Earthquake Science最新文献

{"title":"A modified stochastic finite-fault method for estimating strong ground motion: Validation and application","authors":"Xinjuan He,&nbsp;Hua Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We developed a modified stochastic finite-fault method for estimating strong ground motions. An adjustment to the dynamic corner frequency was introduced, which accounted for the effect of the location of the subfault relative to the hypocenter and rupture propagation direction, to account for the influence of the rupture propagation direction on the subfault dynamic corner frequency. By comparing the peak ground acceleration (PGA), pseudo-absolute response spectra acceleration (PSA, damping ratio of 5%), and duration, the results of the modified and existing methods were compared, demonstrating that our proposed adjustment to the dynamic corner frequency can accurately reflect the rupture directivity effect. We applied our modified method to simulate near-field strong motions within 150 km of the 2008 <em>M</em>_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake rupture. Our modified method performed well over a broad period range, particularly at 0.04–4 s. The total deviations of the stochastic finite-fault method (EXSIM) and the modified EXSIM were 0.1676 and 0.1494, respectively. The modified method can effectively account for the influence of the rupture propagation direction and provide more realistic ground motion estimations for earthquake disaster mitigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 36-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000575/pdfft?md5=85701b6a41e901723ca69c58be7207f0&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000575-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The accessible seismological dataset of a high-density 2D seismic array along Anninghe fault","authors":"Weifan Lu ,&nbsp;Zeyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Han Yue ,&nbsp;Shiyong Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianping Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The scientific goal of the Anninghe seismic array is to investigate the detailed geometry of the Anninghe fault and the velocity structure of the fault zone. This 2D seismic array is composed of 161 stations forming sub-rectangular geometry along the Anninghe fault, which covers 50 km and 150 km in the fault normal and strike directions, respectively, with ∼ 5 km intervals. The data were collected between June 2020 and June 2021, with some level of temporal gaps. Two types of instruments, i.e. QS-05A and SmartSolo, are used in this array. Data quality and examples of seismograms are provided in this paper. After the data protection period ends (expected in June 2024), researchers can request a dataset from the National Earthquake Science Data Center.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000563/pdfft?md5=b25ae01b84436e2f54cce37d877a671e&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000563-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to: A review of the wave gradiometry method for seismic imaging","authors":"Chuntao Liang ,&nbsp;Feihuang Cao ,&nbsp;Zhijin Liu ,&nbsp;Yingna Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Page 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000666/pdfft?md5=a14e28047ef4ae8f0ad46f5c470b9e9c&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000666-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6, 2023, in Pingyuan, Shandong, China: A rupture on a buried fault","authors":"Zhe Zhang,&nbsp;Lisheng Xu,&nbsp;Lihua Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>On August 6, 2023, a magnitude <em>M</em>_W5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province, China. This event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century, and no active fault had been previously identified. This study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method, and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor inversion. The relocation and the inversion indicate, the Pingyuan <em>M</em>_W5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault, likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang fault. This buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75° to the northwest, with a strike of 222°, similar to the Gaotang fault. The rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and northeastward. However, the ground surface was not broken. The total duration of the rupture was ∼6.0 s, releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895 × 10¹⁷ N·m, equivalent to <em>M</em>_W5.54. The moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation, and the 90% scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 s. In the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process, the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s, slower than the local S-wave velocity. As the rupture neared its end, the rupture velocity decreased significantly. This study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan <em>M</em>_W5.5 earthquake, shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the region. Understanding the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000526/pdfft?md5=155260214fcd397a0ac381cfd73a7c15&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000526-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the eigenvalues and eigendisplacement of the critical mode in horizontally layered media","authors":"Shaotong Wang,&nbsp;Laiyu Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wave propagation in horizontally layered media is a classical problem in seismic-wave theory. In semi-infinite space, a nondispersive Rayleigh wave mode exists, and the eigendisplacement decays exponentially with depth. In a layered model with increasing layer velocity, the phase velocity of the Rayleigh wave varies between the S-wave velocity of the bottom half-space and that of the classical Rayleigh wave propagated in a supposed half-space formed by the parameters of the top layer. If the phase velocity is the same as the P- or S-wave velocity of the layer, which is called the critical mode or critical phase velocity of surface waves, the general solution of the wave equation is not a homogeneous (expressed by trigonometric functions) or inhomogeneous (expressed by exponential functions) plane wave, but one whose amplitude changes linearly with depth (expressed by a linear