Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting最新文献

{"title":"Investigating tolerance of ambiguity in novice and expert translators and interpreters : an exploratory study","authors":"Alexandra Rosiers, June Eyckmans","doi":"10.12807/ti.109202.2017.a04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.109202.2017.a04","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years socio-psychological language research has influenced the fields of translation and interpreting studies resulting in a growing interest in personality traits such as extraversion, emotional stability, self-efficacy and risk-taking as relevant constructs of translator competence and interpreter aptitude (Hubscher-Davidson, 2009; Bolaños Medina, 2014). A personality trait that has received limited attention, especially in relation to interpreting, is tolerance of ambiguity (TA). TA is generally described as the ability to manage situations that are new, complex or insoluble (Budner, 1962). As these types of situations seem to be inherent to the translation and interpreting practice, the construct has interesting potential. This study aims to shed some light on the level of TA in novice and expert translators and interpreters. To this end, we have administered the Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale (Herman, Stevens, Bird, Mendenhall & Oddou, 2010) to two groups of student interpreters (n=20) and translators (n=20) and two professional populations of interpreters (n=20) and translators (n=14). The results indicate a significant difference between interpreters and translators at the professional level regardless of age. This seems to suggest that the nature of the interpreter’s job aids the development of tolerance of ambiguity.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"24 1","pages":"52-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85165086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical Terminology Rendition Techniques Employed by Paraprofessional Chin-Hakha English Interpreters","authors":"Salai Biak Za Lian Ching","doi":"10.12807/TI.109202.2017.A03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.109202.2017.A03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study of the techniques employed by paraprofessional Chin-Hakha community interpreters when interpreting in a medical setting. Data was collected through a simulated dialogue in which participants were asked to interpret consecutively. Participants were then interviewed about their decision-making processes in formulating renditions of a number of medical terms. Lexical analysis found that Chin-Hakha interpreters produce interpretations of medical terminology according to certain observable patterned constructions. Overall, this study confirms the community interpreter’s role as a ‘negotiator’ of language, where interpreters negotiate the intended meaning of specialised terminology by using their own ‘storeroom’ of linguistic skills and medical knowledge so as to be successful in rendering medical conversations.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"20 1","pages":"38-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84956347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective protocols: Tapping into the minds of interpreting trainees","authors":"M. Shamy, R. Ricoy","doi":"10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A05","url":null,"abstract":"Interpreting Studies has witnessed a growing interest in language specificity and its role in cognitive processing during simultaneous interpreting. The aim of this study is to establish trainee-interpreters’ perceptions of language-pair-specific difficulties when working from English into Arabic in simultaneous mode. Fifteen postgraduate interpreting students were asked to perform two simultaneous interpreting tasks, into which language-pair-specific problem triggers had been incorporated. Process data was generated by applying the method of retrospection, the objective of which was to ascertain whether the problem triggers were perceived by the participants as such, and to identify the strategies, if any, that they employed to deal with them. Subsequently, a comparison was drawn between the perceptions that the participants verbalized and their actual performances. Although the limitations of the method will be acknowledged, the use of retrospection yielded interesting data that can help enhance language-specific interpreter training. This approach is particularly innovative in the context of the language combination English-Arabic, which has received little scholarly attention to date. The information that can be gleaned from the application of the method can contribute to process-oriented research in interpreting pedagogy: “tapping into the minds” of trainee interpreters can help researchers and educators determine the factors that encumber students’ performances and gain a better understanding of the development of strategic competence.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"22 1","pages":"51-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85296862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Interview or Not to Interview: A Critical Approach to Assessing End-Users' Perceptions of the Role of 21st Century Indigenous Interpreters in Peru","authors":"R. Ricoy","doi":"10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A04","url":null,"abstract":"Interviews have been commonly used as a data-gathering instrument in research which approaches interpreting as a socially-situated practice (e.g. Angelelli, 2004; Inghilleri, 2006 & 2012). This paper focuses on a set of six interviews conducted with indigenous community leaders who had participated in an interpreter-mediated consultation process led by the Peruvian government in the Ucayali region between March and September of 2015. The aim is not to discuss the findings derived from the interviews themselves, but, rather, to evaluate critically the implications of adapting a well-established method for the purposes of studying the role of interpreting in a novel socio-political context. The objective of the interviews was to garner information regarding the interviewees’ perceptions of the role of the interpreters, not from a clients’ perspective (the interpreters had been trained and employed by the government), but as end-users, or beneficiaries, of the interpreters’ work. They were conducted in Spanish, which was the second language of all the interviewees, who had varying degrees of bilingualism. Thus, the underlying hypothesis was that they would have been able to evaluate the competence of the interpreters throughout the consultation process, which could color their perceptions as to their performance and also, potentially, their remit. The decision was made to depart from clear-cut methodological distinctions between types of interview and adopt a hybrid approach: the questions were open-ended, but fixed, as in structured interviews; on the other hand, the possibility of seeking clarification or of prompting a follow-up (e.g. examples) to the interviewees’ answers was left open, as in semi-structured interviews. An interest in how Peruvian indigenous communities construct meaning from their experience of linguistically and culturally mediated exchanges between themselves and the state underpins the choice of method. Its potential limitations is considered and measured against the benefits of tailoring research tools to the study of new realities which result from the involvement of interpreters in emerging legislated scenarios.