EuroChoices最新文献

{"title":"Hotspots in the EU-27 and Economic Consequences of the 2022 Spring-Summer Drought\u0000 Points chauds dans l'Union européenne à 27 et conséquences économiques de la sécheresse du printemps-été 2022\u0000 Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Dürre im Frühjahr und Sommer 2022 und ihre Hotspots in der EU-27","authors":"Zsolt Pinke,&nbsp;Tamás Ács,&nbsp;Péter Kalicz,&nbsp;Zoltán Kern,&nbsp;Attila Jambor","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12423","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12423","url":null,"abstract":"<p>L'année 2022 restera dans les mémoires comme une année de grave sécheresse en Europe. Pour les six cultures représentant la plus grande superficie récoltée, les pertes de production causées par la sécheresse pourraient même avoir atteint une valeur estimée à 13 milliards d'euros dans l'Union européenne à 27. Compte tenu de la part de ces grandes cultures dans l'ensemble des superficies récoltées, la perte totale sur l'ensemble des terres cultivées pourrait avoir atteint deux fois ce montant (25 à 30 millions d'euros). Ce chiffre indique l'ampleur du défi que représente le changement climatique sur le continent. Alors que la majeure partie de l'Europe a souffert d'une grave sécheresse au printemps et à l’été 2022, les pertes agricoles étaient spécifiques à chaque région et se sont concentrées dans les régions de la Méditerranée occidentale et des Carpates-Balkans. Les cultures de maïs et de tournesol ont subi les pertes les plus importantes, tandis que les données concernant le blé, l'orge, le colza et le seigle ont montré un tableau ambivalent. Les pertes de production pour les cultures arables,associées aux prix extrêmement élevés du marché, ont même représenté 1 à 2 pour cent du PIB dans certains pays de la région des Carpates et des Balkans. Le paradoxe de l'an dernier est que, malgré la sévérité de l'impact de la sécheresse sur les cultures arables, l'agriculture de l'Union européenne a créé une valeur ajoutée brute très élevée grâce à la flambée des prix alimentaires.</p><p>Das Jahr 2022 wird in Europa als schweres Dürrejahr in Erinnerung bleiben. Die Produktionsverluste bei den sechs Kulturen mit der größten Erntefläche in der EU-27 dürften sich auf bis zu 13 Milliarden Euro belaufen haben und die Gesamtverluste für den Ackerbau könnten sogar doppelt so hoch gewesen sein. Dieser hohe wirtschaftliche Schaden zeigt, wie groß die Herausforderung ist, die der Klimawandel für den Kontinent darstellt. Obwohl der größte Teil Europas im Frühjahr und Sommer 2022 unter schwerer Trockenheit litt, waren die landwirtschaftlichen Verluste regionsspezifisch und konzentrierten sich auf den westlichen Mittelmeerraum und die Karpaten-Balkan-Region. Mais und Sonnenblumen erlitten die höchsten Verluste, während die Daten für Weizen, Gerste, Raps und Roggen ein ambivalentes Bild zeigten. Die Dürreschäden in Verbindung mit den extrem hohen Marktpreisen erreichten in einigen Ländern der Karpaten-Balkan-Region 1-2 Prozent des BIP. Das Paradoxe daran ist, dass die Landwirtschaft in der Europäischen Union trotz der durch die Dürre verursachten Verluste eine sehr hohe Bruttowertschöpfung erwirtschaftet hat, was auf die stark gestiegenen Lebensmittelpreise zurückzuführen ist.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"23 1","pages":"28-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139922631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compensating for the Indirect Effects of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine – Varied approaches from Bulgaria, Poland and Romania\u0000 Compenser les effets indirects de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie – Approches variées en Bulgarie, en Pologne et en Roumanie\u0000 Entschädigungen für die indirekten Auswirkungen des russischen Einmarschs in die Ukraine: abwechslungsreiche Ansätze aus Bulgarien, Polen und Rumänien","authors":"Rositsa Beluhova-Uzunova,&nbsp;Stefan Mann,&nbsp;Maria Prisacariu,&nbsp;Adrian Sadłowski","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12422","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Après l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, l'Union européenne (UE) a levé les droits de douane sur les importations de produits ukrainiens afin de maintenir les exportations ukrainiennes sur le marché mondial. Cela a entraîné une baisse considérable des prix des céréales et des graines oléagineuses dans les États membres concernés. La Commission européenne a alloué 56 millions d'euros aux agriculteurs de Bulgarie, de Pologne et de Roumanie en compensation des pertes causées par cette ouverture du marché communautaire. Ce montant a été complété par 56 millions d'euros supplémentaires provenant des budgets nationaux. L'ensemble étant insuffisant pour compenser pleinement les pertes des agriculteurs, les trois États membres ont dû définir des critères sélectifs pour décider de la répartition des fonds. La Bulgarie a opté pour des paiements compensatoires basés sur la superficie pour les producteurs de tournesol. La Roumanie a choisi de soutenir les agriculteurs stockant du blé, excluant ainsi les petits producteurs ne disposant pas d'installations de stockage. La Pologne a indemnisé un large éventail de producteurs agricoles, mais a réduit le montant versé aux plus grandes exploitations. Une comparaison de ces trois approches constitue un bon exemple concret pour démontrer l'interaction entre les secours d'urgence et les priorités politiques des pouvoirs publics nationaux.