Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions最新文献

{"title":"‘To Enjoin Virtue and Restrain Vice’: Modernizing Discourses and Engendered Traditions in Pakistan’s Jama’at‐e‐Islami","authors":"Amina Jamal","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546110","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A Quranic tradition related to moral disciplining of errant Muslims drives many projects of Islamic reform and has become central to the debates about gender and women’s human rights that have emerged in many Muslim‐majority and Islamic nation‐states. I argue that the reconceptualizing of amr bi’l ma’ruf wa nahi ‘anil munkar by the Jamaat‐e‐Islami marks a new space in Pakistani society for the fusing of modern citizenship and religious agency. I suggest that this space has enabled particular modes of public participation for women members of the Jama’at‐e‐Islami who have become strident critics of the feminist women’s movement in Pakistan. My engagement with ‘promoting good and forbidding evil’ is impelled by authoritative scholarly interventions that represent this tradition as an alternative ground for gendered religious agency to secular (feminist) concepts of the modern subject.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130543320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Limits of Admittance and Diversity in Iraqi Kurdistan: Femininity and the Body of Du'a Khalil","authors":"S. Phelps","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.546119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.546119","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Concerns of racial, ethnic and religious divisions and establishing a culture whereby people from diverse backgrounds can live together in peace are central issues within discourses and representations of Iraq today. The violent clashes between Yezidi and Muslims in Northern Iraq during 2007 bespeak the limits of tolerance and commitment toward living together with a respect for each other's differences that upholds the right to preserve and practice these. This violence gives voice to the terrifying and extreme consequences of the breakdown in peace between different people who occupy the same geographical space. Generally perceived as inflamed by the brutal killing of Yezidi teenager Du'a Khalil, this breakdown in the erstwhile – albeit short‐term – peace between Muslims and Yezidi undoubtedly concerns issues of the increasing politicisation of religion, sectarian and ethnic divisions, feminine sexuality and the boundaries of community. Sacrificed for the honour of her family, for some Du'a is the victim of ancient religious or tribal traditions, the brutality of the barbaric and an unthinkable human rights violation. 1 For others Du'a is a traitor to her family, to her community and to her religion. This article discusses the ways in which feminine embodiment signals the most valued possession and at the same time presents as the greatest threat to community. Paradoxically, as compellingly expressed by Rey Chow, the site of feminine difference both ensures divisions between diverse peoples and signals the potential erasure of these. 1Sanchita Hosali (ed.) Selected International Human Rights Materials Addressing ‘Crimes of Honour’ CIMEL/Interights Project on Strategies to Address ‘Crimes of Honour’ (2003). http://www.soas.ac.uk/honourcrimes.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131004655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalisation, Religion and Secularisation – Different States, Same Trajectories?","authors":"J. Haynes, G. Ben-Porat","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511464","url":null,"abstract":"Taylor and Francis FTMP_A_511464.sgm 10.1080/14690764.2010.511464 otalitarian Movements and Political Religions 469-0764 (pri t)/1743-9647 (online) Introduction 2 10 & Francis 1 0 0 002010 Professor Jeff eyHay es jeff.haynes@londonm t. c.uk Around the world in countries at varying levels of development and different political systems, existing religion-state arrangements are challenged by changes associated with globalisation, including, inter alia, economic liberalisation, democratisation and the spread of human rights concerns. States and societies, many of which had previously seen themselves as rather homogenous, are now challenged by various cross-border flows associated with globalisation, that individually and collectively affect everyday life, as well as social and political structures. For example, immigrants bring with them religious beliefs and traditions that may challenge local ways of life, both religious and secular. In addition, economic liberalisation and increased consumer choice as a result of globalisation may also encourage apparent contradictions in traditional religious mores and norms and, as a result, can undermine or confront religious leaders and authorities. Further, changes associated with globalisation, and the reactions they evoke, may stimulate or encourage conflicts of various kinds in different states, both democratic and non-democratic, and pose significant political challenges to incumbent governments. The aim of this special issue is two-fold. First, in the context of globalisation, the goal is to understand emerging global–local interactions between the religious and the secular in various countries. Second, specifically, the objective is to examine the social and political consequences of the interactions in a number of Muslim countries in various parts of the world (Bangladesh, Morocco, Pakistan, Tunisia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates) and non-Muslim states with significant Muslim minority populations (Bosnia and France). The special issue concentrates on both Muslim countries and on minority Muslim population in non-Muslim countries because they provide a useful focal point for the various impacts of current globalisation.