Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions最新文献

{"title":"Female Icons of the Zionist Movement: The Making of a National Heroine in Israel","authors":"J. Baumel-Schwartz","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546083","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The role of women in the Zionist heroic narrative has long been an issue of debate between those viewing them as equal partners in an emerging socialist state v.s others who equate them primarily with the task of national reproduction on the biological and cultural levels. This article claims that the ultimate template of a Zionist heroine must only include elements which are suitable for mythologizing and consequently for national reproductions. As women are conduits for national reproduction, the female heroic images that construct the basis for their national identity must be nationally and morally above all reproach. In order to investigate this claim the article analyzes the stories of four Zionist heroines, one sectoral, another local, a third grassroots and a fourth national, all of whom became part of the Zionist pantheon during different periods. By analyzing how their gendered images were presented to the public through the agents of national memory, and the amount of re‐writing that their personal histories necessitated, I will expand upon the gendered components of their heroic myths as presented in these frameworks, and the various implications of this gendering in view of their role of reproducers of the Zionist identity.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114375758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘New Vulnerabilities’ of Muslim Women in the Age of Terror: The Case of the Red Mosque Siege in Islamabad, Pakistan","authors":"M. Aslam","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546116","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract I introduce the notion ‘new vulnerabilities’ mainly to represent post 9/11 dilemmas faced by women (in this instance, Muslim women), and propose wider recognition and analysis of ‘new vulnerabilities’ within development and gender studies. Militant or jihadist Islamism has become a critical element in the contemporary political and sociological milieu, influencing individual and collective human life as never before. I warn that Muslim women's political agency is being increasingly co‐opted towards militant Islamism, at times getting subsumed under terrorism. By deliberating upon the case of Jami'a Hafsa, Islamabad (2007), I have pushed for a need to understand the nature and trajectory of Muslim women's political agency and recognize the regrettable turn it has taken. I maintain that enabling Muslim women to own, define and appropriate their agency for achieving goals that are progressive, and centre around principles of human development and pacifism, is far more important than favouring their proxy acts in militant Islamism, and terrorism in the name of women's agentic potential. In contemporary Muslim societies, there is an urgent need to reclaim the role of women's political agency as contemplated within the realms of human development.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116692151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sacred and the Sacrilegious: Exploring Women's ‘Politics’ and ‘Agency’ in Radical Religious Movements in South Asia","authors":"Swati Parashar","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues that women's engagements with any religio‐political movement, although often de‐legitimised and silenced in hegemonic discourses and usually devoid of any reformist or feminist agenda, paradoxically, not only legitimise the movement and give it a mass base but also provide women with opportunities, ‘agency’ and access to public spaces. Any discourse that inscribes ‘victimhood’ on these women and that labels them as mere agents of patriarchy fails to capture the complicated nature of ‘agency’ and ‘empowerment’ and the gamut of politics and activism that women engage in, and is at best reductionist. I use examples of women's participation in three specific militant religio‐political movements in India and Pakistan to illustrate my arguments. I conclude with a discussion on the importance of pushing the boundaries of feminist research to recognise and further unpack and complicate the ambivalent and often paradoxical nature of ‘agency’ and ‘resistance’ demonstrated by women actively participating in, and, enthusiastically reinstating a patriarchal agenda.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116686790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political Religion and Politicized Women in Turkey: Hegemonic Republicanism Revisited","authors":"Hande Eslen‐Ziya, U. Korkut","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546088","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since its establishment in 1923, the Republic of Turkey has assumed a sacred character, owing primarily to the influence of republicanism, the country’s dominant political religion. Processes of modernization, inherent in republicanism, became the main instigators for the improvement of women’s rights in Turkey from the 1920s and 1930s onwards. However, thanks to the subsequent Europeanization process in Turkey, coinciding with the new millennium, modernization has acquired new meanings. The new interpretations of modernization, do not necessarily support the dominant political religion in Turkey. Gender policy is a crucial area to gauge how modernization and republicanism clash and/or converge with each other. This article comprehensively examines how, very recently, the demands of gender rights activists have accentuated differences between republicanism and modernization. We argue that the schism among womens’ groups in the public sphere regarding rights has been important for triggering debate and questioning the ongoing salience of republicanism. The article contributes to literature on political religions by suggesting that the sacralization of the republic, driven by Turkish nation‐building processes in our case, may be hampered by the process of modernization once this process becomes autonomous from sacralization and generates its own momentum.