Galen Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Predictive 3D Modeling of Orthognathic Surgery Outcomes Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Systematic Review :.","authors":"Masoud Hasanzade, Ailar Yousefbeigi, Soheil Jafari, OmidReza Veshveshadi, Milad Soleimani, Meysam Mohammadikhah, Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Mirmohammadi","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.4014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.4014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Orthognathic surgery is one of the main corrective treatments in patients with maxillofacial deformities, performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. The aim of this systematic review is to examine and analyze studies published between 2020 and 2025 on the use of machine learning algorithms in 3D modeling to predict orthognathic surgery outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study is a systematic review of articles published between 2021 and 2025. To find relevant articles, the Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched. The reference lists of relevant articles were also manually checked to ensure comprehensiveness of the search. Inclusion criteria for the systematic review were original studies published between 2020 and 2025, studies that used machine learning or deep learning algorithms to predict orthognathic surgery outcomes using 3D modeling, articles published in English, and studies with access to the full text of the article.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 42 articles were identified. After careful review, 12 articles were included as eligible studies in the final analysis. The flow chart of study selection in PRISMA format is provided. All studies used machine learning algorithms such as deep neural networks, reinforcement learning, random forest, or graph-based models to predict orthognathic surgery outcomes. Most studies used 3D facial models or CBCT images for preoperative design and prediction of postoperative outcomes. All studies were assessed based on quality criteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this review demonstrate that new digital technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, 3D modeling, and virtual planning, are playing an increasingly important role in the transformation of maxillofacial and cosmetic surgical care.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e4014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Interplay between Orthodontic Forces and Apical Papilla-derived Stem Cells: A Review on Mechanisms and Implications :.","authors":"Maryam Sobhani, Yasaman Bathaei, Alireza Afzalan, Sepideh Hormozi, Zeinab Shanehsaz, Sara Nabizadeh, Kosar Gashtasb","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Orthodontics is not limited to the movement of teeth, but has also expanded to the cellular and molecular realms. In this study, it was aimed to review mechanisms and implications of biological interplay between orthodontic forces and apical papilla-derived stem cells.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This narrative and semi-systematic review investigates the biological interactions between orthodontic forces and stem cells derived from the apical papilla (SCAPs). A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using specific keywords and MeSH terms from 2015 to 2025. Studies in English and Persian were included if they focused on the effects of orthodontic forces on SCAPs' function, differentiation, or signaling pathways. Key biological mechanisms and molecular responses were extracted and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2015 and 2025, 10 studies were included, primarily investigating human dental stem cells (SCAPs, DPCs, PDLSCs, SHEDs) and rat models. Findings showed that advanced glycation end-products inhibit osteogenesis via KDM6B and Wnt/β-catenin suppression, whereas Ape1 inhibition promotes odontogenic differentiation through the same pathway. Nano-dentine enhanced osteogenic gene expression compared to MTA and Biodentine, and low-energy blue LED stimulated osteogenic differentiation despite reduced proliferation. TGF-β1 had dose-dependent effects on SCAP proliferation and differentiation, while FTO/SMOC2 regulated odontoblastic differentiation under inflammatory conditions. Mechanical forces reduced SHED proliferation without affecting apoptosis, and pathogenic bacteria like F. nucleatum and E. faecalis impaired SCAP proliferation, viability, and osteogenic gene expression, indicating that molecular, material, mechanical, and microbial factors critically modulate dental stem cell differentiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current evidence shows that various physical, chemical, microbial, and molecular factors influence dental stem cell behavior. Understanding these mechanisms can support the development of personalized therapies, enhancing outcomes in endodontic and orthodontic treatments, particularly under pathological conditions like diabetes and chronic inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3946"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of The Effect of Nd: YAG and CO2 Laser Dentin Treatment Techniques on Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin :.","authors":"Farahnaz Sharafeddin, Arefeh Torabi Parizi, Maryam Jamshidi","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recently, lasers have been used for composite resin adhesion, yielding conflicting results. The shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composites to dentin when lasers are used as an alternative to acid etching or in conjunction with acid etching remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Nd: YAG and CO2 laser as treatment techniques on composite resin bond strength.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventy teeth were divided into seven groups: G1 (control) received 37% phosphoric acid etching, G2 was treated with a CO2 laser, G3 with an Nd: YAG laser, G4 with a combination of CO2 and Nd: YAG lasers, G5 underwent CO2 laser treatment after acid etching, G6 received Nd: YAG laser treatment after acid etching, and G7 underwent a combination of CO2 and Nd: YAG lasers after acid etching. Adper Single Bond 2 was used. SBS was determined after thermocycling and statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Specimens were examined for fracture types under a stereomicroscope at 40X magnification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Control group had highest SBS (11.14±1.97 MPa, p≤0.004 vs all). Acid+Nd:YAG (8.19±3.13 MPa) showed better bonding than CO2 (2.07±1.38, P=0.001), Nd:YAG (3.11±2.11, P=0.002), and Acid+CO2 (2.38±1.52, P=0.001). Adhesive failures dominated (73%); no cohesive failures occurred. Acid+Nd: YAG performed best among surface treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The SBS decreased following the application of CO2 and Nd: YAG lasers, either alone or in combination. However, after the application of phosphoric acid, lasers yielded improved results, although they remained lower than the control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3863"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of Altered Smile Esthetics by Orthodontists, General Dentists, and Laypeople :.","authors":"Ozra Niknam, Shole Shahi, Jale Narimisaei, Mohabbat Mousaei Emami","doi":"10.31661/gmj.vi.3947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Considering the significance of creation of a consonant smile arc and gap of information on the role of smile arc, gingival margin position, and the golden ratio in smile esthetics, this study assessed the perception of laypeople, general dentists, and orthodontists from altered smile esthetics.