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Effects of patent privateering on settlements and R&D under sequential market entry 专利私有化对相继进入市场情况下的和解与研发的影响
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101080
Felix B. Klapper, Christian Siemering
{"title":"Effects of patent privateering on settlements and R&D under sequential market entry","authors":"Felix B. Klapper,&nbsp;Christian Siemering","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate patent litigation, settlements and R&amp;D incentives on a market where two firms develop technologies in order to obtain patents and produce goods. Firms may sell IP rights to a Patent Assertion Entity (PAE) that acts as intermediary for patent monetization. We find that compared to simultaneous market entry, the effect of this so-called patent privateering is mitigated if firms enter sequentially. Furthermore, we show that privateering may decrease industry profits by distortion of R&amp;D incentives even when there is no rent extraction by the PAE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624524000027/pdfft?md5=4d026dd89f9c14b1fb3cb5c7d2bfae51&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624524000027-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139632251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dollars and megabits: A comparative analysis of Telecom and Healthcare Connect Fund 美元和兆位：电信和医疗保健连接基金比较分析
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101082
Maysam Rabbani
{"title":"Dollars and megabits: A comparative analysis of Telecom and Healthcare Connect Fund","authors":"Maysam Rabbani","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two federal programs in the United States subsidize internet access for rural healthcare providers, namely, Healthcare Connect Fund (HCF) and the Telecom Program. HCF uses a subsidy mechanism that strongly incentivizes healthcare providers to shop for faster or cheaper internet. Telecom does not incentivize shopping. Theoretically, this predicts that HCF must achieve faster or cheaper internet than Telecom. I empirically test this question and find that Telecom subsidy recipients pay 132-179% more than HCF subsidy recipients on similar internet plans. Evidence point to Telecom's poor incentive design as the root cause. Eliminating this price gap would save American taxpayers $143 million annually. The findings highlight the power of program design, showcase the unintended consequences of misaligned incentives, and encourage policymakers to thoroughly examine program features, the impact on consumer behavior, and the effect on competition and market outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140056557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Information sharing, personalized pricing, and collusion 信息共享、个性化定价和串通
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101032
Stefano Colombo , Luigi Filippini , Aldo Pignataro
{"title":"Information sharing, personalized pricing, and collusion","authors":"Stefano Colombo ,&nbsp;Luigi Filippini ,&nbsp;Aldo Pignataro","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study collusion sustainability in an infinitely repeated game in which firms might price discriminate, by offering personalized prices for the share of consumers they have information about. We do not impose any restrictions to the distribution of consumers and the product characteristic space. In such a general framework we show that when firms share their personal information about consumers, collusion is more difficult to sustain. We also show that, for intermediate levels of the discount factor, an antitrust policy aiming to discourage joint profit maximization and to maximize the consumer surplus should allow information sharing between firms. Instead, a ban on information sharing is optimal only if firms have imperfect information about their own consumers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624523000173/pdfft?md5=98e6b7658def721d58a3025d7bd687d4&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624523000173-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49489915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The choice of pricing format: Firms may choose uniform pricing over personalized pricing to induce rivals to soften competition 定价形式的选择：企业可选择统一定价而非个性化定价，以诱导对手软化竞争
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101079
Øystein Foros , Hans Jarle Kind , Mai Nguyen-Ones
{"title":"The choice of pricing format: Firms may choose uniform pricing over personalized pricing to induce rivals to soften competition","authors":"Øystein Foros ,&nbsp;Hans Jarle Kind ,&nbsp;Mai Nguyen-Ones","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2024.101079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Technological development and better information systems potentially increase firms' abilities to use personalized pricing. Should firms take advantage of such an opportunity, or should they rather charge all consumers the same price (uniform pricing)? It might seem obvious that it is optimal for an individual firm to use personalized pricing; if it does, it can charge each consumer a price equal to her maximal willingness to pay. No other price plan can possibly yield higher profits. However, we show that if a firm is expected to use personalized pricing, then it effectively eliminates a rival's possibility to select values on non-price variables, such as horizontal differentiation, that can soften competition and increase profits for all firms. Once we take this into account, we might no longer expect that personalized pricing is a dominant strategy. Indeed, we show that it may be a dominant strategy for a firm to commit to uniform pricing prior to the rival's choice of non-price variables if it has the ability to do so.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624524000015/pdfft?md5=b1dd07218baf5af328614c0790e1839e&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624524000015-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139639154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do online certifications improve job market outcomes? Evidence from an IT skills certification platform in India 在线认证能提高就业市场的结果吗?来自印度IT技能认证平台的证据
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101067
Nandana Sengupta , Neaketa Chawla , Anna Agarwal , James Evans
{"title":"Do online certifications improve job market outcomes? Evidence from an IT skills certification platform in India","authors":"Nandana Sengupta ,&nbsp;Neaketa Chawla ,&nbsp;Anna Agarwal ,&nbsp;James Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We estimate the returns to online skills certification for engineering graduates in India using a regression discontinuity design. Individuals in our dataset take a computer programming exam, and are required to score above a threshold to receive a widely used software engineer IT-services certificate provided by an online job skills credentialing platform in India. We find that certified candidates have approximately 0.25 higher probability of finding employment following the exam. Our results indicate that skill certification in this context is a strong one-time signal of quality. Certification cannot replace education, however, and fails to predict longer-term job market outcomes as demonstrated by the lack of estimated causal impact on current employment status or income level. Our findings suggest the promise and limits of certification in an educational market where university training is highly variable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135615038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The least developed countries' transitional exemption in the TRIPS agreement and the strength of intellectual property protection 最不发达国家在TRIPS协议中的过渡性豁免与知识产权保护力度
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101065
