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Imperfect history-based price discrimination with asymmetric market shares 市场份额不对称的基于历史的不完全价格歧视
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101092
Stefano Colombo , Clara Graziano , Aldo Pignataro
{"title":"Imperfect history-based price discrimination with asymmetric market shares","authors":"Stefano Colombo ,&nbsp;Clara Graziano ,&nbsp;Aldo Pignataro","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We consider a duopoly model with history-based price discrimination where firms inherit asymmetric shares of consumers that they might partly recognize according to the degree of information completeness. We analyze the impact of the amount of information on market configuration, profits and welfare. With high degrees of information completeness and sufficiently small asymmetries in the market shares, firms are more likely to use aggressive pricing strategies, both poaching rival's consumers. Otherwise, firms adopt different pricing strategies and price discrimination is enforced only by the smaller firm. Greater information completeness has a non-monotonic effect on profits and a decreasing effect on welfare. Finally, we show that the case with perfect information is a special case whose results do not hold when even a small degree of uncertainty is introduced in the game.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140756558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Terms of use and network size: Evidence from online job boards and CV banks in the U.S. 使用条款与网络规模：来自美国在线招聘网站和简历库的证据
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101091
Vera Brenčič
{"title":"Terms of use and network size: Evidence from online job boards and CV banks in the U.S.","authors":"Vera Brenčič","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Data on websites that hosted job boards and CV banks in the U.S. from 2000 to 2011 reveal that websites imposed fewer restrictions (in terms of the duration of use) and lower fees for job searchers relative to employers. This asymmetry in the treatment (or the terms of use) changed as the relative scarcity of job searchers and job vacancies in the labor market in which the websites offered their services changed. Compared with job searchers, employers faced less stringent restrictions and lower fees when job searchers were scarce relative to job openings. These adjustments imply that the value of using an employment website changes with the number of potential users and the probability of finding a quality match. We find that these adjustments were most pronounced for websites that relied exclusively on employers and job searchers for their content (job ads and CVs). Whereas existing literature on the role that network size plays in intermediaries’ decision-making has focused on prices, our findings reveal that this focus can overlook other adjustments that affect the terms of use. Given that these adjustments in our context may result in longer periods during which CVs and job ads remain online, our findings suggest that the optimal design of intermediaries must include tools that help users sort through stale information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624524000131/pdfft?md5=f019622a13c175adf9def43e2996c710&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624524000131-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140056560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Behavior-based algorithmic pricing 基于行为的算法定价
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101081
Antoine Dubus
{"title":"Behavior-based algorithmic pricing","authors":"Antoine Dubus","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article studies the impact of algorithmic pricing on market competition when firms collect data to charge personalized prices to their past customers. Pricing algorithms offer to each firm a rich set of pricing strategies combining first and third-degree price discrimination: they can choose for each of their past customers whether to charge them personalized or homogeneous prices. The optimal targeting strategy of each firm consists in charging personalized prices to past customers with the highest willingness to pay and a homogeneous price to the remaining consumers, including past customers with a low valuation on whom a firm has information. This targeting strategy maximizes rent extraction while softening competition between firms compared to classical models where firms target all past customers. In turn, price-undercutting and poaching practices are not sustainable with behavior-based algorithmic pricing, resulting in greater industry profits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101081"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139819244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of patent privateering on settlements and R&D under sequential market entry 专利私有化对相继进入市场情况下的和解与研发的影响
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101080
Felix B. Klapper, Christian Siemering
{"title":"Effects of patent privateering on settlements and R&D under sequential market entry","authors":"Felix B. Klapper,&nbsp;Christian Siemering","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate patent litigation, settlements and R&amp;D incentives on a market where two firms develop technologies in order to obtain patents and produce goods. Firms may sell IP rights to a Patent Assertion Entity (PAE) that acts as intermediary for patent monetization. We find that compared to simultaneous market entry, the effect of this so-called patent privateering is mitigated if firms enter sequentially. Furthermore, we show that privateering may decrease industry profits by distortion of R&amp;D incentives even when there is no rent extraction by the PAE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624524000027/pdfft?md5=4d026dd89f9c14b1fb3cb5c7d2bfae51&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624524000027-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139632251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dollars and megabits: A comparative analysis of Telecom and Healthcare Connect Fund 美元和兆位：电信和医疗保健连接基金比较分析
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101082
Maysam Rabbani
{"title":"Dollars and megabits: A comparative analysis of Telecom and Healthcare Connect Fund","authors":"Maysam Rabbani","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two federal programs in the United States subsidize internet access for rural healthcare providers, namely, Healthcare Connect Fund (HCF) and the Telecom Program. HCF uses a subsidy mechanism that strongly incentivizes healthcare providers to shop for faster or cheaper internet. Telecom does not incentivize shopping. Theoretically, this predicts that HCF must achieve faster or cheaper internet than Telecom. I empirically test this question and find that Telecom subsidy recipients pay 132-179% more than HCF subsidy recipients on similar internet plans. Evidence point to Telecom's poor incentive design as the root cause. Eliminating this price gap would save American taxpayers $143 million annually. The findings highlight the power of program design, showcase the unintended consequences of misaligned incentives, and encourage policymakers to thoroughly examine program features, the impact on consumer behavior, and the effect on competition and market outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140056557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Information sharing, personalized pricing, and collusion 信息共享、个性化定价和串通
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101032
Stefano Colombo , Luigi Filippini , Aldo Pignataro
