International Social Security Review最新文献

{"title":"Egypt’s reformed social insurance system: How might design change incentivize enrolment?","authors":"Ghada Barsoum,&nbsp;Irene N. Selwaness","doi":"10.1111/issr.12294","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2019, the Government of Egypt issued a new legal framework for its social insurance system. Aside from providing a unified scheme covering different groups of workers, the new regulation allowed for systemic and parametric reforms that were aimed in large part at addressing the challenge of workers’ low enrolment in social insurance, with an emphasis on informal workers. The reforms reduced the rate of contributions paid by employees and employers, increased the penalties for employers who do not register their workers, and improved the benefits structure. The law also specified provisions to facilitate the enrolment of informal workers by offering to cover the employer’s share of their contributions. However, the law limited such improved access to nine specific categories of informal workers, a decision that fails to recognize the diversity of informal forms of work. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of contributors to the previous system, this article argues that structural barriers pertaining to the large numbers of low-earners and informal enterprises in the economy will likely hinder the expansion of system enrolment despite the legal reforms.</p><p>En 2019, le gouvernement égyptien a promulgué un nouveau cadre juridique pour son système d’assurance sociale. Outre la mise en place d’un régime unifié couvrant différents groupes de travailleurs, le nouveau règlement a introduit des réformes systémiques et paramétriques visant en grande partie à relever le défi du faible taux d’affiliation des travailleurs au système d’assurance sociale, en particulier parmi les travailleurs de l’économie informelle. Les réformes ont réduit le taux des cotisations versées par les employés et les employeurs, augmenté les pénalités pour les employeurs qui n’enregistrent pas leurs salariés et amélioré la structure des prestations. La loi a également prévu des dispositions afin de faciliter l’affiliation des travailleurs de l’économie informelle en offrant de couvrir la part de l’employeur dans leurs cotisations. Toutefois, cette décision ne prend pas en compte la diversité des formes de travail informel puisque seules neuf catégories spécifiques des travailleurs concernés peuvent bénéficier des nouvelles dispositions légales. En se basant sur l’analyse des caractéristiques des cotisants au système précédent, cet article soutient que les obstacles structurels liés au grand nombre de travailleurs à faible revenu et de l’économie informelle sont susceptibles d’entraver l’expansion des affiliations au système en dépit des réformes légales.</p><p>En 2019, el Gobierno de Egipto promulgó un nuevo marco jurídico para su sistema de seguro social. Las nuevas disposiciones, además de proporcionar un régimen unificado que abarcaba distintos grupos de trabajadores, permitían realizar reformas sistémicas y paramétricas destinadas en gran medida a hacer frente al problema que plantea la baja tasa de afiliación de los trabajadores a la seguridad social, en parti","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/issr.12268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12268","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43481451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process evaluation of the Disability Allowance programme in the Maldives","authors":"S. Hameed, Matthew Walsham, L. Banks, H. Kuper","doi":"10.1111/issr.12289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12289","url":null,"abstract":"Limited evidence on the design and implementation of social protection programmes for people with disabilities in low-and middle-income countries constrains understanding of how their impacts could be improved. The Disability Allowance programme in the Maldives is a non means-tested, monthly cash transfer targeting people with disabilities. Using qualitative methods, process evaluation was used to examine the intervention design, implementation, and likelihood of achieving its intended objectives. There were important strengths of the programme, including the broad de fi nition of disability. We fi nd that delivery could be strengthened through providing greater clarity on eligibility criteria and strengthening human resources to widen the programme ’ s reach. Intervention fi delity was challenged by inconsistent practice among implementers and lack of established protocols. Most importantly, the absence of linkages with the Medical Welfare scheme that provides assistive devices potentially limits the likelihood of the programme achieving intended objectives.","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42199828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dilemmas when implementing conditional cash transfers: Lessons for Ghana and the rest of us","authors":"J. Danquah, Einar