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116601579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reforming the Family Code in Tunisia and Morocco – the Struggle between Religion, Globalisation and Democracy","authors":"E. Dalmasso, F. Cavatorta","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511462","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is no doubt that one of the most contentious terrains of contestation in the supposed clash of values between Islamism and western values is the role of women in society. Thus, the issue of women's rights has become the litmus test for Arab societies with respect to the current zeitgeist of human rights in the age of democracy and liberalism. There is today a stereotypical view of debates surrounding women's rights in the Arab world where two distinct camps are in conflict with each other. On the one hand there are ‘globalised’ liberal and secular actors that strive for women's rights and therefore democracy, while on the other are obscurantist movements that are anchored in religious tradition, resist globalisation and are therefore autocratic by assumption. This article challenges this view and through an empirical study of the changes to the Code of Personal Status in Tunisia and Morocco it demonstrates that the issue of women's rights is far more complex and, in particular, it finds that there is a very significant decoupling between women's rights and democracy in the region, despite a progressive liberal shift in the gender equality agenda.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129797007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Democratisation in the Middle East and North Africa: What is the Effect of Globalisation?","authors":"J. Haynes","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511463","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Is ‘Islam’ inherently un‐ or anti‐democratic? Is the fact that Islam is the majority religion in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) sufficient explanation as to why the region exhibits a decided lack of democracy? How, if at all, does globalisation affect democratisation in the MENA? To examine these issues, the article is divided into the following sections. After a brief introductory section, the second section turns to an examination of how Islam and globalisation interact in the MENA. The third section examines how globalisation offers both challenges and opportunities for Islam. The fourth section is concerned with western perceptions of Islam before and after 11 September 2001. The fifth section looks at Islam and democratisation in the MENA and traces the impact of globalisation. The overall conclusion is that globalisation – with its material and non‐material characteristics – does not have a great impact on democratisation outcomes in the MENA. This is mainly because the external factors collected under the rubric of globalisation are ultimately less influential in MENA countries which have highly influential sets of domestic factors that reflect long periods of internal social, cultural and political development.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"67 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128670742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Religious versus Secular Groups in the Age of Globalisation in Turkey","authors":"Filiz Başkan","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511458","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the post‐1980 period, the rise of the Justice and Development Party to power in 2002, increasing visibility of Islamic symbols like the use of the headscarf in the cultural field and the growth of Islamic businesses and markets in the economic field, have all caused anxiety among secular groups in Turkey, concerned that it will lose its economic and social status. This resentment has led to a fierce struggle among secular and religious groups both at state and societal levels. Therefore, during the post‐1980 period the struggle between religious and secular actors in Turkey has turned into a struggle between two rival middle classes. This article examines the influence of globalisation on both religious and secular groups and concludes that the Islamic middle class has benefited from globalisation to increase its influence in the social, economic and political realms. However, upon the growing visibility of Islamic actors, the secular middle class feel that they will lose their secular lifestyle so they have tried to demonstrate their determination to defend it.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114207241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Curious Case of Secularism in Bangladesh: What is the Relevance For The Muslim Majority Democracies?","authors":"Habibul Haque Khondker","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.512743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.512743","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bangladesh, the second largest Muslim democracy in the world, presents an interesting case study of a secular state for Muslim majority countries in other parts of the world. Bangladesh presents the hope that, in theory, a Muslim majority developing country can have a functional democracy. Nevertheless, the temptation of using religion for political ends remains ever present. Secularism was one of the four tenets in Bangladesh's Constitution of 1972. However, with a changing political situation at home and the appearance of political Islam abroad, the secular basis became increasingly problematic. The article examines tensions between secularist and Islamist forces in Bangladesh over time. It asks the question to what extent, if at all, the ‘Bangladesh model’ is relevant for other Muslim majority countries trying to democratise.