Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists最新文献

{"title":"Tricortical versus paramedian bicortical palatal anchorage in maxillary atresia: A CBCT study","authors":"Carmen Yolanda Salazar Hoyos,&nbsp;Marjory Elizabeth Vaca Zapata,&nbsp;Mauricio Aguirre Balseca,&nbsp;Karina Maria Salvatore Freitas,&nbsp;Krisnaya Muñoz Altuna","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Maxillary transverse deficiency limits the choice of safe and stable palatal miniscrew sites. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) mapping of the posterior palatal supra-alveolar insertion site (PPSAIS) may support bicortical/tricortical anchorage planning.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To quantify bone height available for tricortical and posterior bicortical insertion in patients with maxillary atresia using CBCT.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this observational cross-sectional study, 90 full-head CBCT scans (ages 14–40 years; equal sexes) with maxillary atresia were analyzed. Palatal bone height was measured at paramedian bicortical sites (anterior: second premolars; posterior: first molars) and at PPSAIS trajectories (45°–60°) on both sides using 3D Slicer/NNT. Intra-observer reliability was tested with ICC. Spearman correlations assessed the relationship between insertion angle and tricortical height.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Tricortical PPSAIS heights exceeded bicortical values: means 5.6 mm (right) and 5.8 mm (left). Anterior bicortical heights averaged 3.5 mm; posterior bicortical heights were lowest (2.7–2.8 mm). No significant sex differences were observed for tricortical height. Spearman correlations between insertion angle and tricortical height were weak and non-significant (ρ = 0.12–0.25; all <em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Comparisons across age groups (14–19, 20–29, 30–40 years) showed no significant differences in transverse discrepancy or bone height at any site (all <em>P</em> &gt; 0.05), indicating stability of palatal anatomy across this age range. Intra-observer reliability was good (ICC = 0.90).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In maxillary atresia, the posterior palatal supra-alveolar region provides sufficient bone for tricortical miniscrew trajectories largely independent of modest angle variation and with no clinically relevant age-related differences in bone height. CBCT-guided planning should prioritize PPSAIS when stable skeletal anchorage is required for expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 310-319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148007057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence software or clinical intuition?","authors":"Vinod Krishnan (Editor-in-chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 273-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological characterization of extra-alveolar anchorage sites for orthodontic anchorage through miniscrews: A scoping review","authors":"Carlos De Julián-López,&nbsp;José María Barrera-Mora,&nbsp;Andrés Palanco-Cárdenas,&nbsp;Francisco Pastor-Dorado,&nbsp;Carlos Flores-Mir,&nbsp;Eduardo Espinar-Escalona","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extra-alveolar anchorage sites, particularly the infrazygomatic crest (IZC) and the mandibular buccal shelf (MBS), are increasingly used for orthodontic anchorage. Although cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely employed to evaluate these regions, the available evidence shows substantial methodological heterogeneity.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To map the CBCT-based evidence on the morphological characteristics of the infrazygomatic crest and mandibular buccal shelf as extra-alveolar anchorage sites for orthodontic miniscrews.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library through June 2025. Observational studies reporting CBCT-based anatomical measurements of the IZC and/or MBS were included and charted descriptively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 58 initially identified records, 13 studies were finally included. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in CBCT acquisition protocols, measurement approaches, anatomical reference points, and studied populations, limiting direct comparability across studies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Current CBCT-based evidence on the morphology of extra-alveolar anchorage sites is highly heterogeneous. This scoping review provides a structured overview of the existing literature on the IZC and MBS and underscores the need for greater standardization of morphological measurement protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 327-338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148057256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clear aligner therapy for early orthodontic treatment in children aged 6–13 years: A scoping review of clinical performance and evidence gaps","authors":"Kawin Sipiyaruk,&nbsp;Rochaya Chintavalakorn,&nbsp;Theerasak Nakornnoi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Clear aligner therapy has expanded substantially