Earthquake Science最新文献

{"title":"HuiShangGPT in the discussion on the trend of seismicity?.","authors":"Jing Huang ,&nbsp;Shi Chen ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the complexity of earthquake forecast and the current limitations in the application of artificial intelligence (AI), we propose a conceptual framework for a novel AI system, HuiShangGPT, intended to act as an expert in discussion on the trend of seismicity. This system, still in the conceptual stage, aims to integrate AI into the empirical approaches traditionally used in earthquake forecasting. The proposed HuiShangGPT system would not only assist in the comprehensive analysis of seismic data but also contribute to the expert panel discussions, enhancing the decision-making process. We outline the envisioned functionalities and potential benefits of such a system, while acknowledging the technical and practical challenges that need to be addressed for its future implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 4","pages":"Pages 391-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying of spatio-temporal variations in the regional gravity field and the effectiveness of earthquake prediction: A case study of MS ≥ 5.0 earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region during 2021–2024","authors":"Weimin Xu ,&nbsp;Shi Chen ,&nbsp;Yongbo Li ,&nbsp;Jiangpei Huang ,&nbsp;Bing Zheng ,&nbsp;Yufei Han ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Chen ,&nbsp;Qiuyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Hongyan Lu ,&nbsp;Linhai Wang ,&nbsp;Honglei Li ,&nbsp;Dong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the 1975 <em>M</em>_S7.3 Haicheng earthquake, spatio-temporal variations in the gravity field have attracted much attention as potential earthquake precursors. Recent technical advances in terrestrial gravity observation, along with the construction of a high-precision mobile gravity network covering Chinese mainland, have positioned temporal gravity variations (GVs) as an important tool for clarifying the signal characteristics and dynamic mechanisms of crustal sources. Reportedly, crustal mass transfer, which is affected by stress state and structural environment, alters the characteristics of the regional gravity field, thus serving as an indicator for locations of moderate to strong earthquakes and a seismology-independent predictor for regions at risk for strong earthquakes. Therefore, quantitatively tracking time-varying gravity is of paramount importance to enhance the effectiveness of earthquake prediction. In this study, we divided the areas effectively covered by the terrestrial mobile gravity network in the Sichuan-Yunnan region into small grids based on the latest observational data (since 2018) from the network. Next, we calculated the 1- and 3-year GVs and gravity gradient indicators (amplitude of analytic signal, AAS; total horizontal derivative, THD; and amplitude of vertical gradient, AVG) to quantitatively characterize variations in regional time-varying gravity field. Next, we assessed the effectiveness of gravity field variations in predicting earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region using Molchan diagrams constructed for gravity signals of 13 earthquakes (<em>M</em> ≥ 5.0; occurred between 2021 and 2024) within the terrestrial mobile gravity network. The results reveal a certain correspondence between gravity field variations and the locations of moderate and strong earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Furthermore, the 3-year AAS and AVG outperform the 3-year THD in predicting subsequent seismic events. Notably, the AAS and AVG showed large probability gains prior to the <em>M</em>_S6.8 Luding earthquake, indicating their potential for earthquake prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 4","pages":"Pages 375-390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An open access 90 m resolution VS data and map for areas affected by the January 2025 M6.8 Dingri Xizang, China earthquake","authors":"Jian Zhou ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we developed a high-resolution (3 arcsec, approximately 90 m) <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> map and associated open-access dataset for the 140 km × 200 km region affected by the January 2025 <em>M</em>6.8 Dingri Xizang, China earthquake. This map provides a significantly finer resolution compared to existing <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> maps, which typically use a 30 arcsec grid. The <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> values were estimated using the Cokriging-based <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> proxy model (SCK model), which integrates <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> measurements as primary constraints and utilizes topographic slope as a secondary parameter. The findings indicate that the <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> values range from 200 to 250 m/s in the sedimentary deposit areas near the earthquake’s epicenter and from 400 to 600 m/s in the surrounding mountainous regions. This study showcases the capability of the SCK model to efficiently generate <em>V</em>_<em>S</em> estimations across various spatial resolutions and demonstrates its effectiveness in producing reliable estimations in data-sparse regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 4","pages":"Pages 