Øverbye","doi":"10.1111/issr.12288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12288","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43874099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of institutional factors and people’s preferences on expenditure for social protection","authors":"Vincenzo Vinci, F. Gassmann, P. Mohnen","doi":"10.1111/issr.12290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12290","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44334626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling old‐age retirement: An adaptive multi‐outcome LAD‐lasso regression approach","authors":"Tero Lähderanta, Janne Salonen, J. Möttönen, M. Sillanpää","doi":"10.1111/issr.12287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12287","url":null,"abstract":"Using unique administrative register data, we investigate old-age retirement under the statutory pension scheme in Finland. The analysis is based on multi-outcome modelling of pensions and working lives together with a range of explanatory variables. An adaptive multi-outcome LAD-lasso regression method is applied to obtain estimates of earnings and socioeconomic factors affecting old-age retirement and to decide which of these variables should be included in our model. The proposed statistical technique produces robust and less biased regression coef fi cient estimates in the context of skewed outcome distributions and an excess number of zeros in some of the explanatory variables. The results underline the importance of late life course earnings and employment to the fi nal amount of pension and reveal differences in pension outcomes across socioeconomic groups. We conclude that adaptive LAD-lasso regression is a promising statistical technique that could be usefully employed in studying various topics in the pension industry.","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48758518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can defined contribution pensions survive the pandemic? The Chilean case","authors":"S. Kay, S. Borzutzky","doi":"10.1111/issr.12286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12286","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic threatens the viability of Chile’s defined contribution (DC) pension system, undermining its financial foundation and exposing its vulnerability to political risk. The COVID‐19 crisis led to the approval of three rounds of emergency withdrawals of 10 per cent of pension savings (as of April 2021). Utilizing pension funds during an economic crisis is neither new nor uncommon – during the Great Recession, several countries in Central and Eastern Europe diverted DC pension funds to cope with the fiscal stresses. As Chile prepares to draft a new constitution, debates about the efficiency and equity of the pension system are ongoing. In this regard, and as the political response to the pandemic demonstrates, the DC system has failed to live up to its promise of ending political risk and preventing the diversion of pension funds for other expenditures.Alternate :L’incidence de la pandémie de COVID‐19 menace la viabilité du système de pensions à cotisations définies du Chili, en mettant à mal ses ressources financières et en révélant sa vulnérabilité face aux risques politiques. En raison de la crise de COVID‐19, les Chiliens ont pu effectuer, à trois reprises, des retraits d’urgence de 10 pour cent de leur épargne pension (à partir d’avril 2021). La libération de fonds de pension en pleine crise économique n’est pas nouvelle ni unique: durant la Grande Récession, plusieurs pays d’Europe centrale et de l’Est ont détourné l’utilisation des fonds de pension à cotisations définies pour faire face à la pression fiscale. À l’heure où le Chili s’apprête à rédiger une nouvelle constitution, les discussions concernant l’efficacité et l’équité du système de pensions vont bon train. À ce sujet, et comme l’ont révélé les mesures politiques prises face à la pandémie, le système à cotisations définies n’est pas parvenu à tenir ses promesses et à écarter les risques politiques, ni à empêcher le détournement des fonds de pension à d’autres dépenses.Alternate :Los efectos de la pandemia de COVID‑19 amenazan la viabilidad del sistema de pensiones de cotización definida, puesto que menoscaban su situación financiera y exponen su vulnerabilidad a riesgos políticos. La crisis de la COVID‑19 ha llevado a la aprobación, en tres ocasiones y con carácter de emergencia, de la retirada del 10 por ciento de los ahorros para las pensiones (a partir de abril de 2021). Recurrir a los fondos de pensiones durante una crisis económica no es nuevo ni inusual. Durante la Gran Recesión, en varios países de Europa Central y Oriental se emplearon fondos de pensiones de cotización definida para hacer frente a la presión fiscal. Mientras Chile se prepara para redactar una nueva constitución, prosiguen los debates sobre la eficiencia y la equidad del sistema de pensiones. A este respecto, y como han puesto de manifiesto las medidas políticas adoptadas","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48678289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platform