</p><p>Nach dem russischen Einmarsch in die Ukraine hob die Europäische Union (EU) die Importzölle für ukrainische Waren auf, um ukrainische Exporte auf den Weltmarkt weiter zu ermöglichen. Dies führte zu einem spürbaren Preisverfall von Getreide und Ölsaaten in den betroffenen Mitgliedsländern. Die Europäische Kommission allozierte 56 Millionen Euro für Landwirte in Bulgarien, Polen und Rumänien, um für durch die Grenzöffnung der EU entstehende Verluste zu entschädigen. Diese Mittel wurden durch 56 Millionen Euros aus den nationalen Haushalten ergänzt. Da dies nicht ausreichte, die Landwirte vollumfänglich für ihre Verluste zu entschädigen, mussten die drei Mitgliedsstaaten für die Zuweisung der Gelder selektive Kriterien definieren. Bulgarien entschied sich für hektarbasierte Kompensationszahlungen für Sonnenblumenproduzenten, und Rumänien entschied sich, Zuschüsse an Landwirte zu zahlen, die Weizen lagern, und damit Kleinbauern ohne Lagermöglichkeiten von der Förderung auszuschliessen. Polen kompensierte eine Reihe von Kulturen, aber beschränkte die Auszahlungssumme an Grossbetriebe. Ein Vergleich dieser drei Ansätze ist ein gutes Beispiel für die Verquickung zwischen Nothilfe und den politischen Prioritäten nationaler Regierungen.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"23 1","pages":"11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139752795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers' Perceptions of Obstacles to Business Development\u0000 Perceptions des agriculteurs quant aux obstacles au développement des entreprises\u0000 Hindernisse in der Unternehmensentwicklung und ihre Wahrnehmung in der Landwirtschaft","authors":"Lotte Yanore PhD candidate,&nbsp;Jaap Sok,&nbsp;Alfons Oude Lansink","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12420","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12420","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines perceived obstacles to business development of Dutch dairy farmers and compares them to Dutch broiler farmers and Swedish farmers. Understanding farmers' perceived obstacles is crucial for developing effective policies to support sustainable and resilient farms. Data were collected using a survey and analysed using factor and regression analysis. The study finds that rules and regulations are the most significant obstacle for all three groups of farmers. Dutch dairy farmers also face challenges related to land availability, permits and leasing, while Dutch broiler farmers have concerns mostly about foreign competition. Financial obstacles are significant but considered less important than regulatory and land-related challenges. Farm characteristics, such as intensity of operation, off-farm income, location, succession status and farmer's patience were statistically related to the perceived obstacles of Dutch dairy farmers. The associations found suggest that dairy farmers operating their businesses more intensively face more financial, social capital and land availability obstacles. It was also found that younger farmers or farmers with successors score higher on perceived obstacles concerning policy and land availability. Recommendations include improving information provision, simplifying regulations, and engaging stakeholders to reduce policy obstacles. Also, policies should consider farmers' unique needs and should be implemented in a decentralised way.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"23 1","pages":"56-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139752794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rapid Development of Bioeconomy Policies in the EU and other Regions of the World\u0000 Le développement rapide des politiques de la bioéconomie dans l'Union européenne et d'autres régions du monde\u0000 Die rasante Entwicklung der Bioökonomie Richtlinien in der EU und anderen Regionen der Welt","authors":"Robert M'barek,&nbsp;Justus Wesseler","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the European Union, the bioeconomy is very broadly defined, encompassing all sectors and associated services and investments that produce, use, process, distribute or consume biological resources, including ecosystem services. It is seen as a natural enabler and result of the transformation proposed by Europe's sustainable growth strategy, the Green Deal. EU Member States and regions also have strategies to further target the implementation of the bioeconomy. The bioeconomy and its related policies have shown a rapid development in the EU and other regions of the world. In challenging times, the sustainable and circular bioeconomy is a central element in supporting the transition to an economy that is climate-neutral, while preserving the biosphere. From the global agenda of United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate change and biodiversity, several other international organisations, global fora, and private initiatives, all provide knowledge, analyses and perspectives for the bioeconomy. Africa's bioeconomy has a huge potential as a catalyser for advancing towards many SDGs. In North America, the US has recently defined bold goals for biotechnology and biomanufacturing. South American countries foster their enormous agricultural and forestry potential in supporting the bioeconomy, while playing a key role for global climate and biodiversity.