Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health最新文献

{"title":"The association of pesticide exposure on anthropometric parameters among under-five children in Magelang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Sani Rachman Soleman ,&nbsp;Fresti Oktanindi ,&nbsp;Shofiati Ashfia ,&nbsp;Emi Azmi Choironi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Fathi Banna Al Faruqi ,&nbsp;Desvialin Ulfa Talitha ,&nbsp;Afifah Az Zahra ,&nbsp;Syifa Nurul Asma","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>As endocrine disruptor chemicals, pesticides pose hormone-associated diseases, such as growth and developmental pathologies, in children through IGF-1 modulators. This study aims to analyze pesticide exposure on anthropometry status in under-five children and related factors that contribute to them.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study is proposed to collect 362 under-five children who visited <em>Posyandu</em> in Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Independent variables are types of pesticide application and baseline characteristics of parents and children. The data are collected through questionnaires. Dependent variables include anthropometric status, including WLZ, WAZ, HAZ, and BMZ. Statistical analysis used Linear Regression and Analysis of Covariance with SPSS version 25.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>When child age is stratified &lt;30 mo, organophosphate exposure affects WLZ (β = 0.52, P=&lt;0.001, CI95 = 0.13, 0.90), WAZ (β = 0.54, P = 0.02, CI95 = 0.08, 1.01) and BAZ (β = 0.49, P = 0.01, CI95 = 0.09, 0.89). Imidacloprid pretends BAZ (β = 0.53, P = 0.04; CI95 = 0.00, 1.05) and triazole influences WAZ (β = 1.09, P = 0.03, CI95 = 0.08, 2.09). Baseline characteristics stated that location affects WLZ (β = 0.44, P=&lt;0.001; CI95 = 0.19, 0.68), WAZ (β = 0.32, P = 0.01, CI95 = 0.06, 0.59) and BAZ (β = 0.55, P=&lt;0.001, CI95 = 0.31, 0.80); child age contributes WLZ (β = −0.00, P = 0.02, CI95 = −0.01, −0.00), WAZ (β = -0.02, P=&lt;0.001, CI95 = −0.02, −0.01), HAZ (β = −0.02, P=&lt;0.001, CI95 = −0.03, −0.01). The remaining variables, father education and child gender, have a role in disrupting HAZ (β = 0.22, P = 0.02, CI95 = 0.02, 0.41) and BAZ (β = 0.25, P = 0.03, CI95 = 0.02, 0.49).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Organophosphate, imidacloprid, and triazole have the potential to damage growth hormones. However, dithiocarbamate is still questionable. Other aspects are warranted to control location, child age, child gender, and father education that contribute to malnutrition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rural Dakshina Kannada, India, facilitated by accredited social health activists (ASHAs): a cross-sectional study","authors":"Y.M. Karuna ,&nbsp;Ramya Shenoy ,&nbsp;Sham Bhat ,&nbsp;B.S. Suprabha ,&nbsp;Sharanya B. Shetty ,&nbsp;Kiran Baliga","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The purpose of screening for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the present study was to address delayed ASD diagnosis in developing countries. Using community healthcare workers, namely, accredited social health activists (ASHAs), this study targeted the early screening of kids who may have a risk of developing ASD.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This analytical cross-sectional investigation was conducted among toddlers of randomly chosen primary health centers in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India. ASHA workers, trained in the use of the translated (to the Kannada language) Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), conducted screenings to detect toddlers at risk of ASD. During their regular home visits, the ASHA workers completed the M-CHAT questionnaire as per the input from the parents. The investigators collected the data collected by ASHA workers and further subjected the data to statistical analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifty-eight ASHA workers from 6PHCs completed 906 M-CHATs. According to the data analysis, six toddlers (0.7 %) were found to have a high risk for ASD, and nearly half of the sample population (42.23 %) belonged to the necessary follow-up category. There was no statistically significant relationship between sex and the total score calculated per M-CHAT.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Within the limitations, the study reported that 0.7 % of the toddlers had a high risk for ASD, and 42.3 % required follow-up when evaluated using the M-CHAT with the assistance of ASHA workers. By the end of the training, ASHA workers were well-equipped to contribute effectively to early screening of ASD during home visits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of blood pressure within the families and the heritability estimates: A cross-sectional study in South India","authors":"Anil Chankaramangalam Mathew ,&nbsp;Jimmy Joy ,&nbsp;Jose Alex Chandy ,&nbsp;Alif Lam","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102080","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in immunological-competent prison inmates using Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) in a central jail of Assam, India","authors":"Reema Nath ,&nbsp;Tulika Goswami Mahanta ,&nbsp;Nabanita Nirmolia ,&nbsp;Gargi Choudhury ,&nbsp;Mandira Chetri ,&nbsp;Gourangie Gogoi ,&nbsp;Ravi Baruah","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Abstract</h3><div>Tuberculosis, the leading cause of death among infectious origin, globally causes disease to more than 10 million people each year. Available estimates indicate a higher prevalence amongst vulnerable populations.</div></div><div><h3>Aim and objectives</h3><div>To estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis infection among immunological-competent prison inmates using Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) in a Central Jail of Assam, India, and to assess knowledge and practice related to tuberculosis infection, mode of transmission, and measures to prevent it.