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"38 1","pages":"36-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83014299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The misunderstood concept of translation in tourism promotion","authors":"M. Z. Sulaiman","doi":"10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A04","url":null,"abstract":"Following the rapid growth of the tourism industry worldwide, translation has become one of the most practical means of cross-cultural tourism promotion. In fact, tourism promotional materials (TPMs) are considered one of the most translated types of texts in the world today. However, this type of translated materials has frequently been criticised for its poor standard. While several studies have addressed this issue by focusing on the textual aspects of translated TPMs, research seems to be scarce on the main agents involved in TPM translation, particularly the translation commissioner who is considered a determining factor under skopos theory. In an attempt to fill this gap, and to pave the way for the mapping of possible best practices in cross-cultural TPM production, this study explores the actual practices of TPM commissioners of a tourism authority by investigating what they deem to be the ideal scenario for the creation of effective cross-cultural TPMs and the extent to which they are able to realise this ideal scenario in the commercial world. The main source of data for this study is a semi-structured interview conducted with two experienced managers of an Australian state tourism authority directly responsible for the commissioning of cross-cultural TPMs. The investigation reveals that there is a gap between what the commissioners deem to be the ideal scenario for the production of cross-cultural TPMs and the actual practices of the commissioners due to a number of misconceptions regarding the nature of translation and the role of translators. This study argues that addressing these misconceptions has the potential to not only improve the effectiveness and efficiency of cross-cultural tourism promotion but more importantly uplift the image of the translation profession as a whole.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"42 1","pages":"53-68"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80596960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What does translation memory do to translation? The effect of translation memory output on specific aspects of the translation process","authors":"Benjamin Screen","doi":"10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A01","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on a key-logging experiment carried out in order to investigate the effect that Translation Memory matches in the 70%-95% range have on particular aspects of the translation process. Operationalising the translation process as text (re)production following Englund-Dimitrova (2005), Translog-II is used to investigate whether the use of fuzzy matches in this range can reduce cognitive effort based on Working Memory Capacity and recorded pauses, to study the effect that adapting and correcting fuzzy matches in this range has on linear and non-linear writing processes, and to examine variables related to revision, time and productivity. Results show that initial reading time and self-revision is longer in the case of fuzzy match correction compared to manual translation. Data also show however that cognitive load as measured by pauses is reduced and that productivity is also increased. Significant differences are also observed in terms of text production strategies between the translators who edited the fuzzy matches and those who translated without them.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"248 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76779594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech-to-text interpreting in Finland, Sweden and Austria","authors":"Ulf Norberg, Ursula Stachl-Peier, L. Tiittula","doi":"10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A03","url":null,"abstract":"Speech-to-text (STT) interpreting is a type of intralingual interpreting mostly used by late deafened and hearing impaired persons who have a spoken language as their first language. In Finland, Sweden and Austria the speech-to-text transfer is performed in real-time by interpreters using a (specially adapted or standard) keyboard that is connected to a screen. As a result of different legislative frameworks governing services for the disabled, STT interpreting has developed differently in different countries and so far there has been little international cooperation. STT interpreting has also been largely ignored by Translation and Interpreting Studies. This paper examines the situation in Finland and Sweden, where STT interpreting training programmes have been available since the 1980s, and Austria, where the first training programme started in 2010, and investigates the norms, values and expectations that guide STT interpreters’ practice in the three countries. It also looks at the factors necessary for the development of a distinct ‘STT interpreting culture’.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"12 1","pages":"36-49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80451771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caution and compliance in medical encounters. Non-interpretation of hedges and phatic tokens","authors":"Michaela Albl-Mikasa, E. Glatz, Gertrud Hofer, M. Sleptsova","doi":"10.21256/ZHAW-4060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21256/ZHAW-4060","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper is based on the Swiss research project ‘Interpreting in Medical Settings: Roles, Requirements and Responsibility’, which was supported by a grant of the Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (KTI) and carried out by an interdisciplinary team comprising medical specialists from the University Hospital of Basel (Marina Sleptsova and colleagues) and interpreting studies/applied linguistics researchers from the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (Gertrud Hofer and colleagues). It explores videotape transcriptions of 12 authentic interpreted conversations between German speaking doctors/medical staff and patients of Turkish or Albanian origin. The analysis finds that culture-specific expressions produced by the patients occur rarely and do not pose any interpreting problems. By contrast, phatic tokens and hedges play an important role in medical personnel’s presentation of their interactional, trust building, diagnostic and therapeutic intentions. Although these expressions are essential communication elements geared at building patients’ compliance and establishing doctors’ safeguards, they are rarely or inconsistently rendered by the interpreters. It is argued that, while medical interpreters may have plausible reasons not to render these expressions, they would still need to be made aware of the significance of such pragmatic aspects of communication in training courses and/or pre-encounter briefings. More generally, empirical research – similar to that on questioning style and questioning techniques – should focus more on the exploration of discourse markers, meta-discourse comments and rapport-building expressions of different types of utterance and discourse practices in healthcare interpreting settings.