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128170170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women, Muscular Nationalism and Hinduism in India: Roop Kanwar and the Fire Protests","authors":"Sikata Banerjee","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546085","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article unpacks the manner in which women/womanhood circulates within an uniquely Hindu interpretation of a particular gendered vision of nation that I term ‘muscular nationalism’. Muscular nationalism centres the values of martial prowess, physical strength, moral fortitude and the readiness to go to battle against groups defined as enemies of the nation. Further, these values are most frequently expressed by a male body. The relationship between women/womanhood and muscular nationalism is dynamic. This nation as woman can take multiple forms; it can be imagined as powerful mother or vulnerable virgin or warrior goddess. Whether mother or virgin or goddess, chastity and purity are important components of this imagination and nation as woman impacts real women’s lives through ideas of honour. In muscular nationalism this focus on the purity and chastity of female bodies stems from their role as border guards. By border guards I mean the notion that the boundaries separating ‘we the people’ from ‘them’ are represented by chaste women’s bodies. Put another way, this line of thinking argues that our women are chaste and pure, yours are not. This is the difference that separates our nation from yours. Women’s role as border guards requires that their purity be vigilantly guarded. The story of women/womanhood in Hindutva or Hindu muscular nationalism which unfolds in this essay is rooted in the assumptions described above. By drawing on interviews with women in the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Sevika Samiti – with reference to women’s involvement in the Bharatiya Janata Party, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the Shiv Sena – this paper contextualizes the role of women in Hindutva. Then it goes on to unpack the 1987 immolation of Roop Kanwar as well as cultural protests against Deepa Mehta’s film Fire to illustrate the contested location of female bodies in this ideology. This analysis indicates that many women are certainly politically active in Hindu muscular nationalism; however, the vision of femininity driving the discourse around Roop Kanwar and the resistance against Fire reveals the limitations of an activism embedded in a context of a rigid expectation of female chastity and virtue.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127267962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Piety of Public Participation: The Revolutionary Muslim Woman in the Islamic Republic of Iran","authors":"Rochelle Terman","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ‘woman question’ played a central role in the rhetoric and debates surrounding the Islamic Revolution in Iran, yet the precise outcome of the woman question is still debated. While some scholars argue that the revolution has repressed women by forcing them into traditional roles, others argue that the revolution has liberated women by mobilising them in the public sphere. This article claims that the revolution tried to create a female subject who was simultaneously pious and politically active, and that the creation of this particular subjectivity exceeds and defies the categories and dichotomies of earlier scholars. To make this claim, the article utilises both an intellectual history of ‘the woman question’ and the interpretivist trends of women themselves, showing how the ideal, revolutionary Islamist women was discursively produced and enforced. This unique subjectivity gives rise to a productive tension in that women are using this new identity to act in ways that are both beyond and contrary to what the Islamist regime initially anticipated. In this way, the subjectivity has destabilised so‐called Islamic norms as well as the legitimacy of the regime itself.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131159363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liberating Women with Islam? The Islamists and Women's Issues in Jordan","authors":"Ibtesam Alatiyat, H. Barari","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The question of where Jordanian Islamists stand on women's rights has generated a great deal of attention over the past few years. An analysis of recent shifts in gender relations and hierarchies within the Jordanian Islamic movement (namely the Muslim Brothers and their political wing the Islamic Action Front and the Islamic Centrist Party) reveals that over the past three decades their views on women's rights have shifted towards embracing a much wider and more visible participation of women in the public space and within the movement itself. This suggests