{"title":"Italian Fascism, Messianic Eschatology and the Representation of Libya","authors":"C. Burdett","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499667","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Taking its starting point from the work of John Gray on the continuation of religious categories of thought in the mass movements of modernity, the article considers the strand of Messianic utopianism within Italian Fascism and its effect upon the representation of the country’s largest colony, Libya. It considers the ways in which those who wrote on Libya in the 1930s – government officials, figures within the military, well‐known commentators and journalists – participated within a discourse that was dominated by eschatological thought, by the notion of an established order rapidly coming to an end so as to give way to a radically new order. It considers how those who were involved in the process of colonisation wrote about their experience of time and how they considered the Fascist attempt to reform human consciousness. The concluding part of the essay explores the relation, within the writing of Italian officials and observers, between the expectation of utopia and the justification of the use of terror to suppress opposition to the new order that Fascism promised.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121578364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"First World War Soldiers in the Inter‐War Hungarian Parliament","authors":"Thomas Lorman","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499673","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines how the entry of former First World War veterans into the inter‐war Hungarian parliament shaped the ideological tendencies of the parties represented in that institution. On the basis of research into the biographies of every MP elected to Hungary’s parliament between 1920 and 1939, it considers whether the shifting proportions of veterans within the various parliamentary fractions and the parliament as a whole reflected and influenced the ideologies both of the groups they joined as well as of the wider parliament. It concludes that veterans were more strongly represented in the parliamentary fractions of rightist parties and that the dramatic increase of veterans into parliament during the 1930s coincided with a ‘turn to the Right’ in Hungarian parliamentary politics. Overall, this study provides evidence that in Hungary, as elsewhere in Western Europe, First World War veterans were radicalised by their experiences in the war and gravitated towards more extremist parties and ideologies, especially the parties of the right.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126377413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Politics of Secularism in International Relations","authors":"James G. Mellon","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499680","url":null,"abstract":"the Uniate Church, which was established in 1699, recognised the primacy of religious jurisdiction of Rome over Constantinople’. The Habsburgs are completely forgotten, and from this chapter one can get the idea that the Uniate Church is not such an artificial creature of political power, as suggested on page 14. A better review could have easily fixed all these drawbacks. The Uniate Church is not the only church whose description is spoiled by mistakes: on page 14, the Georgian Orthodox Church is listed among the Orthodox churches ‘incorporated under Russian jurisdiction’ in the Soviet era. Actually, the Georgian Patriarchate, re-established in 1917, was the only Orthodox authority within the Soviet borders to be (theoretically) autonomous from the Moscow Patriarchate. Another false statement is made on page 183, when, reporting the visit that Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia paid to Romania in 1964, Leustean claims that ‘Ethiopia was the only Orthodox Country in Africa’. The most important Church in Ethiopia is actually labelled as ‘Orthodox’, but it is not in ecclesiastical communion with the Orthodox churches, nor with the Romanian one. Being a pre-Chalcedonian church, the Ethiopian Church is rather in communion with the Coptic Church of Egypt, the Armenian Church and some other lesser-known churches of the Middle East. Despite of these shortcomings, however, Orthodoxy and the Cold War is a valuable work, well documented and well written. It provides an important contribution to the study of the contemporary history of Romania as well as of religious life under Communism.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124029363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machiavellian Hindutva Untamed","authors":"N. Mohkamsing","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499674","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131904624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"At the Roots of the New Right‐Wing Extremism in Portugal: The National Action Movement (1985–1991)","authors":"Riccardo Marchi","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499670","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the mid‐1980s, the Portuguese Radical Right has deeply changed its political beliefs. The traditional radical right that emerged from the authoritarian regime and was characterised by the ‘multiracial and pluri‐continental imperial myth’ has been replaced by a new radical right showing an ethno‐nationalist political identity. This change was played, for the first time, by the Movimento de Acção Nacional [MAN, National Action Movement]: a radical group founded in 1985. MAN introduced the political speech and militancy typical of the more extreme European groupuscular rights in Portugal, fusing both the ultra‐nationalism of the old radical right and the neo‐Nazi racism of the skinhead subculture. The attention given to MAN’s growing activism by Portuguese media and judicial authorities made it the most important radical right movement in contemporary Portugal after the transition to democracy.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"774 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131358716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radicalism as Political Religion? The Case of Vera Figner","authors":"Stephan Rindlisbacher","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499672","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Vera Figner was a leading member of the Russian terrorist group Narodnaia Volia [People’s Will] in the late 1870s and early 1880s. In her biography one can trace what Eric Voegelin and Emilio Gentile called ‘political religion’. They argue that such a political religion is a basic component of mass mobilisation and also plays an important role in the exerting of political violence in totalitarian states in the twentieth century. Vera Figner and her comrades shared a deep belief in the ‘Russian people’ as a sacralised secular entity. Because of their ascetic conduct of life within the group, they considered themselves as ‘moral elite’ (virtuosi), able to lead the ‘people’ to a better future. Within the ‘political sect’ of Narodnaia Volia the unconditional submission to the authority of the Executive Committee and the resultant political violence against the regime became means to the revolutionary end. Vera Figner continued uncompromisingly in her struggle against the tsarist regime, even after it became clear that there was obviously no chance of success. In her view she had either to prevail or perish for her ‘faith’.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132333774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania 1947–65","authors":"F. La Rocca","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128624018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political Islam, World Politics and Europe: Democratic Peace and Euro‐Islam versus Global Jihad","authors":"K. Christie","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499676","url":null,"abstract":"One idea that stretches throughout this book and was mentioned in the opening sentence is that, among the many political systems that died and were never resurrected, only democracy and the Islamic state are living their rebirths. This would, on first glance, have a positive sense, but throughout the book there is an evident tendency to superimpose democracy as a yardstick. Here we might ask: who sets that standard? If only democracy and the Islamic state are reemerging, does that not mean that democracy might have a contesting partner? One can immediately notice a vast space for argument here. Indeed, answering such, and many similar questions, would have taken away from the main theme of the book, which could more precisely be stated as ‘How will the reemerging Islamic state differ from its predecessor?’ This explains the author’s choice on not wanting to dilute the text with too much digression, and most certainly that precise conciseness is what keeps the book together. Also to his credit, the author has managed to skillfully present an enormous account of the historical development of Islamic law. Good knowledge and understanding of the ‘how-it-works’ of the Islamic legal system and its bearers is shown in this text. What is more important, the reader will not, in this summary that Feldman has written, be overwhelmed by a vast amount of historical references and footnotes. Although Feldman’s language in this book is approachable by any reader, his target audience is probably academicians of the social sciences. To the end, this book might be recommended to anyone interested in gaining a good understanding of the legal system in the Islamic state, but does not want to swim through a vast sea of historical documents. This book proves that not all legal analyses have to be monotonous and lengthy.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115581453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oversanctification, Autonomy and Islam in Malaysia","authors":"Julian C. H. Lee","doi":"10.1080/14690764.2010.499669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14690764.2010.499669","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article demonstrates that, contrary to the common image of Islam in Malaysia as being predominantly liberal, a conservative and authoritarian Islam frequently prevails. State‐sanctioned interventions into the minutiae of people’s daily and moral lives often take place. Drawing particularly on Cornelius Castoriadis’s idea of autonomy and Roy Rappaport’s notion of oversanctification, the author argues that such interventions may have a number of negative effects, including putting at risk the wider basis on which State and religious authority rests.","PeriodicalId":440652,"journal":{"name":"Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128916175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}