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This descriptive study was conducted in 2019 with three rater groups: orthodontists (n=31), general dentists (n=49), and laypeople (n=61). A standardized frontal-view smile photograph of a female subject was digitally altered using Photoshop (version 19) to create images differing in (a) gingival margin position (four variations), (b) golden ratio (62%, 70%, and 80%), and (c) smile arc curvature (five variations). Raters, blinded to the alterations, evaluated each image's attractiveness using a 10-point Likert scale. Due to non-normal data distribution, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Friedman tests were used for analysis (α=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest overall attractiveness ratings were given to the image with equal gingival margins for central and lateral incisors (M=7.16 ± 2.04), followed by the lateral margins 1 mm below the centrals (M=7.04 ± 2.01). Wider golden ratios (80%) were rated more attractive across all groups. Laypeople rated flat and reverse smile arcs significantly higher than general dentists and orthodontists (P.05). No significant gender-based differences were observed in any category.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The three rater groups had the same opinion regarding the smile attractiveness of most altered images except for the reverse smile arc, which was only favored by the laypeople.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 S Pt 1","pages":"e3947"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12894816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid Cancer Treatment with Electric-Induced Field Emission Materials: A Hypothesis for Targeting Deep-Seated Tumors : Electric-Induced Field Emission Materials for Targeting Deep-Seated Tumors.","authors":"Alireza Jangjoo, Mohammad Reza Sanaye, Babak Daneshfard","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.3792","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Metformin on Clinical Course of Non-Diabetic Patients with Ischemic Stroke : Metformin and Outcomes in Non-diabetic Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Behnaz Behbudi, Mohsen Ebrahimimonfared, Alireza Kamali, Somayeh Nikfar, Ramin Parvizrad","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.4049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.4049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: Metformin is commonly used in diabetic patients, but its neuroprotective effects in non-diabetic stroke patients are less understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of metformin on the clinical course of acute ischemic stroke in non-diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 70 non-diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke confirmed by brain imaging (CT or MRI) within 24 hours of symptom onset were randomly assigned to receive either metformin (500 mg once daily) or placebo for three months, alongside standard care. NIHSS sub-scores were categorized into clinically relevant groups (0=no deficit, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe) to account for heterogeneity of stroke manifestations. Clinical outcomes, including motor, sensory, visual, and facial function, were assessed at baseline, one, two, and three months. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: No serious adverse events were observed; mild gastrointestinal symptoms occurred in 2 patients (5.7%) in the metformin group. Compared with placebo, metformin significantly improved overall NIHSS scores at two and three months (P=0.021 and P=0.003), with notable improvements in motor, sensory, facial, and visual functions. Best Gaze remained normal in most patients. These findings are consistent with previous RCTs reporting neuroprotective effects of metformin in non-diabetic stroke patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: Metformin at 500 mg daily for three months is well tolerated and significantly improves neurological outcomes in non-diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke, particularly in motor, sensory, facial, and visual domains. These results support the potential use of metformin as an adjunct therapy in stroke rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e4049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quality of Life beafore and after Hysterectomy in Premenopausal Women : Quality of Life in Women Before and After Hysterectomy.","authors":"Elham Saffarieh, Satinik Darzi, Fahimeh Nokhostin","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.3956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: Hysterectomy in premenopausal women has become very common due to the presence of benign disorders of the reproductive system. The present study was conducted as a longitudinal prospective cohort study to evaluate the quality of life before and after hysterectomy in premenopausal women, assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: This longitudinal prospective cohort study was conducted on 130 women aged 35-50 years who underwent hysterectomy with ovarian preservation in Amiralmomenin Hospital of Semnan, Iran. Data were collected before the operation, three months, six months, and one year after the hysterectomy using demographic characteristics and a standard quality of life questionnaire (SF-36). Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software (P0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: In the present study, 28 patients (21.5%) were ≤40 years old and 102 (78.5%) were ≥40 years old. A significant increase was observed in the scores of quality of life, physical health, mental health, and general health (P≥0.001). However, there was no significant difference in physical and mental function. Also, there was no relationship between quality of life and demographic characteristics (age, marital status, education, underlying disease, number of children, and number of deliveries). This is while postoperative complications and employment had a significant relationship with the quality of life (P≥0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: In the present study, the quality of life was improved one year after hysterectomy with ovarian preservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3956"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet-rich Plasma in Orthopedics: Unraveling Cellular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Limitations : Platelet-rich Plasma in Orthopedics.","authors":"Morteza Nakhaei Amroodi, Khatere Mokhtari, Pouria Tabrizian","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.3883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing interest in autologous biological therapies, such as Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), within orthopedic surgery and sports medicine, necessitates refined strategies for post-surgical tissue repair. Despite technological advancements, the proliferation of PRP preparation devices has raised concerns about preparation quality consistency. The absence of consensus on standardization and condition-specific formulations contributes to conflicting outcomes in the literature. Moreover, the potential of personalized treatment protocols, platelet dosage optimization, and PRP's angiogenic, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties in orthopedic surgery remains underexplored. This review delves into recent advancements in PRP preparation techniques and therapeutic effects, drawing from published data on its applications in orthopedic surgery for tendon injuries, bone repair, spinal fusion, and major joint replacements. Despite promising preclinical study results, clinical trials have shown varying efficacy compared to traditional repair methods. Mechanisms underlying PRP's actions, including its impact on tendon fibroblasts and macrophage polarization, are scrutinized. While PRP elicits an inflammatory response in tendon fibroblasts, its effect on macrophage polarization remains ambiguous. Additionally, inconclusive findings from studies on PRP's effectiveness in shoulder surgery underscore the need for standardized protocols and further investigation due to challenges like preparation discrepancies and application techniques. This review focusing on influence on healing quality and pace.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3883"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery: Anticoagulants, Heparin Resistance, Monitoring, and Bleeding Risks : Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery.","authors":"Sohrab Negargar, Elnaz Javanshir","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.3981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective coagulation management is pivotal to optimizing outcomes in cardiac surgery, influencing bleeding risk, transfusion requirements, and overall perioperative safety. This comprehensive review examines current strategies, limitations, and emerging innovations across anticoagulant use, coagulation monitoring, and bleeding management. Unfractionated heparin remains the standard for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) anticoagulation, owing to its rapid reversibility, though challenges such as heparin resistance persist. Alternatives including low molecular weight heparins, direct thrombin inhibitors, and novel oral anticoagulants are reserved for select indications and carry specific limitations. Perioperative coagulation monitoring is essential; tools such as activated clotting time (ACT), anti-factor Xa assays, and viscoelastic tests (e.g., thromboelastography [TEG] and rotational thromboelastometry [ROTEM]) guide targeted therapy. Despite these advances, bleeding remains common due to factors including preoperative antithrombotic therapy, CPB-induced coagulopathy, and postoperative hemostatic deficits. Management strategies center on prophylactic antifibrinolytics, individualized transfusion protocols, and the judicious use of reversal agents. Emerging frontiers including machine learning-enhanced viscoelastic algorithms, targeted antithrombotics (e.g., factor XI inhibitors), AI-based bleeding prediction, and gene therapy for inherited coagulopathies promise to personalize and improve care. Continued research is warranted to validate novel therapies and refine evidence-based protocols for coagulation management in cardiac surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3981"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental Outcomes at 6 Months in Neonates with First-minute Apgar Score Below 7 and Gestational Age More Than 35 Weeks: A Single-center Study : Developmental Outcomes in Neonates with Low First-minute Apgar.","authors":"Shaghayegh Moradi Alamdarloo, Fereshteh Nassari, Atefe Hashemi, Elham Askary, Roya Mohammadi, Khadijeh Bazrafshan, Leila Kiani, Hamide Barzegar","doi":"10.31661/gmj.v14i.3838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v14i.3838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the one-minute Apgar score and developmental outcomes at six months of age.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Materials and Methods: This cohort study involved neonates with gestational age of more than 35 weeks and a first-minute Apgar score of less than 7, without major anomalies requiring admission during September 2018-2021. Clinical data and hospital course details were recorded. At 6 months old, participants were contacted, and parental questionnaires regarding age and stages questionnaire (ASQ) were completed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21, using mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. Dunn test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were also employed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results: Out of 26,928 neonates born, 865 had an Apgar score of less than 7 and survived the first day, with 208 being more than 35 weeks gestational age and needing admission. Ultimately, 196 neonates were enrolled. The mean gestational age was 38.2± 1.75 and the mean 1st-minute Apgar score was 3.36 ± 1.84. A significant relationship was observed between the 5th-minute Apgar score and cord blood acidosis (P0.001) and the 10th-minute Apgar score with the need for oxygen (P=0.02(. Most infants had normal ASQ evaluations, while one (0.5%) was in high-risk zone for each domain of fine motor, personal-social, and communication skills. Additionally, one (0.05%) was in the abnormal range for gross motor function, and another one (0.05%) was in the abnormal range for fine motor function.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Conclusion: Our study did not identify a relationship between a low first-minute Apgar score and adverse developmental outcomes at 6 months of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":44017,"journal":{"name":"Galen Medical Journal","volume":"14 ","pages":"e3838"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12624251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}