339-345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of seismicity in the Haicheng-Xiuyan region based on dense array data and deep learning methods","authors":"Zemin Liu ,&nbsp;Weitao Wang ,&nbsp;Lu Li ,&nbsp;Zihao Li ,&nbsp;Ziye Yu ,&nbsp;Songyong Yuan ,&nbsp;Lanshu Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aftershocks of the 1975 <em>M</em>_S7.3 Haicheng and 1999 <em>M</em>_S5.4 Xiuyan earthquakes have persisted for a long time. The ChinArray-III dense stations, deployed in eastern North China from 2018 to 2020, increased seismic monitoring capability in the Haicheng-Xiuyan region, which can facilitate the construction of high-precision earthquake catalogs to better clarify the fault structures and seismogenic mechanisms of the two earthquakes. In this study, we selected 15 permanent stations and 37 ChinArray-III stations within 150 km of the epicenter of the Haicheng Earthquake. Next, we used deep learning methods to pick P- and S-wave phases from continuous waveforms recorded at these stations from January 2018 to July 2020. Based on these picks, we constructed an automatic earthquake catalog of the Haicheng-Xiuyan region. Compared with the routine manual catalog by China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC), our catalog contains 9.7 times more seismic events, including 98.3% of the seismic events in the CENC catalog, and has a lower magnitude of completeness (<em>M</em>_c = 1.1 <em>vs M</em>_c = 1.8 for the CENC catalog). The relocated events indicate that the strike of the Haichenghe-Dayanghe fault varies considerably from northwest to southeast, indicating that the fault bends slightly around the hypocenter of the 1975 <em>M</em>_S7.3 Haicheng earthquake which may act as a channel for fluid migration. The weak seismicity in the area between Haicheng and Xiuyan indicates that the fault section may be locked. Furthermore, the 1999 <em>M</em>_S5.4 Xiuyan earthquake and its aftershock sequence occurred on the Kangjialing fault and its ENE-trending conjugate fault, and the intersection of the two faults coincides with the source areas of the 1999 <em>M</em>_S5.4 and 2000 <em>M</em>_S5.1 Xiuyan earthquakes. Therefore, the Xiuyan earthquake sequence may be controlled by the Kangjialing fault and its conjugate fault. This study shows that the automatic earthquake catalog, obtained by deep learning methods and dense seismic array, can provide valuable information for fault structures and the seismogenic mechanisms of moderate-to-strong earthquakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 4","pages":"Pages 346-362"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The slip-rate, state-, temperature-, and normal-stress-dependence of fault friction","authors":"Sylvain Barbot","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanics of slow-slip events and earthquakes is controlled by the constitutive behavior of rocks in active fault zones, which is sensitive to many factors encompassing lithology, temperature, confining and pore-fluid pressure, and slip-rate, among others. Understanding the frictional properties of faults is crucial to predicting many aspects of the seismic cycle, from the source characteristics and recurrence patterns of earthquakes to the mechanics of remote triggering. Here, we describe a constitutive model that explains the slip-rate-, state-, temperature-, and normal-stress-dependence of fault friction for a wide variety of rock types, explaining the evolution of frictional stability under various barometric and hydrothermal conditions relevant to natural and induced seismicity, encompassing the brittle-ductile transition. The frictional strength is controlled by the area of contact junctions that form along a rough interface or by grain-to-grain contact in fault gouge and follows a nonlinear function of normal stress. The physical model explains the direct and evolutionary effects following perturbations in temperature, normal stress, and slip-rate, and the dependence of the frictional parameters on ambient physical conditions. The competition among healing and deformation mechanisms explains the dependence of fault stability on temperature, slip-rate, and effective normal stress for a wide range of rocks. The brittle-to-flow transition at the bottom of the seismogenic zone is caused by the thermobaric activation of semi-brittle deformation mechanisms. The model unifies and extends previous formulations, providing a single framework to explain rock deformation in Earth’s brittle and ductile layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 4","pages":"Pages 304-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-rate GNSS-based rapid determination of coseismic deformation and source characteristics for the 2023 M6.2 Jishishan earthquake","authors":"Mu Lin ,&nbsp;Qi Li ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Gang Liu ,&nbsp;Dongzhen Wang ,&nbsp;Lijiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Tianchen Sheng ,&nbsp;Wenlong Zhou ,&nbsp;Liyang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaosheng Nie ,&nbsp;Bin Zhao ,&nbsp;Xuejun Qiao ,&nbsp;Zilong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An <em>M</em>6.2 earthquake struck Jishishan County, Gansu, on December 18, 2023, with its epicenter located in the arc-shaped tectonic belt formed by the Lajishan-Jishishan Fault. Continuous high-rate global navigational satellite system (GNSS) data were utilized to simulate real-time data