work and social security in German law: An international law perspective","authors":"Eberhard Eichenhofer","doi":"10.1111/issr.12280","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12280","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Platform work confronts traditional social security law in two dimensions. First, it makes the distinction between dependent and independent work uncertain and unclear, as the borderline between these blur. This is a profound challenge for social security law, because the criteria of dependent and independent work have to be precise. In the determination of work as dependent or independent, German law illustrates that a shift has taken place in determining employment status, moving from external and objective criteria to the contracting parties’ decision, which is to be executed under private law, but also respected under social security law. Second, platform work is heavily intertwined with digital communication, which has established a global environment for communication. Thereby, platform work can also facilitate international trade by making transnational work more accessible and efficient. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the implications of platform work in international law. International law makes possible the choice of law, executed by the contracting parties. As a consequence, the protection of employees by social security law is related to the private law arrangements between the service provider and the service recipient. Gaps in social security protection of service providers are widespread. In many countries, awareness of the social protection deficits of platform workers has grown and responses to improve the social status of platform workers have come under scrutiny. Analysis reveals that there is a joint responsibility of the service provider and the service recipient to be bound to social security coverage under the same national legislation. Nevertheless, from an international law perspective, it is shown that reforms are confronted with restrictions under international law.</p><p>Le travail des plateformes pose un problème au droit de la sécurité sociale traditionnel pour deux raisons. Premièrement, il rend la distinction entre travail salarié et travail indépendant floue et incertaine parce qu’il brouille la frontière entre ces deux statuts. Il s’agit là d’un défi de taille pour le droit de la sécurité sociale du fait que les critères qui permettent de qualifier une activité de salariée ou d’indépendante doivent être précis. À cet égard, le droit allemand montre qu’une évolution a eu lieu en ce sens que la détermination du statut professionnel repose, non plus sur des critères extérieurs et objectifs, mais sur la décision des parties contractantes, laquelle doit être exécutée en droit privé mais aussi respectée dans le cadre du droit de la sécurité sociale. Deuxièmement, le travail de plateforme est étroitement lié à la communication numérique, qui a créé un environnement de communication de dimension mondiale. Il peut donc aussi favoriser le commerce international parce qu’il facilite le travail transfrontalier et le rend plus efficient, d’où la nécessité d’étudier ses répercussions sous l’angle du droit internat","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41601792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From precarity to the denial of social status in the Belgian legal order: The social security rights of platform workers in question","authors":"Céline Wattecamps","doi":"10.1111/issr.12276","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12276","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The right to social security is enshrined in article 23 of the Belgian Constitution. It is the role of the legislator to implement it, to guarantee the right of all to lead a life in accordance with human dignity. Studies show that platform workers face major difficulties in terms of social protection. The aim of this article is to highlight the limits of existing legislative provisions regarding their ability to implement the fundamental right to social security for platform workers. With regard to these legislative provisions, we are interested in both the general regulations that shape the Belgian social security system and the recent measures adopted by the Belgian legislator with regard to the so-called sharing economy. An analysis of these provisions reveals that a number of platform workers are excluded from social security, both de facto and de jure. At the very least, this raises the question of whether the Belgian legislator is complying with the positive obligation to fulfil the constitutional right to social security for platform workers, and the negative obligation, at least, not to undermine it.