 years. The weakest estimated Malthusian trap is in England, with a half-life of about 230 years. This implies that some preindustrial economies were able to experience prolonged variations in their standards of living after a shock, while still being subject to Malthusian stagnation in the long run.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Income inequality in Eastern Europe: Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia in the twentieth century 东欧的收入不平等：二十世纪的保加利亚和捷克斯洛伐克
IF 2.3 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101594
Stefan Nikolić , Filip Novokmet , Piotr Paweł Larysz
{"title":"Income inequality in Eastern Europe: Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia in the twentieth century","authors":"Stefan Nikolić ,&nbsp;Filip Novokmet ,&nbsp;Piotr Paweł Larysz","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article provides novel estimates of long-term income inequality in Bulgaria and Czech Lands/Czechoslovakia in the twentieth century. Relying on newly-constructed datasets and the social tables approach, we measure inequality between salient social strata. We find that Czechoslovakia was significantly more unequal than Bulgaria before 1945. Inequality converged to similarly low levels under socialism. Decomposition analysis by social classes reveals that different levels of inequality in the first half of the century were principally driven by higher within social-class inequality in Czechoslovakia, owing to a more stratified industrial society; whereas a low dispersion within the dominant agricultural sector held down the within social-class component in Bulgaria. A dramatic fall in total inequality after 1945 was a result of the social revolution that encompassed the virtual disappearance of between social-class inequality and a marked reduction in within social-class inequality. Our findings point to the critical role of institutional and political factors in driving inequality in Eastern Europe throughout the twentieth century.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000305/pdfft?md5=ce6e411fb53561380835efa04d3681c7&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000305-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141308176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911 1851-1911 年苏格兰北奥克尼的亲属关系、经济压力和晚年死亡率
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622
Julia A. Jennings
{"title":"Access to kin, economic stress, and late-life mortality in North Orkney, Scotland, 1851–1911","authors":"Julia A. Jennings","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper analyzes the effects of kin availability and short-term economic stress on mortality among older adults in North Orkney, Scotland in the mid-19th through early 20th century. The mortality of those aged 60+ is associated with high oatmeal prices lagged by one year, a delayed effect that may suggest that buffering mechanisms are less effective in the longer term or that relative to younger groups, older adults are better able to cope with the immediate effects of stress. Associations between mortality risk and indicators of kin availability vary by individual sociodemographic characteristics, but they are limited to close kin in both the spatial and genealogical sense. Benefits of nearby, but not coresident kin accrue only to ever-married men during times of high food prices. Coresident and nearby kin are associated with complex patterns of mortality risk, suggesting that family relationships may represent a resource in some circumstances, but a liability in others. There is limited evidence for the effects of expansive kin support for aging adults and support flows do not always favor the older generation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Institutional discrimination and assimilation: Evidence from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 制度性歧视与同化：来自 1882 年《排华法案》的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101615
Shuo Chen , Bin Xie
{"title":"Institutional discrimination and assimilation: Evidence from the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882","authors":"Shuo Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 marked a pivotal moment in U.S. immigration policy, effectively prohibiting Chinese immigration while institutionalizing discrimination against Asians within American society. This study investigates the repercussions of such institutional discrimination on the assimilation process of Asian immigrants, leveraging the timing of the enactment of the Act and the regional variation in the intensity of discrimination. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that discrimination posed significant obstacles to the labor market integration of Asian immigrants during the Exclusion Era (1882–1943), and Asian immigrants responded to discriminatory practices by investing in human capital, enhancing English proficiency, and adopting Americanized names. Furthermore, the triple-difference estimates reveal that these effects are more pronounced in regions characterized by heightened discrimination against Asians.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Family first: Defining, constructing, and applying historical patent families 家族第一：定义、构建和应用历史专利族
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101627
David E. Andersson , Matti La Mela , Fredrik Tell
{"title":"Family first: Defining, constructing, and applying historical patent families","authors":"David E. Andersson ,&nbsp;Matti La Mela ,&nbsp;Fredrik Tell","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article presents a novel method that enables the formation of historical patent families. Patent families are useful for studying the value of inventions and identifying key technologies, as they indicate geographic diffusion and higher patenting costs. The concept of patent family has not been employed in historical contexts as historical sources generally lack information about priority rights. The article provides a definition of a historical patent family, where patent families incorporate patents with the same invention core. The method is applied and evaluated by constructing Swedish patent families in 1885–1914 with historical patent data from Finland and the United States. Moreover, the article introduces the Patent Diffusion Index (PDI), which is an indicator of historical patent families which can be used to study the sequence and pace of market entry. The article exemplifies how historical patent families open novel perspectives on patent value and technology diffusion in contrast to current indicators, such as patent fees, which usually are bound to national contexts. The method is applicable to any national patent data, and patent drawings are suggested as an effective way to form historical patent families.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Colonial legacies and wealth inequality in Kenya 肯尼亚的殖民遗产与财富不平等
