Earthquake Science最新文献

{"title":"Viscoelastic Coulomb stress from historical earthquakes on the 2022 Luding MS6.8 earthquake and its static stress triggering on neighboring faults","authors":"Zhaoxuan Guan ,&nbsp;Yongge Wan ,&nbsp;Zhitong Jin ,&nbsp;Runyan Wang ,&nbsp;Zeyao Song ,&nbsp;Mingyue Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the influence of historical earthquakes on the 2022 Luding <em>M</em>_S6.8 earthquake and its subsequent effects. We computed the viscoelastic Coulomb stress changes induced by these historical seismic events using the rupture model of historical earthquakes and the layered Maxwell viscoelastic medium model. Our findings indicate that the Luding earthquake was brought forward approximately 29 years because of several historical earthquakes. Specifically, the 1923 Renda <em>M</em>_S7.3 earthquake, the 1933 Diexi <em>M</em>_S7.5 earthquake, the 1973 Luhuo <em>M</em>_S7.3 earthquake, the 2008 Kangding <em>M</em>_S5.1 earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan <em>M</em>_S8.0 earthquake, the 2014 Kangding <em>M</em>_S6.3 earthquake, and the 2014 Kangding <em>M</em>_S5.8 earthquake advanced the occurrence of the event by 117.61, 26.67, 84.51, 0.27, 0.91, 7.64, and 3.17 years, respectively. Conversely, the 1936 Mabian earthquake swarm, the 1948 Litang <em>M</em>_S7.3 earthquake, the 1955 Kangding <em>M</em>_S7.5 earthquake, and the 2013 Lushan <em>M</em>_S7.0 earthquake delayed its occurrence by 39.89, 22.43, 144.23, and 4.89 years, respectively. Furthermore, by employing the half-space homogeneous elastic model and the rupture characteristics of the Luding earthquake, we computed the coseismic Coulomb stress changes in neighboring faults. Our results reveal increased Coulomb stress on the Xianshuihe fault (excluding its southern segment), the Anninghe fault, the Zemuhe fault, the Daliangshan fault, the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault, the northern segment of the Mabian-Yanjin fault, and the Xiaojinhe fault. Conversely, we observed stress decreases in the southern segment of the Jinshajiang fault, the central and eastern segments of the Longriba fault, the Mabian-Yanjin fault (excluding its northern segment), and the southern segment of the Xianshuihe fault.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 97-111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amplification of thickness and stratigraphy of loess deposit on seismic ground motion in the Yellow River Basin","authors":"Huijuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jinghua Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widely distributed loess deposits in the Yellow River Basin exhibit unique engineering geological characteristics. The variations in their thickness and stratigraphic structure significantly amplify ground motion parameters, directly influencing the regional seismic hazard risk level. This study methodically conducted on-site studies and observations of building collapses and damages resulting from seismic amplification effects, using the Wenchuan <em>M</em>_S8.0 earthquake as a case study. Comprehensive experimental and numerical simulation studies were carried out. A large-scale shaking table test was performed, and numerical models for 14 different loess sites types were established. Various types of seismic waves were incorporated into these models for systematic numerical simulation calculations. The research reveals the mechanisms by which loess deposit thickness and stratigraphic structure in the Yellow River Basin affect seismic ground motion amplification. The results indicate that as the epicentral distance increases, the peak ground motion shows a marked attenuation trend, with the horizontal component attenuating substantially faster than the vertical component. As the overlying loess layer thickness increases from 50 to 100 m, the seismic intensity may escalate by 3−4 degrees, and the peak acceleration may amplify by 1.5−2.2 times. With the augmentation of loess deposit thickness and the proliferation of soil layers, both the peak acceleration response spectrum and the characteristic period demonstrate an upward tendency, exhibiting slight fluctuations contingent upon the seismic wave type.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 32-50"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-resolution 3D shallow crustal structure of Urumqi foreland thrust tectonic belt, northern Tianshan, based on ambient noise tomography","authors":"Xiang Huang ,&nbsp;Zhengyang Qiang ,&nbsp;Weitao Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Urumqi foreland thrust tectonic belt exhibits complex geological structures and strong seismicity. Imaging its shallow crustal structure is of great significance for understanding its tectonic mechanism and seismogenic environment. We obtained a high-resolution S-wave velocity model of the shallow crust at depths of 0–8 km using ambient noise tomography applied to data from a dense seismic array. Sediments are generally thinner in the southeast and thicker in the northwest, with a maximum thickness of more than 8 km. Variations in the velocity structure near the Xishan, Wanyaogou, and Yamalike faults indicate that their formation was related to differences in the physical properties on either side of the fault. In addition, the faults exhibit thrusting of the low-velocity sides towards the high-velocity sides. In the study area, earthquakes rarely occur at depths of less than 3 km and are mostly concentrated in the high-velocity zone in the southern part. Below 3 km depth, more earthquakes were observed, mainly distributed near faults or in relatively high-velocity areas in the southern part. This suggests that high-velocity structures are more prone to stress accumulation, resulting in earthquakes. At 6–8 km depth, the densely distributed earthquakes in the northwestern part of the Bogda mountains are well-aligned with the northwest-oriented low-velocity zone observed in this study, suggesting