Earthquake Science最新文献

{"title":"Rupture process and aftershock focal mechanisms of the 2022 M6.8 Luding earthquake in Sichuan","authors":"Zhigao Yang ,&nbsp;Danqing Dai ,&nbsp;Yong Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuemei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to the China Earthquake Networks Center, a strong earthquake of <em>M</em>6.8 occurred in Luding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China (102.08°E, 29.59°N), on September 5, 2022, with a focal depth of 16 km. Rapid determination of the source parameters of the earthquake sequence is vital for post-earthquake rescue, disaster assessment, and scientific research. Near-field seismic observations play a key role in the fast and reliable determination of earthquake source parameters. The numerous broadband seismic stations and strong-motion stations recently deployed by the National Earthquake Intensity Rapid Report and Early Warning project have provided valuable real-time near-field observation data. Using these near-field observations and conventional mid- and far-field seismic waveform records, we obtained the focal mechanism solutions of the mainshock and <em>M</em> ≥ 3.0 aftershocks through the waveform fitting method. We were further able to rapidly invert the rupture process of the mainshock. Based on the evaluation of the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock and the regional tectonic setting, we speculate that the Xianshuihe fault formed the seismogenic structure of the <em>M</em>6.8 strong earthquake. The aftershocks formed three spatially separated clusters with distinctly different focal mechanisms, reflecting the segmented nature of the Xianshuihe fault. As more high-frequency information has been applied in this study, the absolute location of the fault rupture is better constrained by the near-field strong-motion data. The rupture process of the mainshock correlates well with the spatial distribution of aftershocks, i.e., aftershock activities were relatively weak in the maximum slip area, and strong aftershock activities were distributed in the peripheral regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 6","pages":"Pages 474-484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003743/pdfft?md5=57617c95ead9c6a6f42e6549b5529c64&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003743-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45231734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic activities before and after the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs in the lower Jinsha River","authors":"Ce Zhao ,&nbsp;Cuiping Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongfu Lei ,&nbsp;Mengdi Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The lower Jinsha River basin is located at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in Southwest China, a region with intense tectonic movements and frequent moderate to strong seismic activities. Cascade hydropower stations have been constructed along the lower Jinsha River since 2012. However, research on the effect of the impoundment of large-scale cascade reservoirs in a river basin on local seismic activities is currently lacking. Accurately identifying earthquake locations is essential for studying reservoir-induced earthquakes. Analyzing the spatiotemporal migration process of seismic activities based on complete and precise earthquake relocation is fundamental for determining the fluid diffusion coefficient, constructing fault models for reservoir areas, identifying earthquake types, exploring earthquake mechanisms, and evaluating seismic hazards. The seismicity pattern in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas, where seismic activities had been weak for a long time, has changed with the successive impoundment of the two reservoirs, showing microseismic events and seismic clusters. We investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of seismic activities in the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas using the waveform cross-correlation-based double-difference relocation technique and the <em>b</em>-value analysis method. We discovered that seismic events after the impoundment of these two reservoirs exhibited different characteristics in different regions. The seismic activities at the Xiluodu dam quickly responded to the rising water level, with the seismic intensity decaying rapidly afterward. These events were concentrated in the limestone strata along both sides of the Jinsha River, with a shallow focal depth, generally within 5 km, and a high <em>b</em>-value of approximately 1.2. Such features are close to those of karst-type earthquakes. Microseismic activities frequent occur on the eastern bank of the Yongshan reservoir section downstream of the Xiluodu dam, with two parallel NW-trending earthquake strips visible after precise earthquake relocation. The <em>M</em>_S5.2 earthquake near Wuji town on August 17, 2014, had prominent foreshocks and aftershocks distributed in a clear NW-trending 20-km-long strip, perpendicular to the riverbank. These seismic events had a low <em>b</em>-value of approximately 0.7. The orientation of the node plane revealed by the strike-slip focal mechanism of the mainshock is consistent with that of the strip formed by the foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence, indicating the existence of a NW-striking concealed fault. Seismic activities near the Yanjin-Mabian fault upstream of the Xiangjiaba reservoir area since 2013 were concentrated in a NW-trending strip, with several near EW-trending seismic clusters on its western side, and with the largest event having a magnitude of <em>M</em>_L3.7. So far, the impoundment of the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoirs has not trigg","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 355-370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003597/pdfft?md5=dba027184ffd500eff092ed1299598ff&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003597-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the quality factor on simulated seismic waves: A case study of the 1994 Northridge earthquake","authors":"Qingpei Zeng,&nbsp;Xiangchao Wang,&nbsp;Jinting Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In numerical simulations of ground motion, the constant quality factor <em>Q</em> of a viscoelastic medium can be determined using the time-domain constitutive approximation method of the generalized standard linear solid (GSLS) model. This study introduces a numerical seismic wavefield simulation method which combines the spectral element method with the constant-<em>Q</em> model. The method is used to simulate the seismic wavefield of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The optimal attenuation coefficient for the simulated seismic waves in this study area is determined empirically based on a quantitative analysis of the deviation curve. Further, the effect of the quality factor on the simulated wavefield are analyzed according to