{"title":"Impact of discrepancies between CT numbers of brain-tissue-equivalent density plug and actual brain tissue on dose calculation accuracy.","authors":"Shogo Tsunemine, Shuichi Ozawa, Minoru Nakao, Satoru Sugimoto, Tetsuya Tomida, Michitoshi Ito, Masumi Numano, Hideyuki Harada","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00908-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00908-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study quantitatively evaluated the impact of differences in computed tomography (CT) numbers and elemental compositions between commercially available brain-tissue-equivalent density plugs (BDPs) and actual brain tissue on dose calculations in a radiation therapy treatment planning system (RTPS). The mass density and elemental composition of BDP were analyzed using elemental analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The CT numbers of the BDP and actual brain tissue were measured and compared, with effective atomic numbers (EANs) calculated based on compositional analysis and the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 110 data for brain tissues. The theoretical CT numbers were derived using the stoichiometric CT number calibration (SCC) method. The dose calculations were performed using the modified CT number-to-relative electron density (RED) and mass density (MD) conversion tables in Eclipse v16.1, employing AAA and Acuros XB algorithms, employing the physical material table in AcurosXB_13.5. The dose metrics D<sub>2%</sub>, D<sub>50%</sub>, and D<sub>98%</sub> were evaluated. Significant differences in elemental composition were found, particularly in carbon (73.26% in BDP vs. 14.3% in brain tissue) and oxygen (12.52% in BDP vs. 71.3% in brain tissue). The EANs were 6.6 for BDP and 7.4 for brain tissue. The mean CT numbers were 23.30 HU for the BDP and 37.30 HU for brain tissue, a 14 HU discrepancy. Nevertheless, dose calculation deviations were minimal, typically within ± 0.2%, with a maximum discrepancy of 0.6% for D<sub>98%</sub>. Although CT numbers and elemental compositions exhibited notable differences, their impact on dose calculations in the evaluated RTPS algorithms was negligible.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"623-632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12339645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A simplified method for generating maximum slope maps in ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging.","authors":"Ayumu Funaki, Masaki Ohkubo, Kazunori Ohashi, Toshiro Shukuya, Yuka Yashima, Kazunori Kubota","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00931-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00931-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical measurement of the maximum slope (MS) using ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced (UF-DCE) breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is typically performed by placing a region of interest (ROI) in the most enhanced area within a lesion. However, previous studies have not clarified whether visually identified enhanced areas consistently exhibit the highest MS values. These ROI-based MS measurements require MS maps to ensure appropriate ROI placement. However, generating MS maps requires specialized software capable of pixel-by-pixel MS calculations, which are available only at a few facilities. Therefore, this study proposed a simplified method for generating MS maps. This method involves subtracting consecutive UF-DCE images, applying temporal maximum intensity projection, normalizing the resulting image by dividing it by the pre-contrast image signal intensity, and converting it to a slope by dividing it by the temporal resolution. The MS maps generated using the proposed method were compared with those obtained using a robust pixel-by-pixel curve-fitting method, in addition to the final-phase UF-DCE images. In all cases with breast lesions (n = 13), the signal intensity distributions on the proposed MS maps closely resembled those on the curve-fitting maps, with a significantly higher similarity than those on the final-phase UF-DCE images (p < 0.001). The derived mean absolute error of MS values after regression-based modification was 0.78 ± 0.72 (%/s). The proposed method improves the reliability of ROI placement in conventional ROI-based MS measurements and supports the direct quantification of MS values from map pixel data.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"775-784"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of an anomaly detection system for Gibbs artifact identification in amyloid PET imaging.","authors":"Mitsuru Sato, Hiromitsu Daisaki, Haruyuki Watanabe, Saaya Isogai, Manami Shiga, Yasuhiko Ikari, Keisuke Tsuda, Kenji Hirata, Ukihide Tateishi, Kazuaki Mori, Makoto Hosono, Hirofumi Fujii","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00928-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00928-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The PET Imaging Site Qualification Program for amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) in Japan includes visual evaluation of the cylinder phantom. This visual evaluation requires observation of the entire image of the phantom and confirmation