</p><p>The bioeconomy in its different designs is thus an important building block for the global transformation towards a more sustainable economic system.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"22 3","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139024589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who (Really) Benefits from the Complementary Redistributive Income Support?\u0000 Qui bénéficie (vraiment) de l'aide redistributive complémentaire au revenu ? \u0000 Wer profitiert (wirklich) von der Ergänzende Umverteilungseinkommensstützung?","authors":"Catherine Laroche-Dupraz,&nbsp;Stéphane Lemarié,&nbsp;Laurent Piet","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12418","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12418","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The 2013 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) introduced the redistributive payment as an optional scheme to redistribute direct support between farmers by granting them an additional payment for the first hectares up to a threshold. In 2021, only 15 per cent of the direct payments went to more than 75 per cent of European farms (European Commission, 2021). The 2023 CAP reform made this scheme compulsory under the name of the Complementary Redistributive Income Support (CRIS). Under CRIS, a farmer receives Basic Income Support (BIS) plus CRIS for each hectare of their farm up to a certain threshold, and then only BIS for the hectares above the threshold, irrespective of any other supports to which they may be eligible (Regulation 2021/2115, Article 29). Member States are free to decide the per hectare amounts of CRIS and BIS and the threshold level below which CRIS is granted. They can also define different amounts of CRIS for different ranges of farm area sizes, and set all these parameters at national or regional level. With some exceptions, Member States must devote at least 10 per cent of their first pillar direct payments on implementing CRIS, which reduces the budget available for BIS accordingly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;An analysis of the financial annexes of the national CAP strategic plans shows that, of the 25 Member States implementing CRIS (Malta and Denmark have obtained a derogation), 18 have planned to spend this 10 per cent minimum or more in 2017 (Figure 1), four of them reaching 20 per cent or more. The share of hectares concerned is much more varied: with the same 10 per cent budget, Portugal (PT) will cover 19 per cent of its total supported area while Austria (AT) will cover 68 per cent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As intended, CRIS leads to redistribution of part of the payments from larger to smaller farms. However, the farm size up to which farmers actually benefit from the policy is not apparent from the scheme parameters and may be well above the CRIS threshold. Take the example of Czechia's strategic plan (Figure 2). In 2027, a 200 ha Czech farm will receive a total of 36,300 € (green line), with 13,200 € coming from BIS (66 €/ha on every hectare; blue line), and 23,100 € coming from CRIS (154 €/ha up to 150 ha; yellow line).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instead, if the same total budget were to be distributed only through a uniform payment per hectare, the same farm would receive a total of 24,000 € (120 €/ha on every hectare; red line). A comparison of the green and red lines shows that farms with a size equal to the CRIS threshold benefit most from the redistribution. However, in Czechia, even farms of up to 430 ha should benefit from CRIS, which is almost three times larger than the 150 ha threshold.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure 3 reports the results of similar calculations for the 25 Member States implementing CRIS, together with their 2020 average farm area. While the maximum area of beneficiary farms is always higher than the CRIS threshold by construction, it is also higher th","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"23 1","pages":"34-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138546664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU Outlook for Biomass Flows and Bio-based Products\u0000 Perspectives de l'Union européenne pour les flux de biomasse et les produits d'origine biologique\u0000 Biomasseströme und biobasierte Produkte – Perspektiven in der EU","authors":"Myrna van Leeuwen,&nbsp;Ana Gonzalez-Martinez,&nbsp;Viktoriya Sturm","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12408","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12408","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Bioeconomy Strategy Action Plan calls for sustainable extraction, processing, and use of biological resources in Europe as a pathway to achieve environmental, social and economic goals. However, the transition towards sustainable food systems within and across countries is diverse due to the existing heterogeneous land patterns and agricultural production structures, the variety of potential industries competing for specific biomass feedstocks, and the national policy frameworks in place. Therefore, it is key for policymakers