International Social Security Review最新文献

{"title":"Payment of Universal Credit for couples in the UK: Challenges for reform from a gender perspective","authors":"Marilyn Howard,&nbsp;Fran Bennett","doi":"10.1111/issr.12251","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Universal Credit has been rolled out gradually in the United Kingdom since 2013 as one integrated means-tested benefit replacing six different transfers with a single monthly payment. Previously, these benefits were awarded for distinct purposes and, for couples who claimed them, were potentially payable to different partners. Concerns about Universal Credit’s single payment include the opportunities it may create for facilitating domestic abuse, the fostering of more unequal power relations within couples, the reduction of financial autonomy for individuals, and the de-labelling of benefit payments. This article explores debates about the prospects for individual payments to partners in couples of Universal Credit as a jointly assessed integrated means-tested benefit, including different approaches emerging from the United Kingdom’s devolved governments (mainly Scotland and Northern Ireland). Whilst payment to each partner is likely to be more feasible where there are separate rather than integrated means-tested benefits, it concludes that genuine financial autonomy for partners in couples is best pursued via individually based non-means-tested benefits.</p><p>Le crédit universel a été mis en place progressivement au Royaume-Uni depuis 2013, en tant que prestation intégrée sous condition de ressources, regroupant ainsi six transferts différents en un seul paiement mensuel. Auparavant, ces prestations étaient octroyées pour divers motifs et, pour les couples qui les demandaient, pouvaient être payées à différents partenaires. D’aucuns s’inquiètent que le paiement unique du crédit universel pourrait favoriser les violences domestiques, accroître l’inégalité des relations de pouvoir au sein du couple, réduire l’autonomie financière des individus et ne plus être considéré comme un paiement de prestations. Cet article examine les discussions portant sur les perspectives, au niveau des partenaires en couple, liées aux paiements individuels du crédit universel en tant que prestation intégrée sous condition de ressources ayant fait l’objet d’une évaluation conjointe, y compris les approches promues par les gouvernements décentralisés du Royaume-Uni (principalement l’Écosse et l’Irlande du Nord). Bien que le paiement à chaque partenaire semble plus simple à mettre en place en tant que prestations sous condition de ressources séparées plutôt qu’intégrées, l’article conclut que des prestations individuelles sans conditions de ressources permettent de mieux garantir l’autonomie financière des partenaires en couple.</p><p>La prestación universal se ha ido implantando gradualmente en el Reino Unido desde 2013 como una prestación integral sujeta a verificación de recursos, que sustituye seis transferencias de prestaciones distintas por un pago mensual único. Antes, estas prestaciones se concedían por distintos motivos, y en el caso de ser solicitadas por una pareja, podían llegar a pagarse a ambos miembros. El pago único de la prestación universal plantea v","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46920776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index for 2020","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/issr.12253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134803613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The risk of under-insurance in the Finnish statutory pension scheme for self-employed workers: A trajectory analysis","authors":"Janne Salonen,&nbsp;Lasse Koskinen,&nbsp;Tapio Nummi","doi":"10.1111/issr.12249","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12249","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using unique data on the contribution base, we investigate under-insurance within the statutory pension scheme for self-employed workers in Finland. Under-insurance is defined as the difference between pension-declared income and tax-declared income. The trajectory modelling technique applied has allowed us to estimate the levels of under-insurance for different subgroups and to identify possible explanatory factors. Under-insurance is found to be persistent and large. The analysis reveals six distinctive and homogenous sub-groups of self-employed workers. Close to 84 per cent of these workers pay too little in contributions, often leading to inadequate protection against personal risks. Especially for lower-income self-employed workers, this points to myopic behaviour as regards contributing to the self-employed statutory pension scheme and calls for fine-tuned economic incentives.</p>","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42637283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation challenges for seafarers’ social security protection: The case of the European Union","authors":"Laura Carballo Piñeiro","doi":"10.1111/issr.12248","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a world of competing flag States and short-term employment, enjoying the benefits provided by a social security system is a difficult, if not impossible, task for many seafarers. The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, has abandoned the flag State principle in favour of the residence principle for that reason. This article addresses the implementation challenges of this approach by examining the European Union case, and highlights the advantages of the residence principle in terms of administrative efficiency and effectiveness, enhanced coordination between social security contributions and personal income tax in cross-border situations, and better use of State aid measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46103206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China’s social security response to COVID-19: Wider