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among immunological-competent-prison inmates of a Central Jail of Assam. The sample size was 220; calculated using nMaster software. Socio-demographic, environmental, anthropometric, behavioral, dietary, and knowledge were assessed. Interferon Gamma Release Assay test to detect Tuberculosis infection was done and all symptomatic were tested by NAAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Test). Statistical analysis included univariate analysis, with Chi-square tests (or Fischer's Exact Test for small sample sizes) used to assess the association between categorical variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Tuberculosis infection was found in 24.2 %, while 71.2 % were negative and 4.6 % were indeterminate. History of Tuberculosis was present in 10.8 % (24) of which 37.5 % (9) had pulmonary Tuberculosis. Behavioral risk factors like current smoking were found among 33.8 % (75) while alcohol consumption was 63.1 % (140). Co-morbidity like diabetes [7 (3.2 %)], HIV/AIDs [1.4 % (3)], hepatitis B along with HIV [1 (0.5 %)] was present. Most participants [178 (80.2 %)] had ever heard of tuberculosis, while 53.6 % did not know how TB is transmitted. Anthropometric examination revealed the average body mass index as 21.82 ± 3.87 and the majority were on deficient diet.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ongoing tuberculosis infection among prison inmate suggest implementation of different preventive strategies in prison like increasing awareness programs, regular screening, dietary improvement, environmental measures and better health care service provisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment of oral health status and treatment needs among greater Hyderabad municipal corporation workers in Hyderabad, India: A cross-sectional study","authors":"K.L. Ramitha,&nbsp;C.T. Anitha","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oral disease is a hidden Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) that remained a neglected concern, especially among certain occupational groups like Municipal Waste (MW) workers. Their workplace risks, high tobacco use and limited access to dental care increase vulnerability. Hence, the study aimed to assess oral health status and treatment needs among MW workers in Hyderabad, India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted among MW workers in Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) at their workplace. Modified World Health Organization (WHO) Oral health questionnaire and assessment form-2013 for adults were used to record data on oral health practices and screening.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 471MW workers participated in the study. Median age was 40 years (IQR: 35–48years); 40.1 % (189) were males and 59.9 % (282) females. Nearly 29.7 % (140) reported pain/discomfort in teeth/gums/mouth during past 12 months with 61.4 % (86) of them using self-medication. Good oral hygiene as per Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) scores and dental caries was noted among 41.3 % (194) and 39.2 % (184) respectively. Ultrasonic scaling (68.8 %,324) followed by extraction of teeth (32.9 %,155) were major dental treatment needs. Educational status, nature of job and income were found to be associated with oral health intervention urgency and number of treatment needs (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights poor oral health practices and unmet dental treatment needs among MW workers. In spite of dental pain they are not seeking treatment due to their low income further hindered by work timings and wage loss. Tobacco cessation program and oral health screening alongside general health check-up at regular intervals are needed at workplace to improve their health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of designed pharmaceutical pictograms among the Malaysian population","authors":"Anil Tumkur ,&nbsp;Pravinkumar Ingle ,&nbsp;Quinnie Ling Sze Ning ,&nbsp;Nurul Asikin Bustamin ,&nbsp;Tee Kai Heng ,&nbsp;Chai Tze Leen ,&nbsp;Ketan Hatware","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Poor medication adherence to treatment regimen and medication errors among patients are the main concerns for pharmacists. One creative way to make medical information easier to understand, improve health literacy, and be more memorable for patients is through simple, culturally relevant, and context-specific pharmaceutical pictograms.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study evaluated the understanding of the population in the four regions of Malaysia regarding 22 designed Malaysian pictograms.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 800 participants from the four different regions, with 200 participants from each region, using a convenience sampling method. Their interpretations of pictograms were classified and recorded. The correct recognition rate was used to determine whether each pictogram had met the ISO criterion of ≥66.7 % or the ANSI criterion of ≥85 %.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Seventeen pictograms met the ISO criteria of &gt;67 %, while seven pictograms met the ANSI criteria of &gt;85 % before the explanation was provided. After the explanation, all pictograms met the ISO criteria, but only two pictograms did not meet the ANSI criteria. There was a significant difference in interpretation performance before and after the explanations were given.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The pictograms are suitable for introduction and can effectively convey medication-related information when used alongside verbal explanations and simple texts. This can improve communication and facilitate health education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Saudi in vaso-occlusive crisis accessing healthcare for pain management: A qualitative study” [Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 33 (2025) 102011]","authors":"Jawhrah Alqahtani","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing under pressure: Institutional barriers to stewardship among clinicians of different specialties in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Israa Abdullah Malli ,&nbsp;Jawahir Omar AlTamimi","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate clinicians’ antibiotic stewardship knowledge, prescribing behaviors, and opinions and identify demographic and institutional factors influencing stewardship effectiveness.