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114529748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalisation, Religion and State Formation in the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan","authors":"K. Christie","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are very few studies that have compared the UAE and Pakistan. This is surprising, given that these states enjoy close relations, while having distinctive differences. This article attempts to elucidate a clear theory of state formation in the political and historical routes to modernity and identity in post‐colonial states with specific reference to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Pakistan, and with particular focus on the influence of religion (Islam) in state formation. What kinds of factors are most important to explain outcomes? The article emphasises the lessons that can be learned from a successful state (like the UAE) for a less successful state (like Pakistan) that is continually undermined by both factionalism and religious/tribal formations. Although I stop short of calling Pakistan a ‘failed’ state, I do examine the serious problems and dilemmas the government has faced – and continues to confront – in seeking to build the rule of law and control its territory. The differences between UAE and Pakistan have not been resolved in the context of both modernisation and globalisation. I conclude that, largely as a result of the impact of modernisation and globalisation, secularisation – the public decline of religiosity – has resulted in a far more successful state in the UAE than in Pakistan. This article explains: (1) why this is the case; and (2) under what conditions it has taken place. The comparative historical aspects of this account hopefully lead to a fuller understanding of: (1) state formation and development in both countries; and (2) the role of religion in this context.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128816847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary Laïcité: Setting the Terms of a New Social Contract? The Slow Exclusion of Women Wearing Headscarves","authors":"Amélie Barras","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511457","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over recent decades, France has had to deal with the growing presence of immigrants from its ex‐colonies – a phenomenon that has been affecting many former colonial powers and accentuated by globalisation. Starting in the late 1980s, this presence translated itself, among other things, through an increased visibility of Islam. For instance, numbers of second‐ and third‐generation Muslim women, primarily of North African origin, have been expressing their religiosity by wearing a headscarf in the public sphere. Many members of the French state and society have perceived this as a threat to the secular settlement, as they understand the headscarf to be a sign indicating that the believer's first allegiance does not lie with the secular nation state, but with God and with a religious community (the ummah) that transcends national borders. This article argues that the headscarf controversy in France has been a way for the French secular state and elites to reinforce a certain exclusive understanding of laïcité (secularism), as being more than a legal principle, which symbolises an ethic of collective life. This ethic succeeds in becoming stronger and more tangible because it is able to convey a sense of who can be included, and who has to be excluded from collective life. In this case women wearing headscarves have been identified as incapable of protecting and fostering Republican values while, in addition, also representing an external threat. They have therefore been slowly excluded from partaking in the activities of the polis, and deprived from enjoying their full citizenship rights' and duties. To conduct this investigation, the article takes the March 2004 law banning visible religious symbols in public schools as a starting point, and analyses how from then onwards petitions, law proposals and governmental reports have recommended, in the name of laïcité, excluding headscarf wearers from a variety of public spaces.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128165225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalisation and Islam in Bosnia: Foreign Influences and their Effects","authors":"Harun Karčić","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.511467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.511467","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The joint impact of the collapse of communism, war and globalisation resulted in new Islamic ideas reaching Bosnia and Herzegovina from central Muslim lands. These ideas spread during the chaotic war years and some have managed to challenge the official Islamic community and its monopoly over the interpretation of Islam. This article identifies the three main foreign factors currently active in Bosnia and looks at how they made their way to Bosnia, how they work, and how they have managed to provide alternative Islamic teachings. Finally, this article also looks at how Bosnian Muslim intellectuals and the Islamic community have reacted to such challenges.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116055236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}