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"9 1","pages":"76-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84192678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Reliable Evaluation Tools in Legal Interpreting: A Test Case","authors":"Heidi Salaets, K. Balogh","doi":"10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A08","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction Before discussing the final examination in LI (Legal Interpreting) at KU Leuven, Antwerp campus, we would like to shed some light on the use of concepts without going into too much detail, however, or reinventing the wheel. We will also briefly explain the situation in Belgium and outline those elements which we will be unable to discuss in this contribution for reasons of space. 1.1 Certification through independent bodies The final LI examination in combination with the other (written) examinations on legal knowledge, legal terminology, methodology and sources of law leads to certification, meaning that \"certificates are usually awarded after completion of a course of study and demonstration of mastery of the knowledge or skills imparted in courses\" (Mikkelson, 2013, p. 66). Furthermore, Mikkelson notes the following: Credentialing or certification, whereby mastery of the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to practice the profession is verified by an independent body, is inextricably linked to this formative education. (2013, p. 67). Unfortunately, this is not yet the case in Belgium where no national register of sworn translators and interpreters exists and the title of legal interpreter is not protected. As a result, there are no standardized procedures allowing one to become a legal interpreter; each court has its own system for the recruitment of interpreters. The court of Antwerp alone has strict rules about the education, training, evaluation and certification of interpreters. This has come about as a result of the court's close collaboration with the LIT department of KU Leuven, Antwerp campus. Consequently, we are still light years away from welldesigned specific certification tests like those in the United States (Feuerle, 2013) or other countries such as Australia, Austria, Canada, Sweden or the UK (Hlavac, 2013). Nevertheless, the fact that an independent body exists in Belgium that certifies community interpreters, together with our experience as graders and contributors to the design of tests for community interpreters, were of great help in developing actual legal interpreting evaluation criteria. Vermeiren, Van Gucht and De Bontridder (2009) write about the certification of social interpreters (i.e. community interpreters) in the early years, while Roels (2013) explains how this certification process evolved, which led not only to a better and more valid test design, but also to training for graders and guidelines for more reliability in the testing procedure. 1.2 Assessment and evaluation We wish to state clearly at this point that we will not comment in detail on the assessment procedure of the LIT course at KU Leuven, Antwerp campus. This would take in too much detail and would mean starting from screening during the admission procedure, moving on to feedback during class performances (formative assessment), and then to the final examination (summative assessment). Instead, only the LI evaluation at the ","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"PP 1","pages":"103-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84605078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting the discourse of reporting: The case of screening interviews with asylum seekers and police interviews in Finland","authors":"Simo K. Määttä","doi":"10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A02","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The study of language ideologies, i.e. cultural conceptions of the nature, purpose, and function of language (Gal & Woolard, 1995, p. 130; Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994) has been an important field of inquiry in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and critical discourse studies for over thirty decades. To some extent, language ideologies have also been studied in the context of public service interpreting, i.e. community interpreting, and legal and courtroom interpreting in particular. Thus, many studies have argued that monolithic, monolingual language ideologies, in which generalizations about the nature and function of language are based on monolingual and institutionalized contexts, in fact dominate legal services. These ideologies have also been identified as a major source of linguistic injustice in interpretermediated encounters (see e.g. Angermeyer, 2008, 2014; Berk-Seligson, 2008; Haviland, 2003; Maryns, 2006). However, in interpreting studies, larger social phenomena and institutional constraints that link the interpreter's performance to language ideologies have not attracted much attention. This paper contends that many problems and phenomena related to public service interpreting that are thought to emanate from cultural differences or the interpreter's general lack of competence (see e.g. Hale, 2004, p. 238; Pollabauer, 2006; Rudvin, 2006) or lack of accuracy due to the interpreter's omission of words and discourse markers or other pragmatic information (BerkSeligson, 1999; Hale, 2004, p. 239) can be interpreted as resulting from language ideologies. Furthermore, the paper argues that monolingual and monolithic language ideologies need to be explained in connection with the practices in which they appear and become reified. While ideologies can be defined as sets of beliefs or ideas having an object, typically a contested concept such as language, the practices reifying them can be conceived as discourses, i.e. systematic ways of using language in a particular way, directing the formation of meanings, creating a prototypical set of oral, written, and multimodal genres and texts, and enacting, reifying, and enforcing ideologies within a field of activity or an institution (Maatta, 2014; Maatta & Pietikainen, 2014). One of the most important practices within the public service is transcribing and reporting in the written form, based on the particularities of written language and specific written genres. This discourse of reporting characterizes all encounters between public service providers and service users in much of the world today and therefore also in public service interpreting. Both discourse and ideology are essentially contested, polysemic concepts. While the way in which these notions are used in this paper may seem unorthodox from the viewpoint of translation and interpreting studies, certain links to descriptive translation studies (e.g. Toury, 2012) can be identified. Thus, grosso modo, ideologies co","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"6 1","pages":"21-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83809666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}