of the absence of apparent artifacts. Because the evaluation is visually performed, inter-observer differences might exist among evaluators for difficult cases. Therefore, the workload of the staff who perform approval tasks must be reduced, and objective evaluation methods are needed. Thus, we attempted to develop an artificial-intelligence-based objective method for anomaly detection. Three artificial intelligence methods for anomaly detection were developed, and their accuracy was evaluated using AutoEncoder, AnoGAN, and a method combining feature extraction using AlexNet and a one-class support vector machine. In total, 10,207 normal images from 128 facilities and 594 abnormal images from eight facilities, all of which were submitted as part of application for amyloid PET certification, were used. Group five-fold cross-validation was employed for artificial intelligence training and evaluation. In addition, the performance of each artificial intelligence method was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The areas under the curve for anomaly detection using AutoEncoder, AnoGAN, and the method combining feature extraction using AlexNet and a one-class support vector machine were 0.80 ± 0.04, 0.77 ± 0.03, and 0.99 ± 0.01, respectively. Artificial intelligence effectively distinguished between normal and abnormal images with high accuracy. In the future, its practical implementation is anticipated to reduce the workload in the approval work for the Japanese site qualification program for amyloid PET.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"756-765"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mukesh N Meshram, Laishram Amarjit Singh, Umesh A Palikundwar
{"title":"Evaluating the efficacy of biological versus physical cost functions with constrained mode for inverse plan optimization of head and neck cancer.","authors":"Mukesh N Meshram, Laishram Amarjit Singh, Umesh A Palikundwar","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00939-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00939-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to compare and evaluate the potential benefits of using single DV-based, multiple DV-based physical cost function, and biological-based cost functions for organs at risk (OARs) sparing in IMRT as well as VMAT plans of head and neck cancer. Forty head and neck cancer patients treated with inverse plan optimization techniques were retrospectively enrolled for this study. Three different treatment plans were optimized by single DV-based, multiple DV-based physical cost functions, and biological-based cost functions on MONACO 6.1® TPS. All three optimized plans were normalized to deliver the same prescribed target dose. All 120 optimized plans were analyzed using dose evaluation parameters. For IMRT plans, the biological cost functions (BCF) were superior to both DV-based optimizations when it came to the mean dose of parallel organs. For VMAT plans, multiple DV-based physical cost function optimization resulted in a lower mean dose of parallel organs when compared with other two optimization. The biological cost function significantly reduced the mean dose of parallel organs, for which multiple DV-based cost functions were not used. In both IMRT and VMAT plans, the DV-based physical cost function significantly reduced the maximum dose of serial organs, with the exception of the mandible. Biological-based optimization made it more likely that the parallel OARs would be spared in IMRT plans, while multiple DV-based optimization made it more likely that the parallel OARs would be spared in VMAT plans. Both DV-based optimization in IMRT and VMAT plans effectively spared the maximum dose of the serial organ.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"851-860"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144627321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Refining cardiac segmentation from MRI volumes with CT labels for fine anatomy of the ascending aorta.","authors":"Hirohisa Oda, Mayu Wakamori, Toshiaki Akita","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00926-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00926-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is time-consuming, posing challenges in capturing clear images of moving organs, such as cardiac structures, including complex structures such as the Valsalva sinus. This study evaluates a computed tomography (CT)-guided refinement approach for cardiac segmentation from MRI volumes, focused on preserving the detailed shape of the Valsalva sinus. Owing to the low spatial contrast around the Valsalva sinus in MRI, labels from separate computed tomography (CT) volumes are used to refine the segmentation. Deep learning techniques are employed to obtain initial segmentation from MRI volumes, followed by the detection of the ascending aorta's proximal point. This detected proximal point is then used to select the most similar label from CT volumes of other patients. Non-rigid registration is further applied to refine the segmentation. Experiments conducted on 20 MRI volumes with labels from 20 CT volumes exhibited a slight decrease in quantitative segmentation accuracy. The CT-guided method demonstrated the precision (0.908), recall (0.746), and Dice score (0.804) for the ascending aorta compared with those obtained by nnU-Net alone (0.903, 0.770, and 0.816, respectively). Although some outputs showed bulge-like structures near the Valsalva sinus, an improvement in quantitative segmentation accuracy could not be validated.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"734-745"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144477164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdelouahab Abarane, Mustapha Bougteb, Taibi Zidouz, Abdellatif Talbi, Abderrahim Allach, Mounir Mkimel, Mohamed Zaryah, Mohammed Reda Mesradi, Anas Ardouz, Redouane El Baydaoui
