Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions最新文献

{"title":"Islamism and Modernity: The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb","authors":"Ana Belén Soage","doi":"10.1080/14690760903119092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903119092","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sayyid Qutb was one of the most influential Islamic thinkers of the twentieth century. However, for much of his life he was a member of Egypt’s liberal intelligentsia, and he published a number of works ranging from literary criticism to romantic fiction. It was his disillusionment with the corrupt parliamentary democracy of pre‐Revolution Egypt that led him to turn to Islam as the solution to all problems. Qutb became the main ideologue of the Muslim Brothers’ Society in the early 1950s. Imprisoned in 1954, he wrote the bulk of his Islamist works in jail, where his thought became increasingly radical.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124044727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islamism and Jihadism: The Transformation of Classical Notions of Jihad into an Ideology of Terrorism","authors":"D. Cook","doi":"10.1080/14690760903119100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903119100","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Contemporary jihad is the lineal descendant of classical jihad theory as modified by contemporary radical Islam. It has expressions in both Sunni and Shiʿite Islam, but differs from the classical material in that the targets allowable for jihad are not states but smaller groups or even individuals. The article traces the history of this development.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116896358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political Islam as a Forum of Religious Fundamentalism and the Religionisation of Politics: Islamism and the Quest for a Remaking of the World","authors":"B. Tibi","doi":"10.1080/14690760903141898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903141898","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present essay aims to provide some basic guidelines for needed terminological and methodological clarifications in the study of political Islam. These clarifications will hopefully counteract the prevailing confusion, both in comprehending and dealing with the politicisation of religion in Islam. The article also serves as a stage‐setting contribution to this present special issue of TMPR.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125855563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islamist Movements and Shari‘a Reasoning","authors":"John Kelsay","doi":"10.1080/14690760903192065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903192065","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Islamist appeals to the authority of al‐shari‘a, one of the primary referents for practical judgment in Muslim tradition, present scholars with a significant challenge. Attention to such appeals helps in the identifications of the Islamists’ political goals. As well, such appeals point to the deep historical roots of the Islamist programme. Yet Islamists make a number of innovations in shari‘a reasoning, even as they appeal to its authority. This is particularly so with respect to judgments related to the conduct of war. This contradiction suggests an important weakness in the intellectual aspect of the Islamist programme, to which scholars and policymakers ought to attend.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133326984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Search of Philosopher‐Jihadis: Abu Muhammad al‐Maqdisi’s Jihadi Philosophy","authors":"N. Lahoud","doi":"10.1080/14690760903192057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903192057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines Abu Muhammad al‐Maqdisi’s imprint on the intellectual capital of jihadism. It explores al‐Maqdisi’s religious teachings, his emphasis on the ‘Religion/Community of Abraham’ as a model for believers and focuses on the meanings he ascribes to tawhid and the blurry unresolved boundaries between tawhid and takfir. In light of claims that al‐Maqdisi has reneged on the jihadi principles he once espoused, this article examines earlier and more recent writings by al‐Maqdisi and argues that such claims are not well‐founded. It contends that underlying al‐Maqdisi’s teachings is a vision of establishing an idealistic community of learned believers, who are as proficient in Islamic law as they are adept on the battlefield. Accordingly, al‐Maqdisi, like other idealist thinkers, has been entrapped by his idealism especially as jihadis seek to translate his vision into reality.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128802974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islamism and the West: Europe as a Battlefield","authors":"Lorenzo Vidino","doi":"10.1080/14690760903192081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903192081","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While commentators have focused their attention almost exclusively on terrorism, the presence of radical Islam in Europe is extremely complex and multifaceted. European jihadists, a few thousand individuals scattered throughout the continent who openly challenge the societies they live in, unquestionably pose an imminent security threat, but other Islamist groups and movements, while not adopting violent means, pose an equally significant if not a greater threat to Europe, albeit one of a different nature. After examining the history, development, and modus operandi of the jihadists, the article analyses the characteristics of two other Islamist movements operating in the European arena. One is Hizb al‐Tahrir, a group that openly opposes any system of government not based on the shariʿa, but does not presently advocate ‘offensive’ jihad to further its goal of creating a global Islamic state. The other is composed of the networks that trace their roots to the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist groups that, while publicly purporting to support democracy and the integration of Muslim communities within the European mainstream, quietly work to radicalise Europe’s Muslim population.