resolution, enabling the rapid determination of coseismic static and dynamic deformation caused by the earthquake and the estimation of empirical magnitude. Far-field body waves served as constraints for the source rupture process, facilitating the analysis of potential seismogenic fault structures. GNSS stations within 30 km of the epicenter exhibited significant coseismic responses: horizontal peak displacement and velocity reached approximately 6.3 cm and 6.1 cm/s, respectively. Additionally, quasi-real-time differential positioning and post-event precise point positioning results were consistent throughout the source process. Vertical velocity, calculated via epoch-by-epoch differential velocity determination, showed clear coseismic signals, with peak values increasing to 2.6 cm/s. The empirical magnitude, based on displacement, was 5.99, while the magnitude derived from the velocity waveform amplitude was 6.05, both consistent with the moment magnitude. The dynamic displacement distribution preliminarily suggests directional effects of northward rupture propagation, aligning with subsequent aftershock occurrences. Finite fault inversion results, based on the two nodal planes of the focal mechanism, indicate that asperity ruptures concentrated at the hypocenter played a major role. These ruptures propagated from the hypocenter to shallow regions and northward, lasting approximately 10 s. Although the coseismic deformation determined by sparse high-rate GNSS cannot constrain the specific fault dip angle, the relationship between rupture propagation direction from the seismic source model and aftershock distribution suggests a northeast-dipping fault. Moreover, seismic source models representing single faults as geometric structures can only simulate permanent formations. In contrast, the conjugate fault model, which aligns with aftershock distributions, more accurately explains high-rate GNSS displacement waveforms. Considering both regional tectonics and geological survey results, the seismogenic fault is believed to be a local northeast-dipping blind thrust fault. Northward rupture propagation may have caused the movement of conjugate faults. This study is an effective case of using high-rate GNSS for rapid earthquake response, providing a reference basis for understanding the seismic activity patterns and earthquake disaster prevention in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 3","pages":"Pages 187-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis on the characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of highway damage caused by the 2022 MS6.8 Luding earthquake","authors":"Fei Zhao ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Ming Zhu ,&nbsp;Yifei Xu ,&nbsp;Guoqing Chen ,&nbsp;Jianhui Dong ,&nbsp;Jianjun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On September 5, 2022, an <em>M</em>_S6.8 earthquake struck Luding County, Kardze Prefecture, Sichuan Province—an area that is particularly vulnerable to geological changes. The earthquake caused considerable damage along the highway, leading to road disruptions and blockages, further isolating earthquake-stricken areas. Accordingly, a rapid survey of the main highways in this area was conducted, and 507 damage points were identified. Roadbed damage accounted for more than 70% of the total damages. Co-seismic disasters were primarily distributed along the highways on both sides of the Dadu River in the reservoir area of the Dagangshan Hydropower Station, Caoke Township, and Detuo Township. Further, six factors under three categories of the spatial distribution of highway damage in the earthquake-stricken areas were analyzed. The rate of highway damage was positively correlated with the seismic intensity but negatively correlated with the fault and river distances. The earthquake intensity had the most significant impact: 37.5% of road disruptions were found in areas with an intensity of IX; this percentage was 1.6 and 5.8 times greater than those found in areas with intensities of VIII and VII, respectively. The roads with the most significant damage were in regions with intensities above VIII, faults within 5 km, slopes within 30°–70°, rivers within 100 m, and the presence of granite. This indicated that these factors aggravated highway disruption, resulting in more than 90% of damaged highways in strongly shaken regions. Our findings may provide guidance for efficient highway recovery following earthquakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 3","pages":"Pages 201-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-wave imaging with nonrandom traffic seismic sources","authors":"Binbin Mi ,&nbsp;Jianghai Xia ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive surface wave imaging has been a powerful tool for near-surface characterization in urban areas, which extracts surface wave signals from ambient seismic noise and then estimates subsurface shear wave velocity by inversion of the measured phase velocity. The high-frequency (approximately &gt;1 Hz) seismic noise fields in urban environments are dominantly induced by human activities such as the vehicle traffic. Traffic seismic sources are nonrandomly distributed in time and space. Applying standard interferometric techniques to recordings from these nonrandom noise sources makes the Green’s function liable to estimation errors. We analyze the influence of using nonrandom traffic seismic sources for surface wave