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Mixed-methods.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a validated questionnaire and focus group interviews to gather data from 116 clinicians. Qualitative analysis explored institutional and experiential barriers, whereas quantitative analysis examined associations between stewardship knowledge and clinician characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant associations were found between stewardship knowledge and age (p = 0.0092), gender (p = 0.0045), and years of experience (p = 0.0460). Pediatricians demonstrated higher stewardship knowledge than family physicians (p = 0.0106). Focus group discussions revealed institutional barriers including time constraints, lack of monitoring mechanisms, and diagnostic uncertainty. One participant noted, “It's safer to prescribe antibiotics just in case, rather than risk a patient developing a severe infection.”</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Clinicians face both personal and institutional challenges in applying stewardship principles. We need local standards to reduce multidrug resistance; thus, targeted continuing medical education, structured case-based training, public awareness campaigns, and improved access to rapid diagnostics may enhance the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs across specialties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A retrospective cohort study of premature neonatal mortality rates and contributing factors in a tertiary referral NICU in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 2022 to 2023","authors":"Gregory C. Valentine ,&nbsp;Krystle M. Perez ,&nbsp;Olivia C. Brandon ,&nbsp;Sharla Rent ,&nbsp;Gal Barbut ,&nbsp;Merhawit Abadi ,&nbsp;Gesit Metaferia ,&nbsp;Redeat Workneh ,&nbsp;Mahlet Abayneh","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Prematurity remains the leading contributor for neonatal death globally, with Ethiopia having the 4th highest incidence of neonatal deaths. Clarifying specific contributors of prematurity-related neonatal death is critical to improve outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We evaluated neonatal causes of death among premature neonates at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College's (SPHMMC) neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Through a retrospective electronic database, we evaluated mortality outcomes for neonates &lt;37 weeks’ gestation admitted to SPHMMC NICU from February 2022–May 2023, excluding those with congenital anomalies. Logistic regression models assessed the association between variables and outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 1033 premature neonates included in the analysis, 228 (22.1 %) died. Mortality was inversely related to birthweight with extremely low birthweight neonates (≤1000g) having 84 % mortality. The top 3 causes of prematurity-related mortality included respiratory distress syndrome (67.7 %, 159/228), sepsis (39.5 %, 90/228), and pulmonary hemorrhage (25.0 %, 57/228). Neonates that died from pulmonary hemorrhage had higher antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) exposure (66.7 % vs 36.7 %, p &lt; 0.001), less chorioamnionitis (29.5 % vs 55.5 %, p = 0.004), and higher cesarean section delivery (71.9 % vs 53.1 %, p = 0.02). Notably, there were no associations between mortality and ACS exposure or lack thereof in the overall cohort in multivariate models.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis are commonly reported findings of premature mortality, surprisingly, 25 % of premature newborns died from pulmonary hemorrhage at SPHMMC NICU. Further investigations are needed to clarify the causes and contributing factors leading to premature death and to determine whether pulmonary hemorrhage is an underreported, underrecognized contributor to prematurity-related mortality globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of physiological non-communicable diseases risk factors among Black Africans in peri-urban community In South Africa","authors":"Sifundile Zamazulu Maphumulo ,&nbsp;Gerrit Jan Breukelman ,&nbsp;Brandon Shaw ,&nbsp;Ina Shaw","doi":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic, non-transmissible conditions, with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounting for 80 % of NCD-related deaths. Their prevalence and associated risk factors vary across populations based on lifestyle, environment, ethnicity, and gender. Urbanization influences physical activity levels and increases exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and processed foods. This study examined selected NCD risk factors among males (n = 50) and females (n = 50) in the peri-urban community of KwaDlangezwa.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted using the WHO STEPwise approach. Data collection followed three steps: (1) sociodemographic and health behaviour assessments, (2) anthropometric measurements, and (3) blood parameter evaluations. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact test for categorical associations. Variables assessed included body mass (BM), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), and glucose levels.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant gender differences emerged: males had higher systolic blood pressure (126.28 ± 15.01 mmHg vs. 114.32 ± 22.02 mmHg, p = 0.000) and WHR (0.80 ± 0.07 vs. 0.74 ± 0.06, p = 0.000), while females exhibited higher total cholesterol (3.26 ± 0.65 mmol/L vs. 2.90 ± 0.53 mmol/L, p = 0.000). Key risk factors included overweight/obesity (38 %), hypertension (12 %), and high waist circumference (21 %), with overweight more prevalent among females (46 % vs. 30 %) and younger individuals (≤25 years, 50.87 %, p = 0.00).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings underscore the urgent need for gender- and age-sensitive public health interventions aimed at reducing modifiable physiological risk factors, particularly overweight, abdominal obesity, and hypertension, in peri-urban communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46404,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 102111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}