that this weak zone likely controls seismicity in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 86-96"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing successful international collaborations in Earth Science research","authors":"Walter D. Mooney","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>I offer suggestions to increase the probability of success of an international research project. Collaborative studies often produce more innovative and transformative scientific results than work done by a single investigator or an isolated team. My advice is intended for early-career scientists. The product of the collaboration may be high-impact research publications, enhanced geophysical monitoring capabilities in a foreign country, or an advanced training course. Choosing the right international partner is the most important step. Keeping an open mind and being receptive to suggestions to modify the initial concept is critical. Other key steps include having a mutually agreed upon plan with achievable goals and well-defined expected outcomes. International cooperation is a richly rewarding experience that accelerates progress in the Earth Sciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 118-124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the northern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt in China based on improved spatial smoothing and fault source model integration","authors":"Yaohu Zhang,&nbsp;Hua Pan,&nbsp;Meng Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The northern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt is characterized by intense crustal deformation, well-developed active tectonics, and frequent occurrences of strong earthquakes. Therefore, conducting a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) for this region is of significant importance for supporting seismic fortification in major engineering projects and formulating disaster prevention and mitigation policies. In this study, a composite seismic source model was constructed by integrating data on historical earthquakes, active faults, and paleoseismicity. Furthermore, a logic tree framework was employed to quantify epistemic uncertainties, enabling a systematic seismic hazard assessment of the region. To more accurately characterize the spatial heterogeneity of seismic activity, improvements were made to both the Circular Spatial Smoothing Model (CSSM) with a fixed radius and the Adaptive Spatial Smoothing Model (ASSM), with full consideration given to the spatiotemporal completeness of historical earthquake magnitudes. Regarding the CSSM, for scenarios involving small sample sizes in earthquake catalogs, the cross-validation method proposed in this study demonstrated higher robustness than the maximum likelihood method in determining the optimal correlation distance. Performance evaluation results indicate that while both models effectively characterize seismic activity, the ASSM exhibits superior overall predictive performance compared to the CSSM, owing to its ability to adaptively adjust the smoothing radius according to seismic density. Significant discrepancies were observed in the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) results calculated with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years across different combinations of seismic source models. The single spatially smoothed point-source model yielded a maximum PGA of approximately 0.52 g, with high-value areas concentrated near historical epicenters, thereby significantly underestimating the hazard associated with major fault zones. When combined with the simple fault-source model, the maximum PGA increased to 0.8 g, with high-value zones exhibiting a zonal distribution along faults; however, the risk remained underestimated for faults with low slip rates that are nevertheless approaching their recurrence cycles. Following the introduction of the time-dependent characteristic fault-source model, local PGA values for faults in the middle-to-late stages of their recurrence cycles increased by a factor of 2 to 7 compared to the single model. These results demonstrate that the characteristic fault-source model reasonably delineates the time-dependence of large earthquake recurrence, thereby providing a more accurate assessment of imminent seismic risks. By comprehensively applying the improved spatially smoothed point-source model, the simple fault-source model, and the characteristic fault-source model, the following faults within the region were identified as having high seismic haza","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nature of the Kumkol Basin, northern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau constraints from seismic velocity structure","authors":"Yuan Gao ,&nbsp;Lun Li ,&nbsp;Zhanwu Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Guo ,&nbsp;Linfeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Shixian Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kumkol Basin, situated in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, provides a unique window into understanding the dynamic mechanisms driving the plateau’s northern expansion. However, its formation and tectonic evolution remain poorly understood due to limited geophysical data in this region. In this study, we computed cross-correlations for the T-T components of station-pairs with high signal-to-noise ratios to extract Love wave waveforms and further performed Love-wave ambient noise tomography to image the upper crustal shear-wave velocity structure of the Kumkol basin down to 10 km depth. Our seismic velocity model reveals that the Kumkol Basin has a sedimentary thickness exceeding 8 km, with its center located near the Arka Mountain on the southern side. This suggests that the basin was likely formed as a foreland basin in response to the uplift of the Qiman Tagh Mountain to the north. Additionally, integrated with seismic reflection data, our seismic velocity model images a detachment fault