Anthropologie最新文献

{"title":"Deux cas de façonnage dentaire rituel au Néolithique en Europe. Dolmen A1 de la nécropole de Chenon (Charente, France)","authors":"Gérard R. Colmont","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Here is the case of a U-shaped type of single notch practiced on two lower incisors belonging to two individuals who had been deposited in the megalithic chamber of the A1 dolmen of the Neolithic necropolis of Chenon (Charente, France). ESEM surface analyses show that the two points of each tooth were achieved by percussion, occlusal from top to bottom and vestibular from front to back, followed by filing and polishing of the upper parts of the mesial and distal surfaces of the tooth and the basal part of the notch. These practices, carried out as soon as the Neolithic period on corpses that were probably in lying position, required a certain technical skill and the use of lithic tools such as a chisel, which should be sought during the excavation and identified at the time of the typological study of the collected tools. The reasons for this dental sharpening will probably remain unknown for a long time. A systematic non-exhaustive review of world literature published up to now reports this type of ritual modification, and this from prehistoric times to more recent times. Few cases have been studied in Western Europe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The recognition of death and grief: An evolutionary perspective. Its relations with the most ancient rituals and burials of humanity","authors":"Éric Crubézy","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concept of grief, the metamorphosis of the deceased into the departed, a subject recreated and rethought by the psyche, is crucial for understanding the significance of the grave and funeral rites. We can divide the funeral rites into three phases: seeing the dead person presented socialized, hiding him to begin the mourning process, and finally metamorphosing him into the deceased. Moreover, these three phases typically require the involvement of several community members, some of whom may be less affected by sorrow — a factor that hinders action — compared to close relatives. Considering these factors, it becomes apparent that grief and, consequently, the tomb are more fundamentally social phenomena than cultural ones. The cultural aspect is an overlay, as beliefs and religions facilitate the mourning process by providing guidelines for conduct and contemplation. An evolutionary perspective on the recognition of death and griefs considers these definitions, cognitive developments during human growth, and the cognitive evolution of hominids. Recognizing another's death without integrating the concept of one's mortality could have emerged early in human evolution and been a factor in developing consciousness in a feedback loop. Moreover, the funerary rites and tombs are probably older than is commonly accepted by many researchers to date.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesolithic burials and mortuary practices: Traditions, developments and individuality of the early postglacial hunter-fisher-gatherers in Europe","authors":"Judith M. Grünberg","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, more than 280 Mesolithic burial sites with the skeletal remains of about 2400 individuals are known in 25 European countries. This contribution reviews the various graves and mortuary practices between ca. 9700 and 3800<!--> <!-->cal BC, when the period ended in Northern Europe. Cultural traditions, regional differences and chronological developments are summarised. The diversity of individual treatments concerning sex, age, status and circumstances of the death of the deceased is examined to obtain information about the social structures of the early postglacial hunter-fisher-gatherer communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141841773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neandertal burial practices in Western Asia: How different are they from those of the early Homo sapiens?","authors":"Ella Been ,&nbsp;Omry Barzilai","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Middle Paleolithic of Western Asia is one of the more composite time periods in human evolution as it hosted at least two hominin species – early <em>Homo sapiens</em> and Neandertals. The early <em>Homo sapiens</em> originated from Africa whereas Neandertals arrived from Europe. In the Levant, these populations explored the same geographical niches, utilized similar resources, and may even inhabited the same caves. While the biological and morphological evidence discriminate between the two hominin populations, the material culture does not. Middle Paleolithic Neandertals and <em>Homo sapiens</em> used the same knapping methods to make their formal stone tools (i.e., Levallois core technology). This unique scenario hypothetically proposes that the two species shared one material culture. In the current research, we examine this hypothesis through studying the burial practices of these two distinct populations and comparing biological and cultural data from primary grave contexts. Examined anthropological and cultural variables show similar behavior in some respects such as body position, gender, age at death or burial offerings/goods, but also exhibit differences in location of burials within the caves, choice of different grave goods, and