lessons learnt for social security’s contribution to social cohesion and inclusive economic development","authors":"Xiaoyan Qian","doi":"10.1111/issr.12246","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12246","url":null,"abstract":"<p>China has adopted an array of special social security measures in response to the spread of the COVID-19 virus, to mitigate the downside social and economic impacts caused by the pandemic. Measures include the reduction, exemption and deferral of social security contributions by employers, the extension of benefits coverage for employees, and the provision of more accessible e-services by social insurance agencies. The article points out that a preliminary assessment of those measures would suggest that they have played a key role in supporting social cohesion and in stabilizing the economy. In a critical manner, the article compares the measures adopted in China with those of other countries, and identifies how China could learn from international practice and experience. Finally, and based on recent Chinese experience, the article presents proposals that seek to improve the longer-term contribution made by the Chinese social security system to realize the goals of social cohesion and inclusive economic development. As set out in China’s Social Insurance Law of 2010, the social security system should not only support a fair sharing of benefits of development, but also promote social harmony and stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47218353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID-19","authors":"Shahra Razavi,&nbsp;Christina Behrendt,&nbsp;Mira Bierbaum,&nbsp;Ian Orton,&nbsp;Lou Tessier","doi":"10.1111/issr.12245","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of those who are inadequately covered by social protection in more and less developed countries alike, and has exacerbated the fragility of a social contract that was already under strain in many countries. A weak social contract in the context of an exceptional crisis poses a very real risk to social cohesion. Nevertheless, many States have reasserted themselves as the guarantor of rights by protecting public health and incomes. By sustaining these measures, economic recovery will be supported which will help minimize risks that may weaken social cohesion. However, this is a fast-moving, inherently unstable and protracted crisis. Social protection stands at a critical juncture. Decisive policy action will be required to strengthen social protection systems, including floors, as one of the cornerstones of a reinvigorated social contract.</p>","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42813671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Social security, inclusive growth and social cohesion","authors":"Roddy McKinnon","doi":"10.1111/issr.12242","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This special issue selectively addresses the relationship linking social security systems, inclusive growth and social cohesion. Inclusive growth and social cohesion are viewed as political expedient and necessary goals for national economies. The desirability of their attainment reflects political pragmatism, the “social contract”, as much as it does a commitment to the wider emancipative goal of social justice. The International Social Security Association (ISSA) has often paraphrased these assertions to argue that there can be “no social justice without social security”. Of course, progress achieved towards the realization of the goals of inclusive growth and social cohesion should be equally beneficial for the adequacy, sustainability and coverage of social security systems. The aim of this special issue is to unpack and better understand the nature of this relationship.</p><p>Ce numéro spécial aborde, en opérant une sélection, le lien entre les systèmes de sécurité sociale, la croissance inclusive et la cohésion sociale. La croissance inclusive et la cohésion sociale sont considérées comme des procédés politiques et des objectifs nécessaires pour les économies nationales. Le souhait d’atteindre ces objectifs reflète un pragmatisme politique, le «contrat social», et traduit un engagement à réaliser un but d’émancipation plus large lié à la justice sociale. L’Association internationale de la sécurité sociale (AISS) a souvent reformulé ces affirmations, arguant qu’il ne peut y avoir «aucune justice sociale sans sécurité sociale». Bien sûr, les avancées réalisées en vue d’atteindre les objectifs de croissance inclusive et de cohésion sociale doivent profiter autant à l’adéquation, à la viabilité et à la couverture des systèmes de sécurité sociale. Ce numéro spécial vise à présenter la nature de ce lien et à mieux la comprendre.</p><p>Este número especial aborda de forma selectiva la relación entre los sistemas de seguridad social, el crecimiento inclusivo y la cohesión social. El crecimiento inclusivo y la cohesión social se consideran objetivos políticos oportunos y necesarios para las economías nacionales. El deseo de conseguirlos refleja el pragmatismo político, el “contrato social”, así como la adhesión al objetivo más general y emancipador de la justicia social. La Asociación Internacional de la Seguridad Social (AISS) a menudo ha parafraseado estas afirmaciones para argumentar que “no puede haber justicia social sin seguridad social”. Por supuesto, los progresos realizados para lograr los objetivos de crecimiento inclusivo y de cohesión social también deberían mejorar la adecuación, la sostenibilidad y la cobertura de los sistemas de seguridad social. El objetivo de este número especial es analizar y comprender mejor la naturaleza de esta relación.