Earthquake Science最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on strain field evolution around a simulated thrust fault","authors":"Yonghong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanjun Xiao ,&nbsp;Jiaying Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaofan Li ,&nbsp;Andong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earthquakes result from continuous geodynamic processes. A topic of significant interest for the scientific community is to elaborate on the phenomena governing the faulting and fracturing of crustal rocks. Therefore, in this study, uniaxial compressive shear failure experiments were conducted on Fangshan marble rock samples with a prefabricated slot to simulate thrust faulting. The center of each marble plate (105 mm × 80 mm × 5 mm) was engraved with a 30-mm long double-sided nonpenetrating slot (depth: 2 mm, width: 0.5 mm). The deformation and destruction processes of the rock surface were recorded using a high-speed camera. The digital image correlation method was used to calculate the displacement and strain distribution and variation at different loading stages. The accumulative and incremental displacement fields <strong><em>u</em></strong> and <strong><em>v</em></strong>, strain field <em>e</em>_<em>x</em> and <em>e</em>_<em>y</em>, and shear strain <em>e</em>_<em>xy</em> were analyzed. When the loading level reached its ultimate value, the strain field was concentrated around the prefabricated slot. The concentration reached a maximum at the ends of the prefabricated slot. The magnitude of shear strain reached 0.1. This experiment contributes to our understanding of the dynamic process of active faulting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"Pages 40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43600120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear wave splitting analysis of local earthquakes from dense arrays in Shimian, Sichuan","authors":"Sha Liu,&nbsp;Baofeng Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Shimian area of Sichuan sits at the junction of the Bayan Har block, Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, and Yangtze block, where several faults intersect. This region features intense tectonic activity and frequent earthquakes. In this study, we used local seismic waveform data recorded using dense arrays deployed in the Shimian area to obtain the shear wave splitting parameters at 55 seismic stations and thereby determine the crustal anisotropic characteristics of the region. We then analyzed the crustal stress pattern and tectonic setting and explored their relationship in the study area. Although some stations returned a polarization direction of NNW-SSE, a dominant polarization direction of NW-SE was obtained for the fast shear wave at most seismic stations in the study area. The polarization directions of the fast shear wave were highly consistent throughout the study area. This orientation was in accordance with the direction of the regional principal compressive stress and parallel to the trend of the Xianshuihe and Daliangshan faults. The distribution of crustal anisotropy in this area was affected by the regional tectonic stress field and the fault structures. The mean delay time between fast and slow shear waves was 3.83 ms/km, slightly greater than the values obtained in other regions of Sichuan. This indicates that the crustal media in our study area had a high anisotropic strength and also reveals the influence of tectonic complexity resulting from the intersection of multiple faults on the strength of seismic anisotropy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"Pages 52-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47256303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the September 5, 2022, Luding MS6.8 earthquake an ‘unexpected’ event?","authors":"Shengfeng Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongliang Wu,&nbsp;Yongxian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Whether the September 5, 2022, Luding <em>M</em>_S6.8 earthquake is an ‘expected’ event in the context of earthquake forecast? This commentary discusses this issue mainly using the recently proposed ‘earthquake nowcasting’ approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"Pages 76-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44450237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of seismic tomography models of Southwest China","authors":"Xuezhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song ,&nbsp;Feiyi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The margin of the Tibetan Plateau of Southwest China is one of the most seismically active regions of China and is the location of the China Seismic Experimental Site (CSES). Many studies have developed seismic velocity models of Southwest China, but few have compared and evaluated these models which is important for further model improvement. Thus, we compared six published seismic shear-wave velocity models of Southwest China on absolute velocity and velocity perturbation patterns. The models are derived from different types of data (e.g., surface waves from ambient noise and earthquakes, body-wave travel times, receiver functions) and inversion methods. We interpolated the models into a uniform horizontal grid (0.5° × 0.5°) and vertically sampled them at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 km depths. We found significant differences between the six models. Then, we selected three of them that showed greater consistency for further comparison. Our further comparisons revealed systematic biases between models in absolute velocity that may be related to different data types. The perturbation pattern of the model is especially divergent in the shallow part, but more consistent in the deep part. We conducted synthetic and inversion tests to explore possible causes and our results imply that systematic differences between the data, differences in methods, and other factors may directly affect the model. Therefore, the Southwest China velocity model still has considerable room for improvement, and the impact of inconsistency between different data types on the model needs further research. Finally, we proposed a new reference shear-wave velocity model of Southwest China (SwCM-S1.0) based on the three selected models with high consistency. We believe that this model is a better representation of more robust features of the models that are based on different data sets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"Pages 15-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49706046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining the crustal structure under the central and western Tian Shan based on teleseismic receiver functions and gravity anomalies","authors":"Yonghua Li ,&nbsp;Hanhan Tang ,&nbsp;Lei Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2023.