to understand how biomass is supplied, and how it flows through the economy and is used for alternative purposes. This calls for tools that can monitor and quantitatively analyse these aspects. BioMAT has projected the annual growth rate of the EU bio-based chemical production from 2018 to 2030 to be four times higher than its fossil-based counterpart. The associated net-availability of industrial sugars in 2030 is quite balanced, but excess demands for starch and plant oils will increase to fulfil requirements of a growing bio-based chemical sector. As a vast amount of biological feedstock for material use originates from non-EU regions (e.g. palm oil), sustainable sourcing and a better use of biological residues should be emphasised. Scenario analyses are helpful to consider consequences of assessing different technical pathways or policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"22 3","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why is Russia Restricting its Fertiliser and Crop Exports?\u0000 Pourquoi la Russie restreint-elle ses exportations d'engrais et de grandes cultures ?\u0000 Warum schränkt Russland seine Düngemittel- und Getreideexporte ein?","authors":"William Liefert","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12419","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;La Russie et l'Ukraine sont d'importants exportateurs agricoles, notamment de céréales et de graines de tournesol, et la Russie est le premier fournisseur mondial d'engrais. L'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie a perturbé les marchés mondiaux de ces produits, faisant grimper les prix et menaçant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. La Russie affirme que l'une des principales causes de ces perturbations commerciales réside dans les sanctions économiques que les pays occidentaux lui ont imposées, malgré les efforts de l'Occident pour exempter le commerce agricole russe de ces sanctions. Cependant, tout au long de sa guerre avec l'Ukraine, la Russie a maintenu de lourdes restrictions (impliquant des quotas et des taxes) sur ses exportations d'engrais, de céréales et de graines de tournesol. Les contrôles aux frontières apportent des avantages économiques majeurs à l'économie et au gouvernement russes, en particulier dans le contexte de guerre actuel. Les gains comprennent: le maintien d'une plus grande production à l'intérieur du pays, ce qui fait baisser les prix pour les consommateurs; des revenus supplémentaires pour le gouvernement; et de meilleurs termes de l'échange du pays pour les produits exportés. Cependant, étant donné que la Russie affirme avec tant de force que les sanctions occidentales nuisent aux pays les moins riches du monde en perturbant les marchés agricoles mondiaux et en faisant monter les prix, les restrictions à l'exportation rendent la Russie vulnérable aux critiques d'incohérence (voire d'hypocrisie), lorsque ses propres contrôles à l'exportation ont les mêmes effets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sowohl Russland als auch die Ukraine sind wichtige Agrarexporteure, insbesondere von Getreide- und Sonnenblumenkernerzeugnissen, und Russland ist der weltweit führende Anbieter von Düngemitteln. Der Einmarsch Russlands in die Ukraine hat die Weltmärkte für diese Rohstoffe beeinträchtigt, die Preise in die Höhe getrieben und die weltweite Ernährungssicherheit gefährdet. Russland argumentiert, dass eine Hauptursache für diese Handelsstörung die Wirtschaftssanktionen sind, die die westlichen Länder gegen das Land verhängt haben. Dabei versuchen die westlichen Länder, den russischen Agrarhandel von den Sanktionen auszunehmen. Während des gesamten Zeit des Angriffskrieges gegen die Ukraine hat Russland jedoch seine Ausfuhren von Düngemitteln, Getreide und Sonnenblumenkernerzeugnissen stark eingeschränkt (durch Quoten und Steuern). Die Handelskontrollen sind für die russische Wirtschaft und Regierung von großem Nutzen, insbesondere im derzeitigen Kriegszustand. Zu den Vorteilen gehören: mehr Produktion im Land zu halten, was die Preise für die Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher senkt, zusätzliche Einnahmen für die Regierung und die Handelsbedingungen des Landes für die ausgeführten Produkte zu verbessern. Russland behauptet vehement, dass die westlichen Sanktionen den weniger reichen Ländern der Welt schaden, indem sie die Weltagrarmärkte stören und die Preise ","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"23 1","pages":"4-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Employment Impacts of Biorefineries in the EU\u0000 Impacts régionaux des bioraffineries sur l'emploi dans l'Union européenne\u0000 Regionale Beschäftigungseffekte von Bioraffinerien in der EU","authors":"Benz Xinqi Zhu,&nbsp;Maria Vrachioli,&nbsp;Johannes Sauer","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12417","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The European Commission aims to achieve a climate-neutral economy by 2050 and positively affect the employment growth rate while reducing fossil-based production activities. For that reason, according to the European Green Deal, decarbonisation and modernisation of fossil-based industries is essential. Thus, replacing fossil fuel-based inputs in these industries with bio-based inputs through the establishment of biorefineries can contribute towards