{"title":"Information sharing, personalized pricing, and collusion","authors":"Stefano Colombo ,&nbsp;Luigi Filippini ,&nbsp;Aldo Pignataro","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study collusion sustainability in an infinitely repeated game in which firms might price discriminate, by offering personalized prices for the share of consumers they have information about. We do not impose any restrictions to the distribution of consumers and the product characteristic space. In such a general framework we show that when firms share their personal information about consumers, collusion is more difficult to sustain. We also show that, for intermediate levels of the discount factor, an antitrust policy aiming to discourage joint profit maximization and to maximize the consumer surplus should allow information sharing between firms. Instead, a ban on information sharing is optimal only if firms have imperfect information about their own consumers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624523000173/pdfft?md5=98e6b7658def721d58a3025d7bd687d4&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624523000173-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49489915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The choice of pricing format: Firms may choose uniform pricing over personalized pricing to induce rivals to soften competition 定价形式的选择：企业可选择统一定价而非个性化定价，以诱导对手软化竞争
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101079
Øystein Foros , Hans Jarle Kind , Mai Nguyen-Ones
{"title":"The choice of pricing format: Firms may choose uniform pricing over personalized pricing to induce rivals to soften competition","authors":"Øystein Foros ,&nbsp;Hans Jarle Kind ,&nbsp;Mai Nguyen-Ones","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Technological development and better information systems potentially increase firms' abilities to use personalized pricing. Should firms take advantage of such an opportunity, or should they rather charge all consumers the same price (uniform pricing)? It might seem obvious that it is optimal for an individual firm to use personalized pricing; if it does, it can charge each consumer a price equal to her maximal willingness to pay. No other price plan can possibly yield higher profits. However, we show that if a firm is expected to use personalized pricing, then it effectively eliminates a rival's possibility to select values on non-price variables, such as horizontal differentiation, that can soften competition and increase profits for all firms. Once we take this into account, we might no longer expect that personalized pricing is a dominant strategy. Indeed, we show that it may be a dominant strategy for a firm to commit to uniform pricing prior to the rival's choice of non-price variables if it has the ability to do so.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624524000015/pdfft?md5=b1dd07218baf5af328614c0790e1839e&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624524000015-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139639154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
To share or not to share? The impact of mobile network sharing for consumers and operators 分享还是不分享?移动网络共享对消费者和运营商的影响
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101061
Pantelis Koutroumpis , Pau Castells , Kalvin Bahia
{"title":"To share or not to share? The impact of mobile network sharing for consumers and operators","authors":"Pantelis Koutroumpis ,&nbsp;Pau Castells ,&nbsp;Kalvin Bahia","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper assesses the impact of mobile network sharing in Europe during the 2000-2019 period, looking at 140 mobile operators in 29 countries. We find that - consistent with economic theory - network sharing generated significant benefits for operators and consumers, including lower prices and improved network coverage and quality. This was driven by cost reductions, higher returns on investment and increased competition. These effects materialized heterogeneously, with the impact of network sharing depending on the type of sharing, the technology cycle in which it is entered into as well as the market position and size of the operators entering the agreement. This has important implications going forward as it shows that network sharing can play a vital role in the deployment of new 5G networks and that the technological and market specificity of each type of sharing agreement can significantly affect its outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762452300046X/pdfft?md5=2706c0fde9158feaf7a7a495ce6f35d9&pid=1-s2.0-S016762452300046X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135963236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do online certifications improve job market outcomes? Evidence from an IT skills certification platform in India 在线认证能提高就业市场的结果吗?来自印度IT技能认证平台的证据
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101067
Nandana Sengupta , Neaketa Chawla , Anna Agarwal , James Evans
{"title":"Do online certifications improve job market outcomes? Evidence from an IT skills certification platform in India","authors":"Nandana Sengupta ,&nbsp;Neaketa Chawla ,&nbsp;Anna Agarwal ,&nbsp;James Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We estimate the returns to online skills certification for engineering graduates in India using a regression discontinuity design. Individuals in our dataset take a computer programming exam, and are required to score above a threshold to receive a widely used software engineer IT-services certificate provided by an online job skills credentialing platform in India. We find that certified candidates have approximately 0.25 higher probability of finding employment following the exam. Our results indicate that skill certification in this context is a strong one-time signal of quality. Certification cannot replace education, however, and fails to predict longer-term job market outcomes as demonstrated by the lack of estimated causal impact on current employment status or income level. Our findings suggest the promise and limits of certification in an educational market where university training is highly variable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135615038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The least developed countries' transitional exemption in the TRIPS agreement and the strength of intellectual property protection 最不发达国家在TRIPS协议中的过渡性豁免与知识产权保护力度
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101065
Sèna Kimm Gnangnon
{"title":"The least developed countries' transitional exemption in the TRIPS agreement and the strength of intellectual property protection","authors":"Sèna Kimm Gnangnon","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Has the transitional exemption granted to the least developed countries (LDCs) Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the WTO's Trade-Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement helped LDCs reduce the strength of their Intellectual Property Protection (IPR)? The present study addresses this question by using 24 LDCs (treatment group) and two control groups, over the period from 1970 to 2015. The empirical analysis has established that the LDC transitional exemption was instrumental in reducing the IPR levels in LDCs, and LDCs that had lower IPR levels (i.e., those located in the lower quantiles) enjoyed larger reductions in IPR levels, thanks to this transitional exemption. Moreover, the effect of the LDC transitional exemption on LDCs' IPR levels depended on LDCs' duration of the membership in the WTO, as well as on their level of export variety-driven innovation, measured by their level of export product concentration or alternatively their degree of economic complexity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135670221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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