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Tian Shan is a vast range that spans several countries in Asia. Understanding its evolutionary history may provide valuable insights into intracontinental orogenic dynamics. In this study, we explored the crustal characteristics of the Tian Shan and their relationships to the tectonic evolution of the region. A new <em>H</em>-stacking method that combines the P receiver function and gravity anomalies was used to estimate the thickness and ratio of P- to S-wave velocities (<em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S) for 91 broadband seismic stations in the central and western Tian Shan. Our results revealed significant lateral variations in crustal thickness and <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S. A ∼45-km-thick crust and an intermediate-high <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S (∼1.74–1.84) were found in the Kazakh Shield and Tarim Basin, which we interpreted to indicate a mafic crystalline basement and lower crust. The central Tian Shan varied greatly in crustal thickness (40–64 km) and <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio (1.65–2.00), which may be due to crustal shortening, mafic underplating, and crustal melting. In contrast, we observed a relatively thin crust (42–50 km) with an intermediate <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio (∼1.78) in the western Tian Shan. The differences in the crustal structures between the western and central Tian Shan imply that the Talas-Fergana Fault may be trans-lithospheric.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49195128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ground motion prediction equations based on shallow crustal earthquakes in Georgia and the surrounding Caucasus","authors":"Jorjiashvili Nato,&nbsp;Shengelia Ia,&nbsp;Godoladze Tea,&nbsp;Gunia Irakli,&nbsp;Akubardia Dimitri","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Strong ground motions caused by earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 3.5 to 6.9 and hypocentral distances of up to 300 km were recorded by local broadband stations and three-component accelerograms within Georgia’s enhanced digital seismic network. Such data mixing is particularly effective in areas where strong ground motion data are lacking. The data were used to produce models based on ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs), one benefit of which is that they take into consideration information from waveforms across a wide range of frequencies. In this study, models were developed to predict ground motions for peak ground acceleration and 5%-damped pseudo-absolute-acceleration spectra for periods between 0.01 and 10 s. Short-period ground motions decayed faster than long-period motions, though decay was still in the order of approximately 1/r. Faulting mechanisms and local soil conditions greatly influence GMPEs. The spectral acceleration (SA) of thrust faults was higher than that for either strike-slip or normal faults but the influence of strike-slip faulting on SA was slightly greater than that for normal faults. Soft soils also caused significantly more amplification than rocky sites.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 6","pages":"Pages 497-509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003706/pdfft?md5=c5c0ee02331f8f7c2e641fd049749856&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003706-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48208888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site survey and assessment for the planned seismogeodynamic monitoring network in the Republic of Armenia","authors":"Jon Karapetyan ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Eduard Geodakyan ,&nbsp;Songyong Yuan ,&nbsp;Roza Karapetyan","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present results of a detailed analysis of data obtained from seismic geodynamic field studies conducted at proposed sites for the development of advanced seismic monitoring stations in the Republic of Armenia. These studies aim to determine the background seismic and geodynamic noise level around such sites. Finally, based on the received data and international standards, nine survey points were classified into respective classes according to their noise level. We also calculated minimum significant earthquake magnitude detectable by the proposed seismic network in different regions of Armenia and mapped it based on recorded regional earthquakes. The resulting map indicates that the proposed seismic monitoring network will provide homogenous initial data for the various seismically active regions of the territory of the Republic of Armenia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 6","pages":"Pages 510-518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003731/pdfft?md5=88e790ce38436729f748f43df58a3a12&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003731-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54314310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P-wave velocity structure in the crust and the uppermost mantle of Chao Lake region of the Tan-Lu Fault inferred from teleseismic arrival time tomography","authors":"Bem Shadrach Terhemba ,&nbsp;Huajian Yao ,&nbsp;Song Luo ,&nbsp;Lei Gao ,&nbsp;Haijiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Junlun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chao Lake is a Geoheritage site on the active Tan-Lu Fault between the Yangtze craton, the North China craton, and the Dabie orogenic belt in the southeast. This segment of the fault is not well constrained at depth partly due to the overprinting of the fault zone by intrusive materials and its relatively low seismic activity and sparse seismic station coverage. This study took advantage of a dense seismic array deployed around Chao Lake to delineate the P-wave velocity variations in the crust and uppermost mantle using teleseismic earthquake arrival time tomography. The station-pair double-difference with waveform cross-correlation technique was employed. We used a multiscale resolution 3-D initial model derived from the combination of high-resolution 3-D <em>v</em>_S models within the region of interest to account for the lateral heterogeneity in the upper crust. The results revealed that the velocity of the upper crust is segmented with structures trending in the direction of the strike of the fault. Sedimentary basins are delineated on both sides of the fault with slow velocities, while the fault zone is characterized by high velocity in the crust