the site characteristics of each seismic station. The quality factor shows a variable effect on the different frequency components of the simulated wavefield. The effect of the quality factor also varies with the characteristic parameters of each seismic station site, such as site velocity structure, fault distance, and azimuth angle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 329-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003640/pdfft?md5=6893ddcdbf48fadb476c4425ab0dd88c&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003640-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44532407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic analysis of the Xiluodu reservoir area and insights into the geometry of seismogenic faults","authors":"Hongfu Lei ,&nbsp;Qincai Wang ,&nbsp;Cuiping Zhao ,&nbsp;Ce Zhao ,&nbsp;Jinchuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Xiluodu (XLD) reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and the largest in the Jinsha River basin. The occurrence of two <em>M</em> &gt; 5 earthquakes after reservoir impoundment has aroused great interest among seismologists and plant operators. We comprehensively analyzed the seismicity of the XLD reservoir area using precise earthquake relocation results and focal mechanism solutions and found that the seismicity of this area was weak before impoundment. Following impoundment, earthquake activity increased significantly. The occurrence of <em>M</em> ≥ 3.5 earthquakes within five years of impoundment also appear to be closely related to rapid rises and falls in water level, though this correlation weakened after five years because earthquake activity was far from the reservoir area. Earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area are clustered; near the dam (Area A), small faults are intermittently distributed along the river, while Area <em>B</em> is composed of multiple NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and a thrust fault and Area <em>C</em> is composed of a NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip main fault and a nearly EW-trending right-lateral strike-slip minor fault. The geometries of the deep and the shallow parts of the NW-trending fault differ. Under the action of the NW-trending background stress field, a series of NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and NE-trending thrust faults in critical stress states were dislocated due to the stress caused by reservoir impoundment. The two largest earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area were tectonic earthquakes that were directly triggered by impoundment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 371-386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003615/pdfft?md5=2a90f09aee37411b202a52d80f1061db&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003615-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48422324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface to the special issue on ground motion input at dam sites and reservoir earthquakes","authors":"Ruifang Yu ,&nbsp;Xiao Hu ,&nbsp;Ruizhi Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 311-313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003585/pdfft?md5=d988557122da11e73938c8c26544abdd&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003585-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46045560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of seismic wave type and incident direction on the dynamic response of tall concrete-faced rockfill dams","authors":"Chen-guang Zhou ,&nbsp;De-gao Zou ,&nbsp;Xiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to the stochastic behavior of earthquakes and complex crustal structure, wave type and incident direction are uncertain when seismic waves arrive at a structure. In addition, because of the different types of the structures and terrains, the traveling wave effects have different influences on the dynamic response of the structures. For the tall concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD), it is not only built in the complex terrain such as river valley, but also its height has reached 300 m level, which puts forward higher requirements for the seismic safety of the anti-seepage system mainly comprising concrete face slabs, especially the accurate location of the weak area in seism. Considering the limitations of the traditional uniform vibration analysis method, we implemented an efficient dynamic interaction analysis between a tall CFRD and its foundation using a non-uniform wave input method with a viscous-spring artificial boundary and equivalent nodal loads. This method was then applied to investigate the dynamic stress distribution on the concrete face slabs for different seismic wave types and incident directions. The results indicate that dam-foundation interactions behave differently at different wave incident angles, and that the traveling wave effect becomes more evident in valley topography. Seismic wave type and incident direction dramatically influenced stress in the face slab, and the extreme stress values and distribution law will vary under oblique wave incidence. The influence of the incident direction on slab stress was particularly apparent when SH-waves arrived from the left bank. Specifically, the extreme stress values in the face slab increased with an increasing incident angle. Interestingly, the locations of the extreme stress values changed mainly along the axis of the dam, and did not exhibit large changes in height. The seismic safety of CFRDs is therefore lower at higher incident angles from an anti-seepage perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both the seismic wave type and incident direction during seismic capacity evaluations of tall CFRDs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 343-354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003639/pdfft?md5=82f591ec391bc67603588c1a1dde57f6&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003639-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42783336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and verification of earthquakes induced by the Xiluodu hydropower station reservoir","authors":"Tinggai Chang ,&nbsp;Baohua Li ,&nbsp;Xinxiang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research has been conducted on reservoir-induced earthquakes in China since the Xinfengjiang reservoir-induced earthquakes in the 1960s. Regulations now require the risk of reservoir-induced earthquakes to be evaluated in the pre-research stage of all hydropower projects. Although nearly 40 cases of reservoir-induced earthquakes have been reported in China, analyses comparing the changes in seismic activity following reservoir impoundment with predictions are rare. In this study, we compared seismic activities observed in the reservoir area before and after the impoundment of the Xiluodu hydropower station in terms of the spatial distribution, frequency, and focal depths of the earthquakes, and clarified the correlation