special positional markers. The analyzed data propose the two populations share some cultural behavior from the origin territory (Europe, Africa). Nevertheless, Middle Paleolithic Levantine burials are earlier than Neandertal burials in Europe and from <em>Homo sapiens</em> burials in Africa. Accordingly, we conclude the custom of human burials was innovated in the Levant from where it spread to the Neandertal territorial range in Europe. The arrival of <em>Homo sapiens</em> and Neandertal populations to the Levant between MIS 5 and MIS 3 likely influenced territorial dynamics. A compelling indicator of land ownership is evident in the widespread practice of burials by both populations. We hypothesize that the growing frequency of burials by these two populations in Western Asia is linked to the intensified competition for resources and space resulting from the arrival of these populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La nature des rituels funéraires","authors":"Marcel Otte","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Faced with the inevitable absurdity of near nothingness, human societies have developed metaphysical protections, made “true” by a traditional consensus ensuring the solidarity of the living. These social explanations have become the guarantee, both for rules of existence as for those of death: therefore, they are intangible. In terms archaeological studies, we observe both universal evolutionary trends and traditional features. Structurally, the relationships between life and death have constant analogies, specific to the human mind and in all circumstances, as if it there was only one view of the disappearance of life. Rituals express these two tendencies: general and particular, focused on the continuous axis of time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Une sépulture mésolithique douteuse sans relation archéo-stratigraphique dans la grotte du Rond-du-Barry (Polignac, Haute-Loire, France)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A new excavation zone – numbered 139 – set back from the cave porch, was opened in 2019 at the foot of the north wall in the Rond du Barry cave. Beneath the pottery levels, a layer over one meter thick has delivered a lithic assemblage with lamellar and small laminar components, associated with evidence of large-scale wildlife consumption and antler and bone artefacts. It evokes the Mesolithic but has been dated on bone and charcoal to the very Early Neolithic. While earlier excavations eliminated any direct stratigraphic relationship between Zone 139 and the area where a human fossil was found in 1986, then considered Magdalenian I (Badegoulian) in age but since reattributed to the Mesolithic, another human remains found earlier in Layer D shows a similar Mesolithic age. These new elements call into question the reality of the “secondary” burial identified in 1986, raise the question of the greater presence of post-glacial occupations inside the cavity, and enrich the archaeo-sequence of this emblematic site of prehistoric Velay.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141408357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aesthetics of Death in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Italy. The Evolution of Grave goods","authors":"Fabio Martini ,&nbsp;Giacomo Giacobini","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents an updated panorama of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic burials in Italy, with references to the trend known for the European area. The entire repertoire is divided into two macroblocks, the Gravettian and the Epigravettian. The Gravettian burials are characterized by a certain variability (number of deceased, decubitus) and at the same time by a marked homogeneity relating to the richness of the grave goods, with a strong aesthetic-emotional value. The funerary ritual seems aimed at maintaining the identity of the deceased through the originality of the grave goods and personal ornaments. The second block of burials refers to the Final Epigravettian, in the last millennia of the Pleistocene. The funerary practice maintains some traditional characteristics but the ideology has changed: the burials are very sober and the grave goods are very poor or absent (with the exception of Liguria). In the chronological range of approximately 20-13,000 BP, only one burial (Romito 9) is currently known, dating to the Evolved Epigravettian, which is still influenced by the Gravettian tradition. The Mesolithic culture of death accentuates the Epigravettian character of sobriety. In the chrono-cultural complex examined, the ritual procedures identify some micro-regions which, albeit with a cosmopolitan inspiration, take on original features.