function). Theories based on a general solution containing only trigonometric or exponential functions do not apply to the critical mode, owing to the singularity at the critical phase velocity. In this study, based on the classical framework of generalized reflection and transmission coefficients, the propagation of surface waves in horizontally layered media was studied by introducing a solution for the linear function at the critical phase velocity. Therefore, the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the critical mode can be calculated by solving a singular problem. The eigendisplacement characteristics associated with the critical phase velocity were investigated for different layered models. In contrast to the normal mode, the eigendisplacement associated with the critical phase velocity exhibits different characteristics. If the phase velocity is equal to the S-wave velocity in the bottom half-space, the eigendisplacement remains constant with increasing depth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 13-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000605/pdfft?md5=f9d8d8e04ad44779ff439bdf7b9ca64d&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000605-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic and scattering attenuations of the Sichuan-Yunnan region in China from S coda waves","authors":"Tian Li ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song ,&nbsp;Qincai Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Jinchuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanlin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic attenuation is a fundamental property of the Earth's media. Attenuation structure for the complicated geological structures with strong seismicity in the Sichuan-Yunnan region is poorly studied. In this study, we collected 108,399 waveforms of 11,517 local small earthquakes with magnitudes between 1.5 and 3.5 from January 2014 to September 2021 in the Sichuan-Yunnan region and its adjacent areas. We employed an envelope inversion technique for separating the intrinsic and scattering attenuations of the S coda wave, and obtained the intrinsic and scattering attenuation structures for frequencies between 0.25 and 8.00 Hz. The attenuation structures correlate well with the geological units, and some major faults mark the attenuation variations where historic large earthquakes have occurred. The regional average attenuation shows a negative frequency dependence. The average scattering attenuation has a faster descending rate than the average intrinsic attenuation, and is dominant at low frequencies, while at high frequencies the average intrinsic attenuation is stronger. The lateral variation in the intrinsic attenuation is consistent with the variation in heat flow, the scattering attenuation may be related to the scatter distribution and size. The total attenuation is consistent with the previous studies in this region, and the separate intrinsic and scattering attenuation may be useful in understanding regional tectonics and important in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000587/pdfft?md5=7463e0f16fe96810ece59b82fe24967c&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000587-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of faulting destruction and water supply pipeline damage from the first mainshock of the February 6, 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet","authors":"Xiaoqing Fan ,&nbsp;Libao Zhang ,&nbsp;Juke Wang ,&nbsp;Yefei Ren ,&nbsp;Aiwen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 2023, two consecutive earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 7 occurred in Türkiye, causing severe casualties and economic losses. The damage to critical urban infrastructure and building structures, including highways, railroads, and water supply pipelines, was particularly severe in areas where these structures intersected the seismogenic fault. Critical infrastructure projects that traverse active faults are susceptible to the influence of fault movement, pulse velocity, and ground motions. In this study, we used a unique approach to analyze the acceleration records obtained from the seismic station array (9 strong ground motion stations) located along the East Anatolian Fault (the seismogenic fault of the <em>M</em>_W7.8 mainshock of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet). The acceleration records were filtered and integrated to obtain the velocity and displacement time histories. We used the results of an on-site investigation, jointly conducted by China Earthquake Administration and Türkiye’s AFAD, to analyze the distribution of PGA, PGV, and PGD recorded by the strong motion array of the East Anatolian Fault. We found that the maximum horizontal PGA in this earthquake was 3.0 g, and the maximum co-seismic surface displacement caused by the East Anatolian Fault rupture was 6.50 m. As the fault rupture propagated southwest, the velocity pulse caused by the directional effect of the rupture increased gradually, with the maximum PGA reaching 162.3 cm/s. We also discussed the seismic safety of critical infrastructure projects traversing active faults, using two case studies of water supply pipelines in Türkiye that were damaged by earthquakes. We used a three-dimensional finite element model of the PE (polyethylene) water pipeline at the Islahiye State Hospital and fault displacement observations obtained through on-site investigation to analyze pipeline failure mechanisms. We further investigated the effect of the fault-crossing angle on seismic safety of a pipeline, based on our analysis and the failure performance of the large-diameter Thames Water pipeline during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. The seismic method of buried pipelines crossing the fault was summarized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 78-90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000599/pdfft?md5=7d4e957703f0e5a7b18ba23065721bfd&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000599-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139652905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient noise tomography of a linear seismic array based on an improved Voronoi tessellation","authors":"Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Weitao Wang ,&nbsp;Libo Han ,&nbsp;Tingzi Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Ling ,&nbsp;Jianchao Zhou ,&nbsp;Huaiyu Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambient noise tomography, when applied to a dense linear seismic array, has the capability to provide detailed insights into the fine velocity structures across diverse tectonic settings. The linear station arrangement naturally generates parallel and concentrated ray paths along the array trend. This unique geometry requires specific optimization of the inversion methodology and model parameterization. The Bayesian-based transdimensional inversion method, characterized by its fully non-linear nature and high degree of freedom in parameter settings, offers a powerful tool for ambient noise inversion. To effectively adapt this method to a linear array layout, we propose a modification to the Voronoi cell tessellation built in the transdimensional method. By introducing spatial priority to the Voronoi kernels, we strategically increased the density of Voronoi cells along the direction of the array. We then applied the modified approach to a linear seismic array in the North China Craton and validated its robustness through phase velocity images and resolution tests. Our improved non-uniform sampling technique in the 2-D model space accelerates convergence while simultaneously enhancing model accuracy. Compared with the conventional damped least-squares method, the proposed algorithm revealed a shear-wave velocity map with notable low-velocity anomalies situated in the middle and lower crust beneath the borders of the Ordos block and its surrounding orogenic belt. Aligned with the crustal structures revealed by receiver function and electrical imaging, our findings indicated that the western and eastern margins of the Ordos block had experienced intensive crustal wedge deformation and re-melting, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 6","pages":"Pages 477-490"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000551/pdfft?md5=4c5779fb4354070fe38ccb7b7f03c9f3&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000551-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138484865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution seismicity imaging and early aftershock migration of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş (SE Türkiye) MW7.9 & 7.8 earthquake doublet","authors":"Hongyang Ding ,&nbsp;Yijian Zhou ,&nbsp;Zengxi Ge ,&nbsp;Tuncay Taymaz ,&nbsp;Abhijit Ghosh ,&nbsp;Haoyu Xu ,&nbsp;Tahir Serkan Irmak ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We build a high-resolution early aftershock catalog for the 2023 SE Türkiye seismic sequence with PALM, a seamless workflow that sequentially performs phase picking, association, location, and matched filter for continuous data. The catalog contains 29,519 well-located events in the two mainshocks rupture region during 2023-02-01–2023-02-28, which significantly improves the detection completeness and relocation precision compared to the public routine catalog. Employing the new PALM catalog, we analyze the structure of the seismogenic fault system. We find that the Eastern Anatolian Fault (EAF) that generated the first <em>M</em>_W7.9 mainshock is overall near-vertical, whereas complexities are revealed in a small-scale, such as subparallel subfaults, unmapped branches, and stepovers. The seismicity on EAF is shallow (&lt;15 km) and concentrated in depth distribution, indicating a clear lock-creep transition. In contrast, the Sürgü Fault (SF) that is responsible for the second <em>M</em>_W7.8 mainshock is shovel-shaped for the nucleation segment and has overall low dip angles (∼40°–80°). Aftershocks on the SF distribute in a broad range of depth, extending down to ∼35 km. We also analyze the temporal behavior of seismicity, discovering no immediate foreshocks within ∼5 days preceding the first mainshock, and no seismic activity on the SF before the second mainshock.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 6","pages":"Pages 417-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000332/pdfft?md5=b2fdf52c84469c945ee919850888c787&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000332-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138484893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient postseismic slip and aftershock triggering: A case study of the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, China","authors":"Mengyu Xie ,&nbsp;Baoping Shi ,&nbsp;Lingyuan Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we investigate how a stress variation generated by a fault that experiences transient postseismic slip (TPS) affects the rate of aftershocks. First, we show that the postseismic slip from Rubin-Ampuero model is a TPS that can occur on the main fault with a velocity-weakening frictional motion, that the resultant slip function is similar to the generalized Jeffreys-Lomnitz creep law, and that the TPS can be explained by a continuous creep process undergoing reloading. Second, we obtain an approximate solution based on the Helmstetter-Shaw seismicity model relating the rate of aftershocks to such TPS. For the Wenchuan sequence, we perform a numerical fitting of the cumulative number of aftershocks using the Modified Omori Law (MOL), the Dieterich model, and the specific TPS model. The fitting curves indicate that the data can be better explained by the TPS model with a <em>B</em>/<em>A</em> ratio of approximately 1.12, where <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> are the parameters in the rate- and state-dependent friction law respectively. Moreover, the <em>p</em> and <em>c</em> that appear in the MOL can be interpreted by the <em>B/A</em> and the critical slip distance, respectively. Because the <em>B/A</em> ratio in the current model is always larger than 1, the model could become a possible candidate to explain aftershock rate commonly decay as a power law with a <em>p</em>-value larger than 1. Finally, the influence of the background seismicity rate <em>r</em> on parameters is studied; the results show that except for the apparent aftershock duration, other parameters are insensitive to <em>r</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 6","pages":"Pages 445-457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451923000538/pdfft?md5=e60afefd449d76f8d1d804ce39f3eed3&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451923000538-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138484923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}