Sèna Kimm Gnangnon
{"title":"The least developed countries' transitional exemption in the TRIPS agreement and the strength of intellectual property protection","authors":"Sèna Kimm Gnangnon","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Has the transitional exemption granted to the least developed countries (LDCs) Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the WTO's Trade-Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement helped LDCs reduce the strength of their Intellectual Property Protection (IPR)? The present study addresses this question by using 24 LDCs (treatment group) and two control groups, over the period from 1970 to 2015. The empirical analysis has established that the LDC transitional exemption was instrumental in reducing the IPR levels in LDCs, and LDCs that had lower IPR levels (i.e., those located in the lower quantiles) enjoyed larger reductions in IPR levels, thanks to this transitional exemption. Moreover, the effect of the LDC transitional exemption on LDCs' IPR levels depended on LDCs' duration of the membership in the WTO, as well as on their level of export variety-driven innovation, measured by their level of export product concentration or alternatively their degree of economic complexity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101065"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135670221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
To share or not to share? The impact of mobile network sharing for consumers and operators 分享还是不分享?移动网络共享对消费者和运营商的影响
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101061
Pantelis Koutroumpis , Pau Castells , Kalvin Bahia
{"title":"To share or not to share? The impact of mobile network sharing for consumers and operators","authors":"Pantelis Koutroumpis ,&nbsp;Pau Castells ,&nbsp;Kalvin Bahia","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper assesses the impact of mobile network sharing in Europe during the 2000-2019 period, looking at 140 mobile operators in 29 countries. We find that - consistent with economic theory - network sharing generated significant benefits for operators and consumers, including lower prices and improved network coverage and quality. This was driven by cost reductions, higher returns on investment and increased competition. These effects materialized heterogeneously, with the impact of network sharing depending on the type of sharing, the technology cycle in which it is entered into as well as the market position and size of the operators entering the agreement. This has important implications going forward as it shows that network sharing can play a vital role in the deployment of new 5G networks and that the technological and market specificity of each type of sharing agreement can significantly affect its outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016762452300046X/pdfft?md5=2706c0fde9158feaf7a7a495ce6f35d9&pid=1-s2.0-S016762452300046X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135963236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mobile money and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南非洲的移动货币和普惠金融
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101064
Lukasz Grzybowski , Valentin Lindlacher , Onkokame Mothobi
{"title":"Mobile money and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Lukasz Grzybowski ,&nbsp;Valentin Lindlacher ,&nbsp;Onkokame Mothobi","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we utilize survey data collected in 2017 from 12,735 individuals across nine Sub-Saharan African countries. We merge the survey data with geographic information related to the proximity of mobile network towers and banking facilities, based on the geo-locations of the respondents. Our estimation approach comprises a two-stage model. In the first stage, consumers make choices between adopting a feature phone or a smartphone. In the second stage, they make decisions regarding the use of mobile money services. Our findings reveal that network coverage significantly influences the adoption of mobile phones. Moreover, we observe that mobile money services are more favored by younger and relatively wealthier individuals for sending money, while older individuals and those with lower incomes tend to use mobile wallets for receiving money. Consequently, mobile money services facilitate younger migrant workers residing in areas with better infrastructure in providing support to their older relatives in less developed regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101064"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136059565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Information, mis-information, and history-based price discrimination in a duopoly 双寡头垄断中的信息、错误信息和基于历史的价格歧视
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101059
Sumit Shrivastav
{"title":"Information, mis-information, and history-based price discrimination in a duopoly","authors":"Sumit Shrivastav","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In this paper, we analyze the competitive and welfare effects of imperfect consumer recognition based on the consumers' purchase history in a duopoly<span> model with discrete brand preferences and switching costs. We demonstrate that the impact of consumer recognition on firms' pricing strategies, </span></span>industry profits, and welfare crucially depends on the accuracy of consumer recognition, i.e., the relative magnitude of correct and incorrect consumer recognition. An increase in the extent of incorrect recognition softens the competition if it is less than that of correct recognition; otherwise, it intensifies the competition. The impact of the accuracy of the information on consumer surplus and welfare follows from price and profit effects. We also analyze asymmetric price discrimination and the optimal strategies of a data broker if firms purchase consumer recognition technology from it.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101059"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134918411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Search with two stages of information acquisition: A structural econometric model of online purchases 信息获取的两阶段搜索:网络购物的结构计量模型
IF 2.8 3区 经济学
Information Economics and Policy Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101057
Peter Gibbard
{"title":"Search with two stages of information acquisition: A structural econometric model of online purchases","authors":"Peter Gibbard","doi":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infoecopol.2023.101057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a methodology for estimating a sequential model of online consumer search. The literature on such structural econometric models typically assumes that, for each alternative, there is only one stage of optimal information acquisition. For many e-commerce websites, however, there are two stages: obtaining information from (1) the search results page and (2) clicking on an alternative. We develop a methodology for estimating a model with two stages, in which the consumer makes optimal decisions in each stage. The search problem is viewed as a variant of a multi-armed bandit problem. We estimate this model using a dataset of clicks and purchases on the website expedia.com. In contrast to models with one stage of optimal information acquisition, our model can be used to analyse not only the clicking and purchasing behaviour of consumers but also the extent to which they browse alternatives on the search results page.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47029,"journal":{"name":"Information Economics and Policy","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167624523000422/pdfft?md5=fd5c5a162e8b4a2be047aa97d89c8f91&pid=1-s2.0-S0167624523000422-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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