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 3","pages":"Article 103279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the microlithic technology in the Early Upper Palaeolithic of Kostenki (European Russia)","authors":"Anton R. Lada ,&nbsp;Alexander A. Bessudnov ,&nbsp;Rob Dinnis ,&nbsp;Andrei A. Sinitsyn","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents the results of the typological analysis of Early Upper Paleolithic non-geometric microliths from the Kostenki site cluster. A relationship between certain types of microlith and the age of different Kostenki sites was established. Based on stratigraphic correlation and radiocarbon dating, three chronological groups corresponding to three stratigraphic units are distinguished: <strong>a)</strong> the Lower Humic Bed, <strong>b)</strong> the level of the Campanian Ignimbrite tephra, and <strong>c)</strong> the upper part of the Upper Humic Bed. In all three groups, non-geometric microliths show similarities with Aurignacian <em>sensu lato</em> types and demonstrate some local features. In this study, criteria for the definition of some microlith types are reconsidered, and certain subtypes are distinguished for the first time. The suggested model of diachronic change of Early Upper Palaeolithic microlithic technologies at Kostenki allows comparison with contemporaneous sites in Southwestern France and Eastern Europe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 2","pages":"Article 103257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141056512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First People in the Northern Eurasia: Paleogeography, time and migration routes","authors":"Elena I. Kurenkova ,&nbsp;Sergey A. Vasil’ev ,&nbsp;Tamara V. Rusina","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper aimed at estimating the significance of paleoenvironmental changes in the process of the prehistorical human dispersals over Northern Eurasia, and particularly his penetration to the High Latitudes. As follows from the recent investigations, the northeastern part of Europe appears to be settled earlier than it has been supposed until recently. The traces left by the early man in the European Arctic may be dated to 40 000 to 35 000 years BP (43096 to 40159<!--> <!-->cal. BP). The Siberian North was colonized in the Late Pleistocene. The materials recovered from the Yanskaya site (71°N) provide evidence of human survival in the Arctic regions of Eastern Siberia at least <em>ca.</em>28 to 27<!--> <!-->ka BP (32780<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->660 to 31170<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->520<!--> <!-->cal. BP). Valleys in the middle reaches of the Lena and Aldan rivers were populated after 24 000 yr BP (28165<!--> <!-->cal. BP). We may identify two main directions in the High Latitude colonization between 40 000 to 12 000 yr BP [43096 to 13907<!--> <!-->cal. BP], namely along the basins of the Kama and Pechora rivers in Eastern Europe and by way of the Lena and Yana basins in Northern Asia. West Siberia and the Northeastern Asia were actively populated at the Late Glacial time; the same period was marked by the first human penetration from the Eastern to Western hemisphere (from the Chukchi Peninsula to Alaska) by the ‘Bering Land Bridge’. The northernmost regions of the East Siberia, such as Taymyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands (Zhokhov Island), were inhabited in the early and middle Holocene.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 2","pages":"Article 103251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141303395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale palaeolandscape reconstruction at the Upper Paleolithic Byki sites, central East European Plain","authors":"Svetlana S. Bricheva ,&nbsp;Natalia B. Akhmetgaleeva ,&nbsp;Andrei V. Panin ,&nbsp;Lidiia V. Shasherina ,&nbsp;Mariya A. Tarasova ,&nbsp;Vladimir G. Bezdudniy ,&nbsp;Victor M. Matasov ,&nbsp;Andrei L. Zakharov ,&nbsp;Alexander S. Dobriansky ,&nbsp;Elena I. Kurenkova","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Byki complex on the left bank of the Seim River (Desna basin) comprises eight sites, including multilayer ones, differing chronologically and culturally. The dates of key cultural layers are from 21 to 18 thousand BP. Questioning the use of local landscapes by prehistoric people and the reasons for repeated occupation of the area required a paleolandscape reconstruction. For this purpose, a set of methods were applied on a research scale from local (archaeological excavation) to regional (within a radius of several kilometres). The site's position in the regional topography has been studied using GIS methods, for the nearest encirclement of Byki a detailed digital terrain model was constructed. The near-surface stratigraphy was studied by ground penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetic survey, coring and archaeological excavations. This resulted in the creation of a map of natural depressions layout and their three-dimensional visualisation. It was found that by the time people first arrived, the natural relief was a combination of sand dunes and rounded thermokarst sinkholes. The sediments filling the sinkholes indicate the over-watered conditions made them unsuitable for human habitation (the cultural layers do not extend into the sinkholes), but they could provide a source of water. Most of the sites are found on top of an aeolian barkhan. The distance maps showed that the sites’ location provided the best visibility in all directions. Thus, this atypical location of Byki sites at significant distances from the nearest rivers can be explained by a combination of several advantages: location on the edge of a valley in terms of distance vision, local topographic diversity that provided comfortable living conditions and possibly a water supply.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 2","pages":"Article 103241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140406895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}