Galen Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"4D-Printed Smart Materials in Clear Aligner Fabrication: A Comprehensive Review :.","authors":"Hossein Ebrahimi, Setareh Khosravi","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contemporary dentistry is shifting from passive materials toward biocompatible alternatives with superior mechanical and chemical properties. Smart materials, capable of responding to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, moisture, light, mechanical stress, and electromagnetic or biological signals, are at the forefront of this evolution. Their integration into additive manufacturing has given rise to \"4D printing,\" where printed structures can change over time in response to environmental conditions. In orthodontics, this innovation enables the direct 3D printing of clear aligners, offering precise control over thickness, fit, and design while eliminating thermoforming steps. This results in greater geometric accuracy and workflow efficiency. This review aims to highlight the emerging role of smart materials in clear aligner therapy, focusing on their clinical potential and future applications within the evolving landscape of digital orthodontic.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3918"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Unilateral Maxillary Premolar Extraction on Smile Aesthetics: A Retrospective Study :.","authors":"Seyed Moahammad Reza Safavi, Anahita Dehghani Soltani, Saeed Reza Motamedian, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban, Samin Ghaffari","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.4002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.4002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unilateral maxillary premolar extraction (UMPE) has been recommended for the orthodontic treatment of specific dental asymmetries. This study has aimed to compare the extraction side and non-extraction side within the same patient to assess the impact of UMPE on specific dental and aesthetic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this retrospective investigation at department of orthodontics, school of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), post treatment documents of 40 patients, who underwent UMPE in their completed orthodontic treatments, were selected. Upper dental midline, smile arc and number of visible teeth in final smile photographs was assessed. Evaluations were analyzed using SPSS 18.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses showed a positional deviation of upper dental midline in 90% of patients by average of 1.0±0.5 mm, the angular deviation of dental midline in 87.5% of patients toward the extraction side by average of 0.83°±0.27° and an elevated smile arc for 0.43 mm in extraction side. Moreover, the evaluations showed a mean of 5 and 4.52 visible teeth in the non-extraction and the extraction sides, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study showed that in the treatment with UMPE the smile indices can be end very close to absolute symmetry and the asymmetries that still exists are negligible and will not affect the aesthetic results of the treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e4002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Resin Cement Type and Thickness on Color Stability and Cement Translucency: An In-vitro Study :.","authors":"Mahmoud Sabouhi, Babak Naziri, Berahman Sabzevari, Farshad Bajoghli, Mohammadhossein Fakoor, Sarah Noorizadeh","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.4011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.4011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is widely accepted that discoloration of resin cements is a common problem, especially in translucent restorations, which causes discoloration of restoration and the need for replacement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resin cement type and thickness on color stability and cement translucency.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present in vitro study was conducted on 120 disc-shaped 5-mm samples in three thicknesses of 50, 100 and 150 microns within 12 groups using two light-cure resin cements (ultra-Bond and option 2) and two amine-free dual-cure resin cements (V5 and NX3) by silicone mold. All specimens were thermocycled under 8000 rpm and then the mean color and translucency were determined for all specimens. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thermal cycle at 8000 rpm significantly increased color change (ΔE) and decreased translucency parameter (TP) in all four resin cements (P0.001), although ΔE was clinically acceptable for all cements. (ΔE≤3.3). In addition, increased cement thickness caused an increase in ΔE and a decrease in translucency changes (ΔTP) (P0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The resin cement type and thickness had an effect on color stability and cement translucency. The light-cure cements and new dual-cure amine-free cements had clinically acceptable color stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e4011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effects of Different Surface Treatments on Shear Bond Strength of Metal Brackets Bonded to Eroded Enamel: An in Vitro Study :.","authors":"Milad Soleimani, Hengameh Banaei, Manijeh Mohammadian","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to compare the effects of different surface treatments on shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets to eroded enamel.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this in vitro study, 76 extracted premolars were immersed in Coca-Cola 4 times, each time for 2 minutes to cause enamel erosion. They were then randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=19) for surface treatment by acid etching (control), bur grinding plus acid etching, sandblasting plus acid etching, and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation plus acid etching. Metal brackets were then bonded to the buccal surface of the teeth and after thermocycling, their SBS was measured in a universal testing machine. After debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was determined under a stereomicroscope. SBS of higher than 6 was considered as optimal (Reynolds threshold).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The control group showed the highest, and the laser group showed the lowest SBS; however, the difference in SBS was not statistically significant among the four groups (P=0.35). Acid etching group had 2 cases of failure in SBS values, while other groups had none. The study groups had no significant difference in the ARI scores either (P=0.82); nonetheless, sandblasting and laser groups had the highest frequency of ARI score 3 (all adhesive remaining on the surface).