{"title":"Characterizing and minimizing uncertainties in diagnostic X-ray beam calibrations using a Monte Carlo-based model and experimental validation.","authors":"Abdelouahab Abarane, Mustapha Bougteb, Taibi Zidouz, Abdellatif Talbi, Abderrahim Allach, Mounir Mkimel, Mohamed Zaryah, Mohammed Reda Mesradi, Anas Ardouz, Redouane El Baydaoui","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00943-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00943-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to develop a flexible Geant4 application capable of modeling all IEC 61267 defined radiation qualities for the HOPEWELL Designs 225 kV X-ray generator, while systematically analyze the impact of various environmental and systematic factors. Using Geant4, we replicated the experimental setup of the LEGEX laboratory and simulated all IEC 61267 radiation qualities by adjusting relevant beam parameters. The model was validated by comparing simulated HVLs and spectra, measured with a CdTe X-123 spectrometer against experimental data, SRS78 software results, and IEC reference values. The simulation demonstrated strong agreement with experimental measurements and published data, confirming the validity of our Geant4 application. We derived the function that characterizes the behavior of Kinetic Energy Released per unit Mass (KERMA) in response to variations in each influencing factor. Geometrical misalignment is the primary contributor to deviations, followed by aluminum purity and diaphragm movement, while environmental factors induced minor fluctuations. Additionally, we quantified backscattered radiation and applied corrective measures to eliminate its impact on measurements. The developed Geant4 application provides a reliable tool for simulating IEC 61267 radiation qualities and optimizing dosimetric accuracy. Our framework offers a cost-effective alternative to replicate different scenarios multiple times to identify and minimizes uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"886-900"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koichiro Yasaka, Jun Kanzawa, Shohei Inui, Takatoshi Kubo, Osamu Abe
{"title":"Bronchiectasis and airspace enlargement surrounding the lung nodule in dual-energy CT pulmonary angiography: comparison between iodine map and monochromatic image.","authors":"Koichiro Yasaka, Jun Kanzawa, Shohei Inui, Takatoshi Kubo, Osamu Abe","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00920-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00920-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of the study is to investigate the degree and performance in the differential diagnosis of bronchiectasis/airspace enlargement in an iodine map obtainable from CT pulmonary angiography compared with monochromatic images. This retrospective study included 62 patients with a lung nodule who underwent CT pulmonary angiography. The iodine map and monochromatic image (70 keV) were reconstructed. Three readers evaluated the degree of bronchiectasis/airspace enlargement with a 4-point scale. A reference standard was established in 39 patients, and the performance of bronchiectasis/airspace enlargement in the differential diagnosis was evaluated in them. The degree of bronchiectasis/airspace enlargement in the iodine map (median score = 1/2/1 for reader 1/2/3) was significantly more prominent than that in the monochromatic image (median score = 0/1/0 for reader 1/2/3) (p < 0.001 for all readers). Using bronchiectasis/airspace enlargement, primary lung carcinoma and malignant lymphoma could be differentiated from other diseases, excluding lung infarct, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (reader 1/2/3) of 0.718/0.867/0.803 in the combinations of iodine map plus monochromatic image and 0.496/0.828/0.450 in the monochromatic image (p ≤ 0.047 for two readers). Lung metastasis from colorectal carcinoma could be differentiated from other diseases with an AUC of 0.851/0.976/0.838 in the combinations of iodine map plus monochromatic image, which was significantly superior to the monochromatic image (0.378/0.780/0.459) (p ≤ 0.012 for all readers). Bronchiectasis/airspace enlargement was more prominently observed in the iodine map than in the monochromatic image. This image finding in the iodine map provided added value in the differential diagnosis of malignant lung nodules compared with monochromatic images alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"707-716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12339637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical technique: evaluation of detection accuracy in surface-guided