at the basin basement depth. We inferred that the Kumkol Anticlinorium at the basin’s center have been produced by multiple thrust faults converging into this detachment fault at 8–10 km depth following the Early to Middle Miocene uplift of the Qiman Tagh Mountain. This structural configuration indicates pulsed basinward deformation since the late Miocene, likely reflecting a tectonic regime shift from extrusion to distributed shortening in the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Our findings provide a high-resolution velocity model of the Kumkol Basin, offering critical insights into its structural evolution and supporting future resource exploration in this underexplored region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 65-85"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Talking effectively about science","authors":"John Emilio Vidale","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Science communication requires talking with diverse audiences. Here, I pontificate, and then visit seven distinct settings, punctuated by some of my own fiascos, in the hope others might fare better in similar situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 112-117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there accelerated crustal deformation before large earthquakes? A case study of strong intra-plate earthquakes in China","authors":"Chengyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Jia ,&nbsp;Haohao Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The existence of a detectable precursory phase of fault slip preceding major earthquakes has been a subject of ongoing debate for decades. A recent study (Bletery and Nocquet, 2023) demonstrated exponential acceleration of fault slip prior to large earthquakes. Conversely, (Hirose et al., 2024) reported no such phenomenon when analyzing tiltmeter data. Furthermore, their analysis focused predominantly on subduction zone earthquakes, with limited consideration of intraplate earthquake scenarios. In this study, we examined 15 <em>M</em>≥6.5 intraplate earthquakes in China from 2010 to 2024 and found no clear evidence of deformation acceleration prior to these events. We also investigated several key factors contributing to uncertainties in this approach. Our findings suggest that the exponential acceleration phenomenon is associated with specific earthquake characteristics and is influenced by the spatial distribution of proximal seismic signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"Pages 51-64"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crustal structure of the central Cathaysia block in South China derived from receiver functions","authors":"Ao Li ,&nbsp;Zhengyuan Jia ,&nbsp;Guoming Jiang ,&nbsp;Guibin Zhang ,&nbsp;Dapeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cathaysia block in Southeast China has undergone complex compression, collision and tectonic evolution processes, which have led to the formation of rich granites and polymetallic ores. However, its history of crustal evolution and metallogenic mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the deep geodynamic processes in the central Cathaysia block, we deployed a dense broadband seismic array with a station interval of ∼5 km from July 2017 to August 2020. This seismic array, composed of 80 portable stations, traverses the Nanling and Wuyi metallogenic belts and crosses four deep faults. We employ the teleseismic receiver-function method to estimate the crustal thickness and <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio beneath the seismic array. Our results reveal a distinct negative correlation between the crustal thickness and the <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio within the crust, which might be closely associated with crustal deformation. The average crustal thickness is ∼30 km, indicating that the crust was thinned under an extensional environment. However, the crust beneath the Wuyi belt is slightly thicker and has a lower <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio than its adjacent areas, which may reflect thickening of the upper crust due to its ductility and lithospheric delamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 6","pages":"Pages 545-563"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of acoustic waves in 2D circular regions using the multi-block structured grid finite-difference method","authors":"Changjiang Fang ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Hengxin Ren ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Lu ,&nbsp;Qiwei Zhan ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinghua Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global acoustic simulations are significant in revealing the internal and physical structure of the Earth. However, due to the limited flexibility of grids and the difficulties in handling boundaries, the traditional finite-difference method (FDM) is usually less used in global simulations. Nevertheless, these issues can be well resolved by employing a multi-block structured grid to discretize circular regions. In this paper, we propose an O-H grid approach to partition the circular region and utilize the curvilinear grid finite-difference method (CGFDM) to solve the acoustic wave equation within this circular domain. By appropriately stretching the grid, the interconnections between each grid block are sufficiently smooth for stable information exchange. To verify the efficacy of this method, we conducted three numerical experiments, by comparing results with alternative approaches. Our test results demonstrate good agreement between our findings and the reference solutions. Since the proposed algorithm can effectively solve wave propagation problems in circular regions, it can contribute to 2D global simulation, particularly in interpreting the Earth’s interior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 6","pages":"Pages 531-544"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}