Globalisation, Religion and State Formation in the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan

Abstract

Abstract There are very few studies that have compared the UAE and Pakistan. This is surprising, given that these states enjoy close relations, while having distinctive differences. This article attempts to elucidate a clear theory of state formation in the political and historical routes to modernity and identity in post‐colonial states with specific reference to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Pakistan, and with particular focus on the influence of religion (Islam) in state formation. What kinds of factors are most important to explain outcomes? The article emphasises the lessons that can be learned from a successful state (like the UAE) for a less successful state (like Pakistan) that is continually undermined by both factionalism and religious/tribal formations. Although I stop short of calling Pakistan a ‘failed’ state, I do examine the serious problems and dilemmas the government has faced – and continues to confront – in seeking to build the rule of law and control its territory. The differences between UAE and Pakistan have not been resolved in the context of both modernisation and globalisation. I conclude that, largely as a result of the impact of modernisation and globalisation, secularisation – the public decline of religiosity – has resulted in a far more successful state in the UAE than in Pakistan. This article explains: (1) why this is the case; and (2) under what conditions it has taken place. The comparative historical aspects of this account hopefully lead to a fuller understanding of: (1) state formation and development in both countries; and (2) the role of religion in this context.