Clinical Optometry最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Optometry-Led Decision-Making Community Referral Refinement Scheme for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Screening.","authors":"Francis W B Sanders, Rebecca John, Philip Jones, Gwyn Samuel Williams","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S470577","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S470577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) continues to increase. Hospital Eye Services are operating above capacity, innovative solutions to minimise the high proportion of false negative referrals, improve the care pathway and increase capacity for those patients who need ongoing care are essential are essential.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-phase retrospective longitudinal analysis of all patients referred and assessed for nAMD between; April 2019 to March 2020 (Phase 1) n=394, and April 2020 to March 2021 (Phase 2) n= 414, within Swansea Bay University Health Board (SBUHB). All patients with suspect nAMD were referred to the hospital based nAMD clinic in phase 1, and a community optometry nAMD decision making pathway in phase 2. All clinical records were reviewed, and data collated for subsequent analysis. Age, sex, date of referral, diagnosis, and treatment date were all recorded and analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During phase 1, 104 new nAMD cases needing treatment were diagnosed with 85% (n=88) receiving treatment within 2 weeks of initial referral. During phase 2, 230 new nAMD cases requiring treatment were diagnosed with 94% (n=216) receiving treatment within 2 weeks of initial referral. Both the proportion of nAMD cases diagnosed (χ² = 70.8; p<0.001) and proportion of those treated within 2 weeks of initial diagnosis (χ² = 7.57; p<0.05) were significantly higher during phase 2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are advantages to a community optometry nAMD decision-making pathway with regard to 1) decreasing the number of patients requiring HES attendance, 2) increasing the number of patients able to access treatment for nAMD within 2 weeks of initial referral 3) an increased rate of diagnosis confirmation of nAMD and 4) a decrease in the rate of false-positive referrals.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"293-299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Samfilcon A and Balafilcon A Bandage Contact Lenses in Reducing Postoperative Symptoms After Pterygium Surgery.","authors":"Tian-Yu Yao, Jia-Song Wang, Hua-Tao Xie, Ming-Chang Zhang","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S490602","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S490602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare differences in postoperative pain, foreign body sensation, photophobia, and lacrimation between balafilcon A and samfilcon A bandage contact lenses (BCLs) in the early stage following pterygium surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 66 eyes with pterygium conjunctival grafts fixed with sutures were included in this study, comprising 32 eyes fixed with samfilcon A and 34 eyes fixed with balafilcon A. Demographic data, postoperative corneal epithelialization time, and subjective discomfort, such as pain (using the visual analog scale [VAS]), were recorded and compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were noted in VAS scores between the first day (P<0.01) and the second day post-surgery (P=0.03), suggesting that patients experienced less pain after wearing samfilcon A. However, no significant differences were observed in corneal epithelialization time, VAS score before lens removal, foreign body sensation, photophobia, lacrimation, insomnia, and demographic data between the two groups. Finally, only two balafilcon A patients required nonsteroidal analgesics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After pterygium surgery, samfilcon A BCL was associated with lower pain levels compared with balafilcon A BCL and could assist in reducing postoperative discomfort in patients and concurrently improving patient satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"287-292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11568849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Can We Better Inform Patients of the Importance of Contact Lens Compliance?: Current Perspectives.","authors":"Jennifer Swingle Fogt, Madison Roth, Hope Patterson Gardner","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S405204","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S405204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compliance with contact lens care is important for successful contact lens wear and for minimizing the risk of complications related to lens wear. There are many components of overall lens care guidelines that may potentially be disregarded, forgotten, or misunderstood. Literature has reported copious data on rates of poor compliance for separate lens care recommendations. Knowing the areas of contact lens care where lens wearers perform poorly is helpful when creating strategies for improving patient education. As science evolves and new best-practices are determined, eye care providers must be engaged in educating new lens wearers and reeducating existing wearers. It is vital to make wearers mindful of proper lens care and why proper lens care should be important to them. Various educational strategies can help practitioners to communicate with their patients more effectively. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss studies of noncompliance with contact lens wear; consequences of these noncompliant behaviors; and studies of lens care education which were found with a literature search. The resulting discussion also includes strategies to improve compliance with patient contact lens wear.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"267-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11539749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142591785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Diagnosis and Management of Demodex Blepharitis Between Eye Care Practitioners in India and Australasia - A Survey-Based Comparison.","authors":"Nikhil Sharma, Eilidh Martin, Edward Ian Pearce, Suzanne Hagan, Christine Purslow, Jennifer P Craig","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S469599","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S469599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The primary aim of this study was to compare how eyecare professionals in disparate regions of the world diagnose and manage Demodex blepharitis. A secondary aim was to explore interprofessional differences in diagnostic and management practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ophthalmologists and optometrists from India and Australia/New Zealand, were invited to complete an online survey on Demodex blepharitis. Clinical practice patterns relating to patients with Demodex blepharitis, with details of how they investigate and manage Demodex blepharitis in clinical practice, were collected along with clinician demographics and general perceptions on eyelid health. Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 261 eyecare professionals completed the survey, comprising 207 from India (84% optometrists) and 54 from Australia and New Zealand (91% optometrists). Almost 70% of practitioners across the 3 countries recognized Demodex blepharitis as a cause of ocular discomfort, yet only 45% reported attempting to identify Demodex in their patients. There were significant differences noted in clinical practice between those in Australasia and India. Perceived prevalence of Demodex blepharitis also differed (60% in Australasia vs 27% in India; p<0.01), as well as, the choice of slit lamp magnification used to detect the mites (25x in Australasia vs 16x in India; p = 0.02), preferred treatment option to manage Demodex blepharitis (tea tree oil in Australasia vs Standard lid hygiene in India; p = 0.01), treatment duration (from 3-4 weeks to over 12 weeks in Australasia vs 3-4 weeks in India; p = 0.02) and treatment application frequency (once daily in Australasia vs twice daily in India; p = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights differences in clinical evaluation and treatment practices between eyecare professionals in India and Australasia. Overall, practitioners in Australia and New Zealand were more evidence-based in their investigation and management. However, in both regions, interprofessional differences in perceived optimal treatment duration and frequency were reported.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"255-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11446198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optometry Educators' Teaching Experiences and Opportunities Pre-, During, and Post-COVID-19 in South Africa.","authors":"Thokozile Ingrid Metsing, Tuwani Adelaide Rasengane, Sanele Buthelezi","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S467899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S467899","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the higher education sector worldwide, and South Africa has faced unique challenges that continue to influence teaching beyond the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study investigated the South African optometry educators' teaching experiences and opportunities pre-, during, and post-COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The proposed study design was explorative and quantitative. Convenience sampling was used in recruiting participants. Optometry educators from four (4) universities training optometrists in South Africa were invited to participate in the study. An anonymous online questionnaire designed by the researchers was sent to participants to ensure that it captured relevant data. The questionnaire was sent electronically to the participants and SPSS was used to analyze collected data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Face-to-face (F2F) teaching was found to be the preferred method pre-COVID-19 by all participants. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the F2F was not the teaching method of choice due to safety measures put in place by the government. Online learning (OL) was preferred by 80% (n=4), and blended methods by 100%, due to flexibility in terms of lecture time allocation and digital device infrastructure. A statistically significant satisfaction was indicated by the academics before and post-COVID-19 pandemic with <i>p=0.04</i> and <i>p=0.02</i> respectively. The dissatisfaction related to online and blended methods of teaching used during the COVID-19 pandemic could be attributed to a lack of preparedness and digital device infrastructure. Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic participants raised concerns related to the lack of personal interaction and challenges of self-discipline required for online learning including face-to-face lectures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Post the COVID-19 pandemic, there remains a need to address challenges related to the training of optometry educators in using online (OL) and blended methods (BM) of teaching, especially for those with more than 20 years of teaching experience. Whilst OL and BMs are beneficial, F2F teaching should not be neglected as it remains the cornerstone of effective education in optometry, especially in clinical training.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"247-254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11439339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Eye Strain: Updated Perspectives.","authors":"Andrew D Pucker, Aaron M Kerr, Jennifer Sanderson, Chris Lievens","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S412382","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S412382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Digital eye strain (DES) is a growing worldwide concern because digital devices are prevalent in both our work and home lives. The purpose of this review was to summarize clinically relevant and evolving key topics related to DES.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A PubMed.gov search was conducted on or before June 8, 2024. No date restrictions were used during the primary search. The search was aimed at detecting all articles related to DES; thus, the search terms only included \"digital eye strain\" or \"computer vision syndrome\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The two most used, validated DES questionnaires are the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and Computer Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS17). The world-wide prevalence of DES ranges from 8.2% to 100% depending upon the subjects evaluated and the method used to evaluate them. The most common DES symptoms include headache, eye strain, eye redness, eye itching, tearing, photophobia, burning sensation, blurred vision, eye pain, neck and shoulder pain, and eye dryness. Ocular surface symptoms in DES are integrally tied to decreased blink frequency, which causes ocular surface desiccation, increased osmolarity, and dry eye-like symptoms. The most studied DES-specific treatments are improving subjects' environment, artificial tears, blinking exercises, and near work breaks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DES is a highly prevalent condition that should be regularly screened for in clinic with a validated diagnosis instrument. While there are several treatment options, the community's treatment approach is evolving and primarily focused on treating the visual and dry eye-like symptoms associated with the condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"233-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11416787/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142297938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presbyopia, Dry Eye, and Retinal Thickness in the Middle-Aged Population: Focusing on Sex Differences.","authors":"Masahiko Ayaki, Akiko Hanyuda, Kazuno Negishi","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S481279","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S481279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Risk factors for presbyopia have not been fully determined although previous studies suggested presbyopia was associate with age, dry eye, and retinal ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC). We accessed these signs and common ocular symptoms in the middle-aged population focusing on sex differences when women have drastic hormonal change.