</p><p>Diese Sondernummer umfasst ausgewählte Beiträge rund um die Beziehung zwischen Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit, integrativem Wachstum und sozialem Zusammenhalt. Integratives Wachstum u","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41933600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social assistance and inclusive growth","authors":"Armando Barrientos,&nbsp;Daniele Malerba","doi":"10.1111/issr.12244","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The expansion of social assistance in low- and middle-income countries raises important issues for inclusive growth. Labour is by far the principal asset of low-income groups. Changes in the quantity, quality, and allocation of labour associated with social assistance will impact on the productive capacity of low-income groups and therefore on inclusive growth. The article re-assesses the findings reported by impact evaluations of social assistance in low- and middle-income countries to address this issue. Most studies have tested for potentially adverse labour supply incentive effects from transfers but have failed to find supportive evidence. The article highlights findings from this literature on the effects of social assistance on human capital accumulation and labour reallocation. They point to the conclusion that well-designed and well-implemented social assistance contributes to inclusive growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41507606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social protection and revenue collection: How they can jointly contribute to strengthening social cohesion","authors":"Francesco Burchi,&nbsp;Armin von Schiller,&nbsp;Christoph Strupat","doi":"10.1111/issr.12243","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12243","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Social protection and revenue collection are often regarded as potential drivers of social cohesion. The article joins this debate, providing three main contributions. First, we carefully discuss the concept of social cohesion and endorse one specific definition. Second, we propose using the concept of the “fiscal contract” as the key theoretical lens to understand the often neglected potential joint effects of social protection and revenue collection policies on social cohesion. Third, we illustrate three main mechanisms through which these policies can have positive or negative impacts on the different components of social cohesion and highlight the relevance of these for policy-makers deliberations.</p>","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48759746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does a universal non-contributory social pension make sense for rural China?","authors":"Ce Shen,&nbsp;Jessica Johnson,&nbsp;Zhenhe Chi,&nbsp;John B. Williamson","doi":"10.1111/issr.12233","DOIUrl":"10.1111/issr.12233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>China’s pension reform during the past three decades has allowed a majority of China’s population to be covered by a pension scheme. Of particular note has been the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS), a voluntary programme introduced starting in 2009. One goal of our analysis is to assess that pension scheme, using a variety of sources of information including data drawn from recent (2013 and 2015) nationwide China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Surveys (CHARLS). Our analysis involves an exploration of differences between the generosity and structure of the NRPS and other pension schemes currently in place. We also explore the feasibility of reforming the current “quasi-social pension” component of the NRPS by substituting a universal non-contributory social pension pillar. In connection with our assessment of the NRPS, we note the unusually low benefit levels for rural China.</p><p>Au cours des trente dernières années, la réforme des pensions en Chine a permis à la majorité de la population d’être couverte par un régime de pension. Dans ce contexte, nous avons en particulier analysé le nouveau régime de pension rural (NRPR), un programme volontaire introduit à partir de 2009. L’un des objectifs de notre analyse est d’évaluer ce régime de pension, à l’aide de diverses sources d'information, y compris des données tirées des récentes enquêtes longitudinales sur la santé et l’emploi en Chine menées en 2013 et 2015 dans l’ensemble du pays. Nous analysons notamment les différences entre la générosité des indemnités et la structure du NRPR ainsi que d’autres régimes de pension d’ores et déjà mis en place. Nous étudions par ailleurs la possibilité de réformer l’actuelle composante de «pension quasi-sociale» du NRPR en intégrant un pilier de pension sociale universelle non contributive. Dans le cadre de notre analyse du NRPR, nous constatons un niveau des allocations inhabituellement bas pour la Chine rurale.</p><p>La reforma de las pensiones realizada en China en las últimas tres décadas ha permitido cubrir a la mayoría de la población de China con un régimen de pensiones. En este contexto destacamos el nuevo Régimen de Pensiones Rurales (RPR), programa voluntario introducido en 2009. Uno de los objetivos de nuestro análisis es evaluar dicho régimen utilizandoa diversas fuentes de información, incluidos datos extraídos de recientes encuestas longitudinales sobre salud y jubilación realizadas en China en 2013 y 2015. En nuestro análisis estudiamos las diferencias entre la generosidad y la estructura del RPR y otros regímenes de pensiones existentes. También examinamos la posibilidad de reformar el actual componente de pensión “casi social” del RPR sustituyéndolo por un pilar de pensión social universal no contributivo. En el marco de nuestra evaluación observamos unos niveles de prestaciones inusualmente bajos para la China rural.</p><p>Chinas Rentenreform hat es in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten ermöglicht, die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Rentensystemen ","PeriodicalId":44996,"journal":{"name":"International Social Security Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/issr.12233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49393641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}