</p><p>Le droit à la sécurité sociale est consacré par l’article 23 de la Constitution belge, à charge pour le législateur de le mettre en œuvre et de garantir à chacun le droit de mener une vie conforme à la dignité humaine. Les études montrent que les travailleurs des plateformes se heurtent à des difficultés majeures sur le plan de la protection sociale. Cet article a pour but de montrer que la législation existante ne leur permet pas réellement d’exercer le droit fondamental qu’est le droit à la sécurité sociale. À cet égard, nous nous intéressons à la fois au cadre général régissant le système belge de sécurité sociale et aux mesures récemment adoptées par le législateur belge dans le domaine de l’économie dite du partage. Une analyse de ces dispositions révèle que bon nombre de travailleurs des plateformes sont dépourvus de protection sociale, tant effective que légale. Il est à tout le moins permis de se demander si le législateur belge honore l’obligation positive qui lui incombe de permettre l’exercice du droit à la sécurité sociale que la Constitution reconnaît aux travailleurs des plateformes et respecte l’obligation négative consistant à s’abstenir de l’affaiblir.</p><p>El derecho a la seguridad social se recoge en el artículo 23 de la Constitución belga. La función del legislador es aplicar dicho artículo para garantizar el derecho de todos a llevar una vida digna. Los estudios realizados demuestran que los trabajadores de plataformas tienen graves dificultades para conseguir protección social. El objetivo de este artículo es destacar los límites de las disposiciones legislativas existentes en cuanto a su capacidad para hacer efectivo el derecho fundamental a la seguridad social de los trabajadores de plataformas. Con respecto a dichas disposiciones legislativas, en el artículo se destacan los reglamentos generales que configu","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43124293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platform work, social protection and flexicurity in Denmark","authors":"Catherine Jacqueson","doi":"10.1111/issr.12277","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12277","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Are online platform “workers” in Denmark effectively and adequately protected against social and labour market risks? This article discusses this fundamental issue in the context of the Danish labour market, which is known for having high levels of job insecurity but a rather generous social security system. The article finds that the Danish statutory social security system provides a necessary cushion against risk, but also identifies gaps in protection, which brings into question the system’s effective coverage and the adequacy of benefits.</p><p>Les «travailleurs» de plateformes en ligne bénéficient-ils d’un accès effectif à une protection adéquate contre les risques sociaux et les risques liés au marché du travail? L’article tente de répondre à cette question centrale dans le contexte du marché du travail danois, où une forte insécurité de l’emploi coexiste avec un système de protection sociale relativement généreux. Nous constatons que le système légal de sécurité sociale fournit une protection contre les risques mais présente des lacunes qui remettent en cause sa capacité à offrir une couverture effective et des prestations adéquates.</p><p>¿Tienen los trabajadores de las plataformas en línea de Dinamarca una protección efectiva y adecuada contra los riesgos sociales y del mercado de trabajo? En este artículo se examina esta cuestión fundamental en el contexto del mercado de trabajo danés, conocido por su alto grado de inseguridad laboral, pero que cuenta con un sistema de seguridad social bastante generoso. En el artículo se llega a la conclusión de que el régimen de seguridad social obligatorio de Dinamarca proporciona la protección necesaria contra los riesgos, pero también se señalan deficiencias en dicha protección, lo que pone en entredicho la efectividad de la cobertura del sistema y la idoneidad de los beneficios.</p><p>Sind die „Arbeitnehmer“von Online-Plattformen wirksam und angemessen gegen soziale Risiken und gegen Arbeitsmarktrisiken geschützt? Der Artikel untersucht diese grundlegende Frage vor dem Hintergrund des dänischen Arbeitsmarkts, der dafür bekannt ist, dass die Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit hoch, das System der sozialen Sicherheit jedoch eher großzügig ist. Die Autorin kommt zum Schluss, dass das gesetzliche System der sozialen Sicherheit Dänemarks eine notwendige Abfederung gegen Risiken bietet, aber auch Schutzlücken aufweist, was die Deckungswirksamkeit und die Leistungsangemessenheit des Systems in Frage stellt.</p><p>В достаточной ли степени защищены «работники» онлайн-платформ в Дании от социальных рисков и рисков, связанных с рынком труда? Этот фундаментальный вопрос рассматривается в статье с позиций датского рынка труда, который известен высоким уровнем нестабильности занятости, но при этом достаточно щедрой системой социального обеспечения. В статье отмечается, что государственная система социального обеспечения в Дании предоставляет необходимую защиту от рисков, и вскрываются пробелы, которые ставят под сомне","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48497302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}