between their frequency/timing and reservoir level after impoundment. We then concluded that the seismic events in the head region were karst-type earthquakes, while those in the second segment of the reservoir were tectonic earthquakes. The spatial distribution of the earthquake epicenters and the seismic intensities validated some of the results for the reservoir-induced seismic risk assessment for the Xiluodu hydropower station, indicating that the proposed earthquake triggers and predictive models are reasonable. This study can provide a valuable reference for investigating the mechanism (s) of reservoir-induced earthquakes, revising reservoir-induced earthquake hazard assessment codes, and predicting the hazard zones of reservoir-induced seismicity under similar conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 387-397"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003627/pdfft?md5=cc00f90cdad078cd8541d85ef35b2649&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003627-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49167965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of regional background stress fields on the spontaneous rupture of the major faults around Xiluodu dam, China","authors":"Li Liao ,&nbsp;Ping′en Li ,&nbsp;Jiansi Yang ,&nbsp;Jianzhou Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Simulations of the spontaneous rupture of potential earthquakes in the vicinity of reservoir dams can provide accurate parameters for seismic resilience assessment, which is essential for improving the seismic performance of reservoir dams. In simulations of potential spontaneous ruptures, fault geometry, regional stress fields, constitutive parameters of the fault friction law, and many other factors control the slip rate, morphology, and dislocation of the rupture, thereby affecting the simulated ground motion parameters. The focus of this study was to elucidate the effects of the background stress field on the nucleation and propagation of spontaneous ruptures based on the factors influencing potential <em>M</em> &gt; 7 earthquake events on the Leibo Middle Fault (LBMF) and the Mabian-Yanjing Fault (MB-YJF) in the Xiluodu dam (XLD) region. Our simulation results show that the magnitude of the regional background stress field plays a decisive role in whether a destructive earthquake exceeding the critical magnitude will occur. We found that the direction and magnitude of the regional stress significantly affect the range of rupture propagation on the fault plane, and fault geometry affects the spatial distribution of the rupture range. Under the same regional stress field magnitude and orientation, a more destructive, high-magnitude earthquake is more likely to occur on the LBMF than on the MB-YJF.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 398-409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003603/pdfft?md5=22a291ede8f6c3802b96671ff742592a&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003603-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48233515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic hazard analysis for engineering sites based on the stochastic finite-fault method","authors":"Ruifang Yu,&nbsp;Yisheng Song,&nbsp;Xiangyun Guo,&nbsp;Qianli Yang,&nbsp;Xinjuan He,&nbsp;Yanxiang Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic hazard analyses are mainly performed using either deterministic or probabilistic methods. However, there are still some defects in these statistical model-based approaches for regional seismic risk assessment affected by the near-field of large earthquakes. Therefore, we established a deterministic seismic hazard analysis method that can characterize the entire process of ground motion propagation based on stochastic finite-fault simulation, and we chose the site of the Xiluodu dam to demonstrate the method. This method can characterize earthquake source properties more realistically than other methods and consider factors such as the path and site attenuation of seismic waves. It also has high computational efficiency and is convenient for engineering applications. We first analyzed the complexity of seismogenic structures in the Xiluodu dam site area, and then an evaluation system for ground motion parameters that considers various uncertainties is constructed based on a stochastic finite-fault simulation. Finally, we assessed the seismic hazard of the dam site area comprehensively. The proposed method was able to take into account the complexity of the seismogenic structures affecting the dam site and provide multi-level parameter evaluation results corresponding to different risk levels. These results can be used to construct a dam safety assessment system of an earthquake in advance that provides technical support for rapidly and accurately assessing the post-earthquake damage state of a dam, thus determining the influence of an earthquake on dam safety and mitigating the risk of potential secondary disasters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 314-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922000374/pdfft?md5=949c6108512c2fd064076aa28ebeff40&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922000374-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46519369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of the seismic input at dam sites in China","authors":"Houqun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current Chinese national standard, the Standard for Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structures (GB51247), released in 2018, is strictly based on China’s national conditions and dam engineering features. A comprehensive and systematic overview of the basis of the seismic fortification requirements, the framework of the fortification criteria, and the mechanisms of seismic input related to the seismic design of dams are presented herein. We first analyzed and clarified several conceptual aspects in traditional seismic design of dams. Then, for the seismic input at the dam site described in the first national standard for hydraulic structures, we expounded innovative concepts, ideas, and methods to make relevant provisions more realistic and practical and discussed whether reservoir earthquakes must be included in the seismic fortification framework of dams. This study seeks to incorporate seismic input at the dam site into traditional seismic design practice to promote its improvement from the quasi-static method to the dynamic method and from the closed vibration system to an open wave propagation system, to ensure that the seismic design of dams becomes more reasonable, reliable, scientific, and economic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 5","pages":"Pages 410-425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922000362/pdfft?md5=3f81fd68361d5248213b3e0398c1a699&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922000362-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45089368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}