in mixed dentition, yet the boundaries of clinical predictability across indications, movement types, and growth stages remain incompletely defined. The aim of this review was to synthesize evidence on clear aligner therapy in mixed dentition, describe indication-specific performance patterns, and identify evidence gaps that limit clinical confidence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This scoping review was reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus were systematically searched for studies published from 2000 to 2025. Additional records were identified through Google Scholar and reference list searching. Randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohorts, and cross-sectional studies were eligible. Data were charted and synthesized descriptively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifty-nine studies were included (8 randomized controlled trials, 11 prospective cohorts, 38 retrospective cohorts, 2 cross-sectional), most involving children aged 7 to 12 years. Achieved transverse dentoalveolar expansion with clear aligners was lower than planned, particularly posteriorly and at gingival levels. Comparative studies suggested greater posterior and palatal changes with rapid maxillary expansion. Mandibular advancement aligners were associated with Class II sagittal improvement, with responses varying by skeletal maturity and dentoskeletal pattern. Evidence for incisor correction, molar movement, vertical outcomes, airway, oral health, patient-reported outcomes, and smile esthetics remained limited.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Clear aligners in mixed dentition demonstrate indication-dependent predictability influenced by movement type, anatomical region, and growth stage. Clinical confidence remains limited by retrospective evidence, heterogeneous outcome measures, and insufficient standardized reporting of post-treatment stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 339-353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148388184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of diode laser versus sodium fluoride on dentin hypersensitivity after interproximal enamel reduction during clear aligner treatment: A randomized controlled clinical trial","authors":"Fabrizia d’Apuzzo,&nbsp;Mariagiovanna Ferraioli,&nbsp;Felice Femiano,&nbsp;Vincenzo Grassia,&nbsp;Letizia Perillo,&nbsp;Ludovica Nucci","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>To evaluate the dentin hypersensitivity (DH) after interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) in patients undergoing clear aligner (CA) treatment after using diode laser versus sodium fluoride. The secondary aim was to assess the gingival status in the three groups during treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial included patients with permanent dentition, aged between 15 and 35 years, good oral and general health, to be treated with CAs and IPR. Exclusion criteria were history of DH, enamel defects, cervical caries, periodontal disease, or pregnancy. 45 patients were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A (acidulated sodium fluoride gel: 0.33% sodium fluoride), Group B (diode laser: Soft Touch, 810 nm, 0.5 W), and Group C (control, no treatment). The response to air stimuli and the gingival indices were recorded before (T0), and after IPR (T1), one week (T2), one month (T3), and three months post-treatment (T4). DH was assessed using a visual analog scale by a blinded operator while gingival health was evaluated using Silness and Löe Plaque and Gingival Index.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All groups showed an increase in DH immediately after IPR compared to baseline, which subsequently decreased at T2, T3, and T4. The laser group exhibited a statistically significant reduction in DH, with rapid improvement at T1 and sustained benefits over time. The Gingival Index showed the most pronounced improvements in the laser group. Moreover, the Plaque Index was reduced in all groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The application of a diode laser after IPR during CA treatment significantly reduced DH without adversely affecting gingival health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 320-326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148057586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in chief complaints based on the molar relationship: A quantitative text analysis of open-ended responses from orthodontic patients","authors":"Honoka Ishizuka-Nambu,&nbsp;Jun Aida,&nbsp;Sakura Kiuchi,&nbsp;Chiho Kato,&nbsp;Keita Ishizuka,&nbsp;Takashi Ono","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Understanding the chief complaints of patients is essential for effective communication and successful orthodontic treatment. Although previous studies have often used structured questionnaires, few have applied data-driven methods to unstructured free-text responses. Furthermore, how these complaints from distinct semantic structures based on molar classifications remains underexplored. This study aimed to examine these structural differences using correspondence and co-occurrence network analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Patients who visited an academic dental hospital for an initial orthodontic evaluation between April 2011 and March 2024 were included. Data on chief complaints (free text), sex, age, skeletal classification, and molar classification were obtained from standardized diagnostic records. Chief complaints were analyzed structurally, retaining nouns and adjectives. We extracted the 60 most frequently used terms, followed by correspondence and co-occurrence network analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 2568 (35.4% male) patients were included. Their mean age was 22.0 years (range: 7–74 years). Anterior esthetic concerns were the most frequently reported chief complaints across all patients. However, correspondence and network analyses revealed distinct structural patterns according to molar classification. Class I patients mainly cited esthetic reasons. Class II patients were characterized by morphological and symptomatic concerns and referrals. Class III patients presented interrelated skeletal, functional, and psychological concerns, often involving an awareness of surgical necessity and mentions of being pointed out by others.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although esthetic dissatisfaction is common, distinct complaint patterns exist based on molar classification. Recognizing these semantic structures facilitates shared decision-making and provides a foundation for developing patient-centered PROMs in orthodontic practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 290-298"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148206123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future orthodontist skill framework: A World Federation of Orthodontists white paper","authors":"Narayan H. Gandedkar,&nbsp;Carlos Flores-Mir,&nbsp;Reem A. Alansari,&nbsp;Veerasathpurush Allareddy,&nbsp;Aron Dellinger,&nbsp;Mauro Farella,&nbsp;Daniela Garib,&nbsp;Kee Joon Lee,&nbsp;Rosy Leonardi,&nbsp;Ambra Michelotti,&nbsp;Sumit Yadav,&nbsp;Nikhillesh Vaiid,&nbsp;Letizia Perillo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Orthodontic practice is being reshaped by digital workflows, artificial intelligence (AI), shifting patient expectations, global communication platforms, and complex models of care delivery. Future competence, therefore, should not be defined by appliance proficiency alone.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A group of experienced orthodontic educators from various academic settings worldwide was convened to identify, regroup, and harmonize competencies they considered essential for future orthodontic practice. Independent submissions were analyzed thematically and consolidated into ten domains after several rounds of group interactions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten competency domains were identified: ethics and professionalism; communication and patient-centered care; digital and AI fluency; research literacy; individualized and minimally invasive care; clinical excellence and biomechanics; biological foundations; interdisciplinary care; leadership and global responsibility; and adaptability, innovation, and lifelong learning. No formal validation of these proposed competency domains is implied.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The ten proposed competency domains are intended to foster constructive discussion within the orthodontic academic community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Adult Patients and Orthodontists View Orthodontic Treatment Completion? A Cross-Sectional Study of Between-Group Differences","authors":"Ali Abdul-Hamid,&nbsp;Abubaker Qutieshat","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Orthodontic finishing is a preference-sensitive decision point in which patients and clinicians may place different emphasis on satisfaction and clinician-defined finishing standards. This study compared patient and orthodontic clinician perspectives on treatment completion, focusing on how satisfaction is weighted relative to occlusal perfection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study used two online surveys (adult patients and orthodontic clinicians) with five-point Likert items. Ordinal responses were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests; selected contrasts were dichotomized (agree 4–5 vs. 1-3) and tested using Fisher’s exact tests with odds ratios. Within-clinician paired comparisons used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Free-text responses were translated and grouped into clinically interpretable categories.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 100 patient and 23 clinician questionnaires were analyzed. Patients tended to disagree with stopping treatment when satisfied if bite/alignment remained imperfect (mean 2.37, SD 1.39; 21.6% agree 4–5), whereas clinicians tended to endorse satisfaction having equal weight to occlusal perfection (mean 3.91, SD 0.95; 69.6% agree 4–5), with a significant distributional difference (<em>p</em> = 4.25 × 10⁻⁶). Clinicians were more likely than patients to endorse the satisfaction-weighted stance when dichotomized (OR 8.27; <em>p</em> = 2.23 × 10⁻⁵). Clinicians also showed a principle-practice tension, endorsing “equal weight” more strongly than comfort ending earlier (paired <em>p</em> = 0.000918). Qualitative responses most often defined success as straightness and improved appearance; burdens centered on time/appointments, with cost a common barrier.