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bur grinding, sandblasting, and Er:YAG laser irradiation did not significantly change the SBS of metal brackets to eroded enamel compared with acid etching alone, and all the tested methods yielded acceptable SBS values.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Two Bonding Systems on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Study :.","authors":"Hossein Ebrahimi, Zahra Amiri, Parisa Besharati Zadeh, Abbas Salehi Vaziri","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reliable bracket attachment is crucial for successful orthodontic treatment. Traditional bonding techniques utilize phosphoric acid to etch enamel by creating micromechanical retention, though this method can be technique-sensitive and time-consuming. Self-etch adhesives have been introduced to streamline this process by combining etching and priming into a single step. In this study we aimed at evaluating Transbond™ XT and Absolute2 bounding properties.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of sixteen premolars extracted recently were randomly allocated into two groups, each containing eight teeth. Metal brackets were bonded onto these teeth using either the etch-and-rinse adhesive Transbond™ XT or the self-etch adhesive Absolute2, according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Following the bonding procedure, the specimens were immersed in water for 24 hours, then subjected to 1,000 thermal cycles between temperatures of 5°C and 55°C. Finally, shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean Shear Bond Strength for Transbond™ XT was 16.03±2.54 MPa, significantly higher than 0.14 ± 0.40 MPa for Absolute2 (P=0.001). Most samples in the Absolute2 group failed before or after thermocycling, indicating insufficient bonding performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The self-etch adhesive Absolute2 demonstrated inadequate bond strength to untreated enamel for orthodontic bracket bonding. Although self-etch adhesives simplify the procedure, enamel surface preparation or improved adhesive formulations are necessary for clinically reliable adhesion. Future studies should explore novel enamel conditioning methods and hydrolytically stable adhesives to enhance bonding durability.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3940"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Effects of 0.05% Cetylpyridinium Chloride and 1% Povidone Iodine on Flexural Strength of Nickel-titanium Orthodontic Wires :.","authors":"Manijeh Mohammadian, Parisa Ghiasi, Milad Soleimani","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14iSP1.3969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study assessed the effects of 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and 1% povidone iodine (PI) on flexural strength of nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this in vitro, experimental study, 27 pieces of NiTi orthodontic wires were randomly assigned to three groups (n=9) for immersion in 0.05% CPC, 1% PI, and distilled water (control) at 37°C for 90 minutes. After immersion, the modulus of elasticity, the yield strength, the mean force during the loading and unloading phases at 0.5 mm intervals of each wire (0.5, 1, 2.5, 2, and 2.5 mm), and the flexural strength of the wires were measured by the three-point bending test. Surface topography and corrosion of the wires were also inspected under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CPC significantly increased the flexural strength of the wires (P0.05); while, the flexural strength was not significantly different in the PI and control groups (P0.05). CPC significantly increased the generated force during loading at all bending points and during unloading at 0.5- and 1-mm points (P0.05). PI increased the generated force during loading at 0.5 and 1 mm, and during unloading at 2.5 mm point (P0.05). CPC and PI had no significant effect on the yield strength in loading and unloading phases (P0.05). CPC and PI caused superficial corrosion of the wires.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CPC (0.05%) and PI (1%) increased the mean force generated during unloading of the wires, their modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3969"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12881721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Using Energy Tracing and Barrier Analysis Method in the Imaging Department of Amir al-Momenin Ali (AS) Hospital in Gerash City :.","authors":"Amir Bahardoost, Sanaz Khoramipour, Behnoosh Khoshmanesh","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.3904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hospitals are considered one of the most important institutions providing health services; given the presence of specific hazards, compliance with safety principles is of utmost importance. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the risk of existing hazards using the Energy Tracing and Barrier Analysis (ETBA) method in the imaging department.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The present study is an analytical study performed to assess the risk in the imaging department of Amir al-Momenin Ali (AS) State Hospital in Gerash in 2024. In this study, potential risks were identified using the ETBA technique and qualitatively assessed via the risk matrix (MIL-STD882E). Observation, interviews with department experts, review of documents, work instructions, technical documents of devices, layout of devices, as well as documents of the maintenance and repair unit of this department were used for data collection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 433 risks were identified, 232 of which were human-related, 167 were equipment-related and 34 were environmental-related. At the primary risk level, 13 were identified as unacceptable risks (high level) requiring immediate intervention, 281 as undesirable risks (serious level), 79 as acceptable risks with revision (medium level), and 61 as acceptable risks (low level). At the secondary risk level, once the controls were implemented, the results improved and the number of undesirable risks dropped to 18, 274 as medium level, and 141 as low level, demonstrating the effectiveness of the controls in mitigating risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, in addition to obtaining the level of risks in the hospital imaging department, the level of possible risks in each of those departments was also measured. Further, based on the existing assessment levels, control measures and suggestions were presented. They included implementing measures such as safety training, periodic inspection monitoring system, operator training, protection control, cable inspection, installation of overload alarms, improving preventive maintenance, as well as providing appropriate educational solutions to control the identified risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3904"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12825105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment with and without Glutathione and Potassium Iodide on the Micro-shear Bond Strength of CR to Primary Tooth Dentin :.","authors":"Masoumeh Khataminia, Akramsadat Emami, Leila Basir","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is widely employed to halt caries in juvenile or uncooperative children due to its antimicrobial and remineralizing properties. Despite its effectiveness, SDF causes dark discoloration of treated dentin, raising esthetic concerns. Potassium iodide (KI) and glutathione (GSH) have been proposed as adjuncts to reduce discoloration; however, their influence on subsequent adhesive bonding to primary dentin remains unclear. This study evaluated and compared the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) of composite resin (CR) to demineralized primary tooth dentin treated with SDF alone, SDF combined with KI or GSH, and untreated dentin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifty-two sound primary teeth were prepared to obtain flat mid-coronal dentin surfaces and artificially demineralized. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n=13): control (no SDF), SDF, SDF+KI, and SDF+20% GSH. After pretreatment, all samples underwent phosphoric acid etching, application of a total-etch adhesive, and restoration with CR using standardized molds. μSBS was measured with a universal testing machine operating at a crosshead displacement rate of 1 mm/min. Statistical evaluation of the data was conducted via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc comparisons, with the significance level set at 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SDF-treated groups demonstrated significantly higher μSBS values compared with the control group (P0.001). Mean bond strengths were highest for SDF alone, followed closely by SDF+KI and SDF+GSH. The data revealed no meaningful divergence in the outcomes of the three SDF-based treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pretreatment of demineralized primary dentin with SDF significantly enhanced CR bond strength. The addition of potassium iodide or glutathione did not adversely affect bonding performance, suggesting these agents may be used to reduce discoloration without compromising adhesive outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3898"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Energy and Frequency of Nanosecond Q-switched ND-YAG Laser and Chlorhexidine on Reducing the Number of Oral Streptococcus Mutans Isolates: In Vitro Study :.","authors":"Faramarz Zakavi, Nazanin Kazemi, Azita Kaviani, Mohammad Sabaeian, Mohammad Hashemzadeh","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Streptococcus mutans is a facultative anaerobic coccus that is a part of the oral flora of humans. chlorhexidine also has some side effects. Today, Nd: YAG lasers have become very popular in dentistry and are used for various types of treatment. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effects of Chlorhexidine 2% and nanosecond (Nd: YAG) laser in reducing the number of oral Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the oral cavity.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An in vitro experimental design was conducted using S. mutans ATCC 35668 cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. Bacterial suspensions were standardized to a half-McFarland turbidity and distributed in 96-well plates. The antimicrobial activity of 2% CHX was assessed via the well-diffusion method. Laser irradiation was applied at varying energies (10, 20, 30 mJ) and frequencies (5, 10 Hz). Bacterial counts and inhibition zone diameters were measured, and data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests (α=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bacterial counts decreased with increasing laser energy and frequency, with complete elimination observed at 30 mJ (both frequencies) and at 20 mJ/10 Hz. Inhibition zone diameters were largest at 30 mJ/10 Hz (8.6 ± 0.39 mm), while 2% CHX produced a slightly larger, but not statistically significant, inhibition zone (13 ± 2.9 mm vs. 11.5 ± 14.4 mm; P.05). Both laser parameters and CHX significantly reduced S. mutans populations, demonstrating comparable antimicrobial efficacy at higher laser energies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High-energy 1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser therapy effectively reduces S. mutans counts in vitro, with results comparable to 2% CHX. Laser application may serve as an alternative or adjunctive strategy for microbial control in dental treatments, particularly in cases where chemical antiseptics are limited or contraindicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3973"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Anemia, and Serum Testosterone Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Cross-sectional Study :.","authors":"Alireza Rezvani, Eshagh Javidan, Shakiba Karami, Roohollah Rahbani","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.4088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.4088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex condition that can be associated with various comorbidities, including anemia and hormonal imbalances. The relationship between COPD, anemia, and serum testosterone levels has not been thoroughly investigated. To examine the relationship between COPD, anemia, and serum testosterone levels in patients with COPD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted at Shahid Faghihi and Namazi hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, and included 43 patients with COPD who were admitted to internal medicine and emergency departments between autumn 2018 and autumn 2019. Patients were evaluated for anemia, and serum testosterone levels were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 27 males (62.8%) and 16 females (37.2%). The prevalence of anemia was 48.1% (13/27) in males and 50% (8/16) in females. Total testosterone was significantly higher in males (M=1.74, SD=1.85) compared to females (M=0.47, SD=0.69), P.001. The study found that females with anemia had significantly higher mean testosterone total levels compared to those without anemia (p=0.047). However, no significant differences were found in testosterone levels between males with and without anemia. While females with anemia had a mean total testosterone level of 0.32 (SD=0.27), while those without anemia had a mean level of 0.61 (SD=0.91), with a significant P-value of 0.047.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests a potential relationship between anemia and serum testosterone levels in female patients with COPD. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e4088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12825104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}