radiation therapy using CT references from different treatment planning systems.","authors":"Masahide Saito, Koji Ueda, Hikaru Nemoto, Ryota Tozuka, Yosuke Miyasaka, Yoshiko Onishi, Syuichiro Sugiyama, Yumi Sasada, Naoki Sano, Hiroshi Onishi","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00929-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00929-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the detection accuracy of the VOXELAN surface-guided radiation therapy (SGRT) system using CT reference body surfaces generated by different radiation treatment planning systems (RTPSs) under their respective default CT value threshold settings. Two phantoms were used to assess 6-axis position matching accuracy with 1 mm and 2 mm slice thicknesses. Contour variations of approximately 2 mm were observed in the ventral and dorsal directions due to differing RTPSs. VOXELAN generally achieved detection accuracy within 1 mm, though some RTPS combinations showed errors exceeding 1 mm in the longitudinal and lateral directions. Slice thickness differences had minimal impact on detection accuracy. Overall, VOXELAN's detection accuracy varied slightly depending on the RTPS used but remained within approximately 1 mm. From our results, using a consistent RTPS when performing SGRT is recommended, as detection errors associated with different RTPS combinations were complex and difficult to interpret.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"929-936"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144477163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PatchDSA: improving digital subtraction angiography with patch-based phase-matching in natural breathing scenarios.","authors":"Yuki Sekiguchi, Takayuki Okamoto, Tsukiho Matsuzawa, Kentaro Fujimoto, Kisako Fujiwara, Takayuki Kondo, Jun Koizumi, Hideaki Haneishi","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00922-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00922-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is used to visualize blood vessels by subtracting pre-contrast (mask) images from contrast images; sequential mask and contrast images are used to generate dynamic DSA images that allow observation of blood flow and organ movements. However, misalignment between mask and contrast images can cause motion artifacts, which not only obscure the appearance of enhanced structures but also lead to the misidentification of patterns as vascular structures. In this study, we proposed a new method for generating abdominal sequential DSA images using a patch-based phase-matching technique between mask and contrast images acquired under natural breathing conditions. Our method divides mask and contrast images into small patches and selects the mask image patch most structurally similar to each patch in the target contrast image. Furthermore, the selected mask image patch is refined by searching for the subpixel-level region that most closely matches the target contrast image patch. The proposed method was evaluated using 20 abdominal angiogram cases, and its performance was compared with an existing phase matching-based method. Our experimental results showed that the proposed method effectively reduced motion artifacts and outperformed the comparison method in all cases. We demonstrated that our method successfully identified the optimal mask image for each contrast image on a patch-by-patch basis, allowing it to suppress artifacts caused by physiological motions such as peristalsis and cardiac pulsation, thereby generating higher-quality DSA images.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"698-706"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12339635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of myocardial perfusion imaging from coronary angiography for clinical application.","authors":"Yuya Sekikawa, Yusuke Miyazaki, Takuya Sakaguchi","doi":"10.1007/s12194-025-00917-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12194-025-00917-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to generate myocardial perfusion images from coronary angiography (CAG) using Patlak plot analysis and evaluate their effectiveness in detecting ischemia. Data from 29 patients were analyzed. Electrocardiogram-synchronized CAG images of the left coronary artery were registered and processed for pixel-wise Patlak analysis. Image generation succeeded in 18 cases (62%) and failed in 11 due to motion artifacts caused by irregular heartbeats, table panning, or deep breathing. The resulting images clearly distinguished ischemic from normal regions. Perfusion values were significantly lower in ischemic regions compared to normal regions (p < 0.001). Despite technical challenges and variability in patient conditions, this method enabled consistent identification of perfusion deficits. Enhancing image processing increases the success rate. This approach allows ischemia assessment directly from CAG data and supports timely treatment planning, contributing to improved diagnostic precision and clinical decision-making in selected cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":46252,"journal":{"name":"Radiological Physics and Technology","volume":" ","pages":"912-921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}