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116802278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rejoinder to Ana Soage","authors":"M. Mozaffari","doi":"10.1080/14690760903142235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903142235","url":null,"abstract":"Ana Soage’s response to my article is mostly an unwilling confirmation of my arguments. The main thesis of my article is that there exists a remarkable historical parallel between the rise of Bolshevism (1917), Fascism (1922) and Nazism (from the beginning of the 1920s) on one side and the rise of Islamism (1928) on the other. These four totalitarian movements all became main political actors as a result of World War I and the subsequent fall of four empires. This is a fact and a historical event, not a fiction. Soage’s statement that ‘Hasan al-Bann[ amacr ] ’s ideology had a strong fascist undertone’ is fully correct and goes in exactly the same direction as my argumentation. Soage ‘believes’ that al-Bann[ amacr ] ’s ideology ‘was imported from Europe, and not a spontaneous reaction to the end of the Caliphate’. Everybody is free to ‘believe’ what he/she wants. We are talking about facts and the connection between facts. The Caliphate was abolished in 1924, al-Bann[ amacr ] created the Muslim Brotherhood in 1928, Rashid Rida’s book on the Caliphate was published precisely when the institution of the Caliphate was gravely shaken and Mawdudi became engaged in the ‘Caliphate movement’ during the same period. Despite all these facts, Soage ‘believes’ that there is absolutely no relation between these events! Both Rida and Mawdudi are surprisingly omitted in Soage’s comments. Soage is not happy with my statement about Islamists’ dream of the reproduction of the Medina model under the Prophet Muhammad. Instead, she is of the opinion that al-Bann[ amacr ] ‘believed that parliamentary democracy was compatible with Islam – he even argued in one of his epistles that it was the closest to Islam of all modern political systems’. Is this pro-democratic al-Bann[ amacr ] the same al-Bann[ amacr ]","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129241543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"David Lane and the Fourteen Words","authors":"G. Michael","doi":"10.1080/14690760903067986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903067986","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although a relatively obscure figure, the late David Lane had a major impact on the ideology of the global white power movement. His ‘14 words’ credo – ‘We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children’ – became a call for action for racial activists around the globe. Imprisoned for over twenty years for his involvement in a terrorist group called ‘The Order’, Lane was considered by many as the movement’s most prominent ‘POW’. His tracts on race, revolution and Norse neo‐paganism had a major influence on the extreme Right both in the Unites States and abroad.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126055821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Europe East and West","authors":"R. Pyrah","doi":"10.1080/14690760903068026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903068026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129929680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Mehdi Mozaffari’s “The Rise of Islamism in the Light of European Totalitarianism”","authors":"Ana Belén Soage","doi":"10.1080/14690760903067978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760903067978","url":null,"abstract":"Mehdi Mozaffari’s article advances the hypothesis that Islamism, like the European interwar totalitarianisms, was an indirect consequence of the First World War and the collapse of the great empires. An intriguing hypothesis, if rather deterministic and reductionist. Unfortunately, I believe, the facts do not support Mozaffari’s conclusions. Although I agree that Hasan al-Bann[ amacr ] ’s ideology had a strong fascist undertone, I believe that it was imported from Europe, and not a spontaneous reaction to the end of the Caliphate. As I have shown elsewhere,1 the Muslim Brothers’ Society was not set up as a political organisation but became gradually politicised in the 1930s. Fascism was considered the revitalising ideology Egypt needed, and both the palace and other political organisations – notably Misr al-Fatat – were admirers of the Italian and German regimes, which were perceived as having successfully restored their nations’ honour and international standing. I also disagree with some of the author’s factual claims. I am not a sociologist, but I believe that Weber’s quote on the ‘disenchantment of the world’ (pp. 4–5) referred to the fact that science and rationalism had become able to explain the world, which therefore was not ‘a mystery’ anymore. Can the term really be understood as ‘an observation of the anomic conditions of post-1918 modernity’? On the other hand, when did Hasan al-Bann[ amacr ] study Spengler, Spencer and Toynbee? (p. 5) He trained to be a primary schoolteacher, and mentions Spencer’s “Essays on Education” in one of his epistles (Risalat al-‘aqa’id), but that does not mean that he knew about Spencer’s other works. In addition, as far as I am aware, he never referred to Spengler and Toynbee, who are the authors Mozaffari actually quotes to make his point. I do not agree that for Islamists ‘the future is nothing but the reproduction in modern conditions of the sublime model which must be re-constructed as close to the original model as possible’ (p. 8). Most Islamists, including al-Bann[ amacr ] , believe that although the texts – the Koran and the Sunna – are eternally valid, Muslims must use ijtihad (independent reasoning) for their adaptation to specific circumstances.2 Al-Bann[ amacr ] believed that parliamentary democracy was compatible with Islam – he even argued in one of his epistles that it was the closest to Islam of all modern political systems.3 Only some marginal groups – notably the small and sect-like al-Takfir wa-l-Hijra – sought to literally reproduce the state established by the prophet.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132762794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}