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623
Rebecca Simson
{"title":"Colonial legacies and wealth inequality in Kenya","authors":"Rebecca Simson","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article discusses the evolution of Kenya's wealth distribution from the late 1950s to the present. Utilizing previously untapped probate and administration sources, it measures the share of Kenyans leaving estates at death, and maps how this wealth-owning strata has changed over time. It shows a growth in African estates after independence, and by the 1980s roughly 8 % of Kenyans left estates at death, largely a consequence of land titling and land reform. Meanwhile, European estates dwindled as settlers divested. Since the 1990s, Nairobi-based estate-holders are growing in share, reflecting the importance of urban property to the portfolios of the wealthy. Measures of top wealth shares suggest high wealth inequality in both the late colonial period and the present, but today's wealth inequality is driven by the uneven distribution of housing wealth, more so than by agricultural land. These findings illustrate how a variety of colonial legacies influenced wealth accumulation in postcolonial Kenya.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
European business cycles and economic growth, 1300–2000 欧洲商业周期和经济增长，1300-2000 年
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101602
Stephen Broadberry , Jason Lennard
{"title":"European business cycles and economic growth, 1300–2000","authors":"Stephen Broadberry ,&nbsp;Jason Lennard","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The modern business cycle features long expansions combined with short recessions, and is thus related to the emergence of sustained economic growth. It also features significant international co-movement, and is therefore associated with growing market integration and globalisation. When did these patterns first appear? This paper explores the changing nature of the business cycle using historical national accounts for nine European economies between 1300 and 2000. For the sample as a whole, the modern business cycle emerged in the nineteenth century.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001449832400038X/pdfft?md5=73cc7db1de30d114f46402c0a6c72ccc&pid=1-s2.0-S001449832400038X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141593492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Land reform and agrarian socialism in interwar Europe: Evidence from 1930s Spain before civil war 战时欧洲的土地改革和农业社会主义：内战前 1930 年代西班牙的证据
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101618
Jordi Domènech , Ilona Lahdelma , Pablo Martinelli
{"title":"Land reform and agrarian socialism in interwar Europe: Evidence from 1930s Spain before civil war","authors":"Jordi Domènech ,&nbsp;Ilona Lahdelma ,&nbsp;Pablo Martinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper studies the effects of various types of land reform on the voting of the rural poor in a developing, largely agrarian economy such as 1930s Spain. Using municipal-level electoral results in a region with intense but heterogeneous land-related interventions, we find that permanent transfers of land had the greatest positive impact on voting for leftist candidates, followed by temporary transfers of land aimed at alleviating the problem of seasonal unemployment. Poorly planned temporary transfers of land without adequate funding for beneficiaries made the landless more vulnerable to landowner control and had the opposite result. Our results show that the secret ballot might be insufficient to guarantee the free vote of economically dependent landless laborers. They also show that land reforms with poor support for beneficiaries might backfire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498324000445/pdfft?md5=165fa7addbdbc2f2a02e799e193a5c00&pid=1-s2.0-S0014498324000445-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
(In-kind) Wages and labour relations in the Middle Ages: It’s not (all) about the money (实物）中世纪的工资和劳资关系：不是（全部）为了钱
IF 2.6 1区 历史学
Explorations in Economic History Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101626
Jordan Claridge , Vincent Delabastita , Spike Gibbs
{"title":"(In-kind) Wages and labour relations in the Middle Ages: It’s not (all) about the money","authors":"Jordan Claridge ,&nbsp;Vincent Delabastita ,&nbsp;Spike Gibbs","doi":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eeh.2024.101626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the prevalence of in-kind wages in medieval labour markets and the underlying reasons for their use. Using a new dataset of agricultural labourers in medieval England, we demonstrate that, until the late fourteenth century, wages were recorded anonymously and most remuneration was done through in-kind payment. From the 1370s, however, labour remuneration shifted increasingly to cash and workers began to be named individually in the accounts which recorded their wages. We argue that these changes reveal a fundamental shift in labour relations in late medieval England, providing new empirical insights into the ‘golden age of labour’ that followed the Black Death.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47413,"journal":{"name":"Explorations in Economic History","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 101626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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