that engaging Islamists in political processes helps a great deal in ‘detraditionalizing’ them. However, since 2003, the women's movement, supported by the Jordanian government, has aggressively promoted a CEDAW‐based discourse on rights that has challenged the Islamists to develop a more explicit discourse on women's rights. The new discourse is distinct in being promoted by women as well as men of the movement. This discourse is not entirely consistent with the above‐stated shifts and reveals a rejection of the body of rights suggested by CEDAW. Our analysis of the reaction to the CEDAW‐based discourse on women's rights shows that the Islamists base their opposition to CEDAW on an argument which states that Islam is concerned with justice rather than equality, yet this argument has not been consistently applied across a number of different issue areas, undermining the position of Islamists with regard to women's rights. The overall conclusion of the analysis is that definite change has occurred with regard to the role and status of women in Jordanian society through the activities of the women's movement and efforts to politically engage Islamists on this issue. Yet these changes remain precarious, as the views of Islamist political parties continue to border on traditionalism.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130424462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Political Islam Impede Gender‐Based Mobilization? The Case of Egypt","authors":"R. El-Mahdi","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546114","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Does political Islam impede gender‐based mobilization? An affirmative answer to this question is held by many scholars and feminist activists alike. From the Taliban in Afghanistan to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, the various political Islamist organizations spreading throughout the South are often cited as anti‐gender mobilization, if not anti‐women altogether. The widespread and exponential support of political Islamism in the South, coupled with the decline of non‐religious‐based women's movements, warrants an examination of this assumed correlation. Using Egypt as a primary site of investigation, this paper argues that this correlation is spurious, if not ideologically biased and ahistorical. Looking at a recent initiative for building a non‐religious‐based women's movement in Egypt – ‘Women for Democracy’ – as a microcosm, this article argues that the lack of such movements in the South should be understood through a historical–structural analysis of post‐colonial state–society relations, in addition to agency‐related factors of professed ‘feminists’ in these countries.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122881224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islamist Moderation and the Resilience of Gender: Turkey's Persistent Paradox","authors":"Gamze Çavdar","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546111","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As Islamists engage in ideological moderation, they tend to move away from doctrinaire positions on the economy and foreign policy. However, this activity is less apparent with respect to issues regarding women. What explains this variation? Using the Justice and Development Party (JDP) of Turkey as a case study, this essay discusses how and why Islamist groups characteristically resist moderation concerning gender, contending that this resilience stems from three inter‐related factors. First, women have become the symbol of Islamist movements, making gender more resistant to change as opposed to peripheral issues. Second, the JDP seems to have interests in portraying itself as resistant to change since it strategically uses this conservatism to keep in touch with its traditional base. Third, a patriarchal party structure places male values and interests above those of females and reconstructs femininity as pertaining to family by making references to religious texts, custom and tradition. Although playing a crucial role in mobilizing the constituency, women have been systematically excluded from decision‐making mechanisms of their party and their activities have been confined to separate auxiliary organizations called Women's Branches.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127422044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agents of Defiance and Despair: The Impact of Islamic Resistance on Palestinian Women in the West Bank and Gaza Strip","authors":"M. Holt","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In their struggle against the Israeli military occupation of their land and control over all aspects of their lives, Palestinian women in the West Bank and Gaza Strip have exhibited both despair and defiance. Their despair stems from rising levels of poverty, violence and hopelessness; women are constrained not only by Israeli Occupation policies but also as a result of some of the patriarchal traditions of their own society. Yet they remain defiant and many women are now choosing to express their defiance through Islamic resistance, in terms of social activism, political expression and even militant action. My essay, based on fieldwork carried out in 2001 and 2007, explores women's dilemmas by way of their own narratives and concludes that the Islamic resistance is creating a ‘new vision of modernity’ for women as well as men in the Palestinian territories.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130112407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}