Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists最新文献

{"title":"Biomechanical evaluation of attachment geometries for labio-lingual inclinations in maxillary incisors of Class II Division 2 malocclusion: A 3D finite element analysis","authors":"Dhaval Fadia ,&nbsp;Puneet Batra ,&nbsp;Nikhillesh Vaiid","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Class II Division 2 malocclusion presents biomechanical challenges due to retroclined maxillary incisors, often complicated by soft tissue constraints. Clear aligner therapy (CAT), though patient-friendly, shows limitations in predictably modifying labiolingual inclination. Recent attachment design advancements offer potential solutions but require biomechanical validation. Finite element modelling (FEM) serves as an effective analytical tool to evaluate these mechanics. The present study aims to compare the efficacy of three attachment geometries in expressing labiolingual inclination of maxillary incisors in a FEM model simulating Class II Division 2 malocclusion EIC.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>A FEM of the maxilla was generated from CBCT data of a Class II Division 2 patient. Labiolingual inclinations of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25° were simulated on maxillary central and lateral incisors. Three attachment designs were evaluated: labial horizontal attachments (LHA), palatal horizontal attachments with labial power ridges (PHALPR) and labial-palatal reciprocal power ridges (LPRPR). Displacement and von Mises stress were calculated for teeth and supporting structures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LPRPR showed the highest displacement (0.1418 mm) and stress (384.89 MPa), followed by PHALPR (0.1211 mm; 327.35 MPa) and LHA (0.1048 mm; 204.65 MPa) respectively. Lateral incisors demonstrated greater displacement and stress than central incisors. Supporting structures showed peak stress under LPRPR conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Attachment geometry significantly affects labiolingual inclination expression in CAT. Among the tested designs, the LPRPR configuration demonstrated superior biomechanical efficiency for managing labiolingual inclination in Class II Division 2 malocclusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 2","pages":"Pages 110-118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145744958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence for detecting orthodontic root resorption: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy.","authors":"Karla Nogueira Matos, Hugo Henrique Dos Santos Dantas Guimarães","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>External root resorption (ERR) and external cervical resorption (ECR) are common orthodontic complications with prognostic impact. Early, accurate detection helps prevent irreversible damage.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our objective is to synthesize diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) for ERR/ECR on orthodontic imaging and compare performance by imaging modality and model architecture.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data Sources: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, IEEE Xplore, and Cochrane Library (through September 9, 2025).</p><p><strong>Study selection: </strong>Original human or ex-vivo imaging studies of AI models for ERR/ECR with extractable accuracy data.</p><p><strong>Data extraction and synthesis: </strong>Two reviewers independently extracted TP/FP/TN/FN. Pooled sensitivity/specificity and HSROC were estimated via a bivariate random-effects model; risk of bias with QUADAS-2; PROSPERO: CRD420251103690.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five studies (1089 images) met criteria. Pooled sensitivity was 90.7% (95% CI, 85.6-94.1) and specificity 91.8% (95% CI, 86.0-95.3). CBCT-based models outperformed panoramic models, and transformer/hybrid architectures showed slightly higher accuracy than CNNs, though subgroup power was limited. Heterogeneity was moderate (I² ≈ 55-61%), plausibly related to variable diagnostic thresholds, mixed tooth types, and differing reference standards (orthodontists/endodontists/radiologists).</p><p><strong>Limitations: </strong>Small evidence base (n = 5), small geographically limited datasets, and absence of true external validation restrict generalizability. With <10 studies, formal publication-bias testing was not feasible.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>AI shows high accuracy for ERR/ECR, particularly with CBCT and transformer/hybrid models, yet moderate heterogeneity and limited generalizability warrant cautious interpretation. AI should augment, not replace, clinician judgment within explainable, standardized workflows. Priorities include open multicenter annotated datasets, harmonized thresholds/protocols, and external validation to enable reliable clinical adoption.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147436240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-dependent saturation of the biological response to different orthodontic forces.","authors":"Mani Alikhani, Mona Alikhani, Chinapa Sangsuwon, Fanar Abdullah, Jeanne M Nervina, Cristina C Teixeira","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In animal studies we have shown that the inflammatory response and rate of tooth movement triggered by orthodontic force reach a saturation point beyond which increased force produces no additional response. In addition, our previous clinical study found that adolescents and adults have different inflammatory response, tooth movement rates, and pain with increasing orthodontic forces. Based on these findings, our goal in this study was two-fold. First, to determine if there is a saturation point for the inflammatory response and tooth movement rates in orthodontics patients. Second, to determine if age impacts the saturation point.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a non-randomized, single-center, single-blinded clinical study on two groups of healthy subjects who required first premolar extraction and canine retraction to correct their malocclusion. Adolescents (11-14 years old) and adults (21-45 years old) of both sexes were recruited and randomized within their age group (n = 4 per force) to receive one of the following four magnitudes of force during canine retraction: 50, 100, 150, and 200 cN Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from the distolabial crevice of the canine was collected to assay inflammatory marker levels before treatment and one day after beginning retraction. IL-1β, CCL2, and RANKL proteins were quantified using a slide-based protein array assay. Study models were used to assess canine retraction after 28 days of force application. Differences within and between treatment groups were assessed statistically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that inflammatory cytokine levels and the rate of tooth movement reached its maximum at 100 cN or 150 cN for adults and adolescents respectively. Adolescents had lower cytokine levels at lower magnitude forces than adults, but the levels increased at higher magnitude forces, with adults reaching saturation sooner than adolescents. The rate of canine movement in 28 days was not significantly different between adolescents and adults at any force level. However, the rate was higher in adolescents for all force groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As in our animal studies, humans demonstrate a saturation point for inflammatory responses and the rate of tooth movement to orthodontic force. Adults reached saturation of the biological response earlier, while younger patients had a higher saturation point. This study has important clinical significance as it may guide orthodontists toward optimizing orthodontic forces and treatment duration, while reducing the risk of pathology arising from excessive forces.