and uppermost mantle. The high-velocity structure in the fault zone shows characteristics of magma intrusion that may be connected to the Mesozoic magmatism in and around the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (MLYMB), implying that the Tan-Lu fault might have formed a channel for magma intrusion. Magmatic material in Chao Lake is likely connected to the partial melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization of the uppermost mantle and the lower crustal rocks. The intrusions, however, seem to have suffered severe regional extension along the Tan-Lu fault driven by the eastward Paleo-Pacific plate subduction, thereby losing its deep trail due to extensional erosion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 6","pages":"Pages 427-447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003718/pdfft?md5=cc6482a9a1e4a30620fc9a86cc2007f8&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003718-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49007463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of strong earthquake characteristics of a scenario earthquake (MS7.5) based on the enlightenment of 2022 MS6.9 earthquake in Menyuan","authors":"Zhiwei Ji ,&nbsp;Zongchao Li ,&nbsp;Mengtan Gao ,&nbsp;Jize Sun ,&nbsp;Xiangyun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Menyuan area is an important transportation hub in the Hexi Corridor. The Menyuan <em>M</em>_S6.9 earthquake that occurred on January 8, 2022 had a major impact on the local infrastructure and transportation of this region. Due to the high possibility of similar strong earthquakes occurring in this area in the future, preliminary assessment of the seismic intensity characteristics of destructive earthquakes in this region is essential for effective disaster control. This paper uses the empirical Green′s function (EGF) method as a numerical simulation tool to predict the ground motion intensity of Datong Autonomous County under the action of the scenario earthquake (<em>M</em>_S7.5). Seismic records of aftershocks of the 2016 Menyuan <em>M</em>_S6.4 earthquake were used as Green’s functions for this simulation. The uncertainties associated with various source parameters were considered, and 36 possible earthquake scenarios were simulated to obtain 72 sets of horizontal ground motions in Datong County. The obtained peak ground acceleration (PGA) vs. time histories of the horizontal ground motion were screened using the attenuation relationships provided by the fifth-edition of China's Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map and the NGA-West2 dataset. Ultimately, 32 possible acceleration-time histories were selected for further analysis. The screened PGA values ranged from 78.8 to 153 cm/s². The uncertainty associated with the initial rupture point was found to greatly affect the results of the earthquake simulation. The average acceleration spectrum of the selected acceleration-time history exceeded the expected spectrum of a intermediate earthquake, which means that buildings in Datong County might sustain some damage should the scenario earthquake occur. This research can provide reliable ground motion input for urban earthquake damage simulation and seismic design in Datong County. Growing the dataset of small earthquakes recorded in this region will facilitate the large-scale simulation of ground motions under different earthquake scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 6","pages":"Pages 485-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674451922003688/pdfft?md5=6a99dd1875fefab974a7a44868779436&pid=1-s2.0-S1674451922003688-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42666718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crustal structure beneath the central and western North China from receiver function analysis","authors":"Xin Gao ,&nbsp;Yonghua Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2022.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The North China Craton (NCC) is one of the oldest cratons on earth. Several important tectonic transformations of Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic regime led to the destruction of the North China craton. The knowledge of crustal structure can provide important constraints for the formation and evolution of cratons. New maps of sediment thickness, crustal thickness (<em>H</em>) and <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S (<em>κ</em>) in the central and western NCC were obtained using sequential <em>H</em>-<em>κ</em> stacking. P-wave receiver functions are calculated using teleseismic waveform data recorded by 405 stations from ChinArray project. Benefiting from the densely distribution of temporary seismic stations, our results reveal details of the crustal structure in the study area. The thickness of sedimentary layer in North China ranges from 0–6.4 km, and the thickest sedimentary layer is in Ordos block and its surroundings (about 2.8–6 km); The thickness of sedimentary layer in the Mongolia fold belt and Yinshan orogenic belt is relatively thin (less than 1 km). The crustal thickness of the study area varies between 27–48 km, of which the crust of the North China Plain is about 30–33 km, the central NCC is about 33–40 km, and the Ordos block is 40–48 km thick. The average <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratios in the study area is mostly between 1.66 and 1.90, and that in the Yanshan-Taihang mountain fold belt is between 1.70 and 1.85, and that in the Ordos block is between 1.65 and 1.90, with an average value of 1.77, indicating the absence of a thick basaltic lower crust. The obvious negative correlation between crustal thickness and average <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio within Ordos and Central Asia orogenic belt may be related to magmatic underplating during the crustal formation. There is no significant correlation between the crustal thickness and the <em>v</em>_P/<em>v</em>_S ratio in the Lüliang-Taihang mountain fold belt, which may be related to the multiple geological processes such as underplating and crustal extension and thinning in this area. The lack of correlation between crust thickness and topography in the central orogenic belt and the North China Basin indicates the topography of these areas are controlled not only by crustal isostatic adjustment but also by the lithospheric mantle processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"35 6","pages":"Pages 448-473"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167445192200372X/pdfft?md5=4cf28cf88ea7819a154230a6704dca3d&pid=1-s2.0-S167445192200372X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41376560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}