imaging. With nonrandom traffic seismic sources in time, spurious signals are generated in the cross-correlation function. With nonrandom traffic seismic sources in space, surface-wave phase velocities could be overestimated in the dispersion measurement. We provide an overview of solutions for surface-wave imaging with nonrandom traffic seismic sources in time and space, aiming to improve the retrieval of high-frequency surface waves and achieve reliable results from ultrashort (tens of seconds) observations for near-surface characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 3","pages":"Pages 253-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of shear wave velocity models in the Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with full-wave simulation","authors":"Wenpei Miao ,&nbsp;Guoliang Li ,&nbsp;Fenglin Niu ,&nbsp;Kai Tao ,&nbsp;Yonghua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various velocity models have been built for Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with the purpose of revealing the internal dynamics and estimating local seismic hazards. In this study, we use a 3-D full-waveform modeling package to systematically validate three published continental-scale velocity models, that is, Shen2016, FWEA18, and USTClitho1.0, leveraging the ample datasets in Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau region. Travel time residuals and waveform similarities are measured between observed empirical Green’s functions and synthetic waveforms. The results show that the Shen2016 model, derived from traditional surface wave tomography, performs best in fitting Rayleigh waves in the Southeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, followed by FWEA18, built from full-waveform inversion of long-period body and surface waves. The USTClitho1.0 model, although inverted from body wave datasets, is comparable with FWEA18 in fitting Rayleigh waves. The results also show that all the models are faster than the ground-truth model and show relatively large travel-time residuals and poor waveform similarities at shorter period bands, possibly caused by small-scale structural heterogeneities in the shallower crust. We further invert the time residuals for spatial velocity residuals and reveal that all three models underestimate the amplitudes of high- and low-velocity anomalies. The underestimated amplitude is up to 4%, which is non-negligible considering that the overall amplitude of anomalies is only 5%−10% in the crust. These results suggest that datasets and the inversion method are both essential to building accurate models and further refinements of these models are necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 3","pages":"Pages 159-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-seismic P-wave velocity changes of 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Doublet","authors":"Xiaotian Xue ,&nbsp;Shunping Pei ,&nbsp;Zhi Wang ,&nbsp;Hanlin Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Jiawei Li ,&nbsp;Qian Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eqs.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On February 6, 2023, the Türkiye Earthquake Doublet, consisting of two major earthquakes with magnitudes of <em>M</em>_W7.8 and <em>M</em>_W7.5, respectively, occurred within 9 h and devastated the Kahramanmaraş province in southwest Turkey. The geodynamic background of this area is exceedingly complicated owing to the combined action of the Anatolian Plate and the neighboring Eurasian, African, and Arabian plates, which contain many faults, the most prominent of which is the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). These two earthquakes occurred on the Pazarcık Segment (PAZ.S) of the EAFZ and the Çardak Fault (CAR. F). The investigation of co-seismic changes in the velocity structure of the subterranean medium inside the focus area is critical for our understanding of earthquake ruptures. We chose &lt;styled-content style-type=\"number\"&gt;51572&lt;/styled-content&gt; travel times before the earthquake doublet from January 1, 2014, to February 5, 2023, and &lt;styled-content style-type=\"number\"&gt;88371&lt;/styled-content&gt; travel times after the earthquakes from February 6 to March 5, 2023, and utilized time-lapse tomography to derive the co-seismic changes in P-wave velocity. The results demonstrated that the P-wave velocity decreased around the center zone, with considerable surface displacement from the two earthquakes caused by rock breakup and stress release. The P-wave velocity increased in two areas: east of the Pazarcik Earthquake, where the Bozova Fault is located, and west of the Elbistan Earthquake. We believe that these two locations are compression zones generated by the strike-slip surface displacement. Similarly, the decrease in velocity in the areas adjacent to the Malatya Fault (MAL.F) and between the Amanos Segment (AM.S) of the EAFZ and the Savur Fault (SA.F) shows that these two locations were exposed to tension as a result of the co-seismic horizontal displacement on the surface. This study showed that in addition to the area close to the epicenter, the large earthquake can affect the velocity structure of faults far away from the main shock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46333,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Science","volume":"38 3","pages":"Pages 263-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}