this goal. This article reports the results of a study on the impact of biorefineries on the regional employment rate, and other regional socio-economic indicators. A unique regional level dataset provided by EU Joint Research Centre and the EU H2020 BioMonitor project is used to examine the impact of the biorefinery industry on local employment. This dataset covers multiple European Member States and enables us to account for regional characteristics over a 10-year period (2009–2018). Our results show that introducing biorefineries to a region can be associated with a higher regional employment growth compared to regions with no biorefineries. Improving biorefinery data availability and quality can assist further the research in this area and promote the development of bioeconomy in Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"22 3","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of the EU Bioeconomy and the Inclusion of Downstream and Upstream Linkages\u0000 Mesure de la bioéconomie dans l’Union européenne et prise en compte des liens en aval et en amont\u0000 Bewertung der EU-Bioökonomie und die Einbeziehung von vor- und nachgelagerten Sektoren","authors":"Kutay Cingiz,&nbsp;Hugo Gonzalez-Hermosa,&nbsp;Wim Heijman,&nbsp;Justus H. H. Wesseler","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12407","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12407","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The development of the bioeconomy, according to the European Commission, is a key strategy for achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The bioeconomy will feature high on the EU green policy agenda for many years to come, as evidenced by the release of the European Green Deal and the updated bioeconomy strategy 2018 (EC, 2018) and efforts to monitor the sector (EU, 2021). Therefore, we developed a technique to measure EU bioeconomy value added (VA) across countries, with a view to monitoring the progress and impact of the EU's bioeconomy strategies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wesseler and von Braun (2017) provide an analysis of the methodological challenges and stress the importance of expanding the bioeconomy domain beyond traditional industries. Thus, for an accurate measurement of the shares of the bioeconomy in VA, we include the relevant economic industries, categorised as fully and partly bioeconomy industry. Fully bioeconomy industries use and convert biological resources. They include for example the agriculture and food sector, the forestry sector and the pulp and paper sector. They provide inputs to other industries that further process those inputs (downstream). Those are considered partly bioeconomy industries as they also use inputs from other industries. Further, industries that provide inputs to the fully bioeconomy sectors (upstream) are considered partly bioeconomy industry (Figure 1) (see Cingiz &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. (2021) for the details of fully and partly bioeconomy industries included).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finally, we define the value added of the bioeconomy as the summation of all downstream, upstream, and fully bioeconomy VAs. We implement the proposed measurement approach across all EU Member States. The input-output tables are taken from OECD statistics (OECD, 2021). For nominal to real value conversion, we use the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) from Eurostat (base year 2015) and the nominal exchange rate coefficients are taken from OECD statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Across EU Member States, the average share of the bioeconomy in VA for the 2016–2018 period ranges from 2.8 per cent in Luxembourg to 17.2 per cent in Lithuania (Figure 2). Except for Luxembourg, the share is above 6 per cent in all Member States for both periods. For the EU-27 and the United Kingdom, the share of the bioeconomy in VA is 8.6 per cent for the 2016–2018 period.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure 3 illustrates the relative importance of upstream and downstream bioeconomy VA in selected countries with the most developed bioeconomies. In Luxembourg, Belgium, United Kingdom, Denmark, Spain and Italy, the total of downstream and upstream VA constitutes at least 50 per cent of the total bioeconomy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This shows that there is a strong linkage and integration between these two sector types. The bioeconomy VA generated outside the primary bioeconomy industries can create more VA than from the primary bioeconomy industries. Partly bioeconomy industries, through upstream and downstream linkages, make a significa","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"22 3","pages":"26-27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1746-692X.12407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EU Bioeconomy: Monitoring and Measurement\u0000 La bioéconomie dans l'Union européenne : suivi et mesure\u0000 Die EU-Bioökonomie: Beobachtungen und Einschätzungen","authors":"Dušan Drabik,&nbsp;Justus Wesseler","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12416","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"22 3","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139047323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}