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Patients and clinicians differed in how satisfaction-guided treatment completion was viewed and applied. Explicit finishing discussions about residual discrepancies, marginal gains, and time/burden trade-offs may support clearer shared decision-making at treatment completion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 284-289"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148057544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards automated model analysis: A multiview AI segmentation of 3D dental scans","authors":"Zaw Htet Aung ,&nbsp;Sangsan Noppadolmongkol ,&nbsp;Nuttida Suwunnapang ,&nbsp;Chaiyapol Chaweewannakorn ,&nbsp;Yodhathai Satravaha ,&nbsp;Supakit Peanchitlertkajorn ,&nbsp;Supatchai Boonpratham","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Precise identification of tooth and gingival boundaries in digital models is essential for effective orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and appliance fabrication. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer opportunities to automate this critical step with accuracy and generalizability.</div><div>The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate an AI-based multiview segmentation approach that reduces manual workload, and supports daily orthodontic workflows using 3D intraoral scans.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 1200 dental models from the public 3D Teeth Challenge dataset and 29 clinical 3D intraoral scans were used. Each 3D model was converted into multiple 2D images using a modified multiview approach. An AI segmentation model, based on the Mask2Former architecture, was trained to segment tooth boundaries automatically. Performance was assessed using mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DICE) scores, comparing results to existing approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The proposed model achieved high accuracy on both public and clinical datasets. On the public testing dataset, it reached an mIoU score of 93.1% ± 0.09 and a DICE score of 95.7% ± 0.09. On the clinical testing set, it maintained strong performance with an mIoU score of 90.7% ± 0.01 and a DICE score of 94.9% ± 0.01, demonstrating its ability to generalize to real-world intraoral scans.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates the clinical potential of our AI-based modified multiview segmentation model for intraoral scans. The approach provides accurate results across varying scan qualities, supporting efficient digital model analysis in orthodontics and promising routine clinical use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 213-222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145999261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity assessment of Tera Harz TC-85DAC direct-printed clear aligners and effects of post curing time","authors":"Supakit Peanchitlertkajorn,&nbsp;Kanisorn Makkasaman,&nbsp;Siew Peng Neoh,&nbsp;Supatchai Boonpratham,&nbsp;Yodhathai Satravaha,&nbsp;Zaw Htet Aung,&nbsp;Chaiyapol Chaweewannakorn","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>To evaluate the cytotoxicity of direct 3D-printed aligners fabricated from Tera Harz TC-85DAC resin (TC) compared with conventional thermoformed aligners, and to investigate the effect of different post curing durations on TC cytotoxicity.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were exposed to eluates from TC and three thermoformed aligners (Essix ACE, Duran, Invisalign). TC aligners were postcured for 14, 20, and 40 minutes (TC80, TC100, TC200). Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and cell migration was evaluated using a scratch wound healing assay at 24 and 48 hours. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Cell viability was significantly reduced in the TC group compared with thermoformed aligners at days 3, 5, and 7. Cell migration was also significantly impaired in the TC group at 48 hours. Among TC subgroups, day-7 viability was significantly lower in TC80 compared with TC100 and TC200, whereas no significant differences in migration were observed among curing times.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>TC aligners significantly reduced cell viability over the 7-day incubation period compared to control and conventional thermoformed aligners. The cell migration was also significantly reduced in the TC group at 48 hours. Under-curing significantly decreased cell viability, whereas extending the post curing time beyond the manufacturer’s recommendation did not result in additional improvement. Furthermore, the amount of cell migration across varying post curing durations was not different at both 24 and 48 hours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 241-248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}