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cohort study consecutively enrolled 2743 patients aged 36-45 years (n=1000), 46-55 years (n=1000), and 56-65 years (n=743). All underwent ocular surface tests and had near add power and GCC measured. Common ocular symptoms were asked using questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among female participants, visual symptoms (eye strain and photophobia) were more prevalent in the age group 46-55, whereas non-visual symptoms (dryness, irritation, and pain) were not. We identified symptomatic presbyopia (near add power ≥ 1.5D) in 14.4%, 73.8%, and 97.8%, positive corneal staining in 29.1%, 23.8%, and 23.9%, and a mean GCC of 98.2 μm, 105.3 μm, and 89.6 μm in the age groups 36-45, 46-55, and 56-65, respectively. Mean tear break-up time were 3.3, 3.5, and 3.3 seconds, respectively. Results indicated a large progression of presbyopia (<i>P</i><0.01) from the period of 36-45 years onward and significantly increased GCC (<i>P</i><0.01) in women of age group 46-55. No notable tendency was observed in symptoms and GCC for male participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Visual symptoms in women were worse between 46 and 55 years than before or after these ages. The increase of symptomatic presbyopia and GCC may be contributing to visual symptoms in addition to menopausal transition symptoms in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"223-231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11378780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142156260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Mp-3 Microperimetric Biofeedback Fixation Training for Low Vision Rehabilitation in Patients Treated with Corticosteroid IVT in Retinal Vein Occlusions [Letter].","authors":"T Triwiyanto, Sari Luthfiyah","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S490077","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S490077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"221-222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 Global Survey of Optometry: Defining Variations of Practice, Regulation and Human Resources Between Countries.","authors":"Yazan Gammoh, Priya Morjaria, Sandra S Block, Jessica Massie, Peter Hendicott","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S481096","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S481096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To provide information on the demographics of optometrists and regulation of the optometry profession in countries who were members of the World Council of Optometry (WCO) during the period 2022-2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A non-random, purposive sampling and a key informant strategy was employed to conduct a survey-based cross-sectional study on the professional landscape and distribution of optometrists; educational landscape; legislative aspects of the profession; and the scope of optometry practice in countries who were members of WCO during the period 2022-2023. Key informants were identified by WCO country members' leadership.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the 39 countries surveyed, one optometrist serves 23,200 persons on average. Only 46.2% of the countries met the internationally suggested 1:10,000 optometrist-to-population ratio. The average male-to-female ratio was 45% males/55% females, with a division of average age as follows: under 45 years of age 46% as compared to above 45 years of age 54%. It was reported that optometry is not regulated in France, Portugal, India, Kenya and Cameron. Thirteen countries (33%) do not require a Bachelor's degree as a minimum to practice optometry. Use of diagnostic drugs is prohibited in 20% of the countries, with 25% of the countries limiting the use of therapeutic pharmaceutical agents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many countries where optometry is recognized struggle to have an adequate number of optometrists; this hinders access to eye care. This is compounded by unregulated minimum levels of education for entry-level optometric practitioners. In addition, several countries limit or prohibit many optometric procedures that restrict the ability of optometrists to provide eye care and vision health services at the primary care level.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"211-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11363951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Challenges: Investigating Computer Vision Syndrome in Thai Esports Through a Case-Control Approach.","authors":"Narttaya Chaiwiang, Juthamanee Koo-Akarakul","doi":"10.2147/OPTO.S460868","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OPTO.S460868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the factors associated with eyestrain in esports athletes in Bangkok compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between April and June 2023, involving 160 male participants (aged 20-35 years) who used digital devices, consisting of esports athletes and a control group. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire, Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q), and Depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21). Ophthalmic instruments were used for the eye examinations by an optometrist.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-six esports athletes showed significantly lower visual performance than controls in logMAR visual acuity (p < 0.020), phoria (p < 0.001), negative fusional vergence (blur, break, and recovery) (p < 0.012, p < 0.004 and p < 0.039), positive fusional vergence (blur, break, and recovery) (p < 0.005, p < 0.001 and p < 0.005), monocular estimation method (p < 0.001), monocular and binocular accommodative facility (p < 0.001), and vergence facility (p < 0.001). A study on risk factors for CVS found that esports athletes were significantly more likely to have CVS (p < 0.001). Work environments with high-intensity lighting significantly increase the risk of CVS compared to low-intensity lighting (p < 0.001). The use of a digital device for >4 h/day, having a history of alcohol consumption, and stress significantly increased the risk of CVS (p < 0.001, p < 0.023, p < 0.048).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found that esports athletes experienced vision health problems, indicating the need to prevent eyestrain caused by the use of digital devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":43701,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Optometry","volume":"16 ","pages":"201-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11296357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}