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147436275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"My long and winding road in orthodontics","authors":"Eustaquio A. Araujo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This manuscript presents the transcript of the World Federation of Orthodontists Honorary Lecture delivered at the opening ceremony of the 10th International Orthodontic Congress in Rio de Janeiro, titled <em>“My Long and Winding Road in Orthodontics.”</em> The lecture reflects on the author’s professional journey in orthodontics and the evolution of the speciality over several decades, illustrated through representative clinical cases. The narrative traces major paradigm shifts in orthodontic practice, including the transition from banding to bonding, advances in anchorage control, the introduction of skeletal anchorage systems, the emergence of aligner-based therapies, and the integration of digital technologies into diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical cases are presented to demonstrate how these developments have influenced treatment strategies for complex malocclusions, including vertical discrepancies, anterior open bite, severe skeletal deformities, and interdisciplinary orthodontic–surgical cases. Long-term follow-up records are included when available, emphasizing treatment stability and the enduring importance of accurate diagnosis and patient cooperation. Beyond technical advances, the lecture underscores the broader role of orthodontics in improving function, esthetics, and quality of life, while highlighting the values of mentorship, collaboration, and lifelong learning. This Honorary Lecture transcript is intended to offer inspiration and clinical insight to orthodontic students, residents, and practitioners by sharing lessons learned from a lifetime dedicated to the speciality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiofilm activity of chitosan nanoparticles incorporated into three-dimensional printed clear aligners on Streptococcus mutans after in vivo aging: A randomized clinical trial","authors":"Malak A. Alhuwaizi ,&nbsp;Hayder F. Saloom","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>To investigate if chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs), incorporated into three-dimensional-printed clear aligners (CAs), retain their antibiofilm activity against <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> after extended use in the oral environment. Additionally, to measure the impact of the aligners on patient-reported outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: conventional CA and CA containing 3% ChNPs. They were instructed to wear their aligners for either one week (N = 16) or two weeks (N = 16) before CAs were retrieved. Clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP), were measured, and the devices were weighed at baseline and at endpoints. A self-reported questionnaire was also completed. Samples from the retrieved devices underwent antibiofilm assays against <em>S. mutans</em> (American Type Culture Collection strain and a clinical isolate).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After two weeks, the experimental group exhibited significantly lower PI and BOP scores compared to the control group (4.61 ± 1.22 vs 16.16 ± 5.26, and 3.83 ± 1.03 vs 5.35 ± 3.03, respectively). The number of colony-forming units was significantly reduced in the ChNPs-containing CAs (effect size &gt; 0.9), with a greater effect against the American Type Culture Collection strain than the clinical isolate at both time points (effect size week 1: 0.953, week 2: 0.621). The ChNPs did not affect the device weight after <em>in vivo</em> aging, and the participants reported higher satisfaction levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Three-dimensional-printed CAs with ChNPs retained strong antibiofilm activity against <em>S. mutans</em> after two weeks of in vivo use. This was clinically reflected by lower PI and BOP scores and improved self-reported outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145276295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tech -Neck: Orthodontic implications of screentime overload","authors":"Vinod Krishnan (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A diagnostic and treatment planning checklist for vertical problems in orthodontic patients","authors":"Flavia Artese ,&nbsp;Carlo Bosoni","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vertical discrepancies in orthodontics represent a complex and multifactorial diagnostic challenge. Traditional approaches often lack a consistent correlation between facial patterns, overbite, and occlusal vertical dimension, limiting a comprehensive treatment planning. This article proposes a diagnostic checklist structured around five key factors—lower anterior facial height, incisor display at rest, posterior dental height, overbite, and occlusal wear—to assess vertical problems across macro-, mini-, and microesthetic levels. The amount of incisor display at rest serves as the guiding parameter for planning vertical tooth movements and determining jaw positioning. Each diagnostic factor contributes uniquely to evaluating vertical proportions, esthetic balance, and functional occlusion. The checklist offers clinicians a hierarchical tool to decode clinical and cephalometric findings and translate them into individualized treatment strategies. Possible therapeutic options include anterior or posterior tooth intrusion or extrusion, restoration of worn teeth, and orthodontic or orthognathic repositioning of dental or skeletal structures. Three clinical cases—addressing deep bite, open bite, and occlusal wear—illustrate the application of the checklist. These examples underscore the critical role of incisor display in planning and executing movements that harmonize the face, smile, and occlusion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 76-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic management of severe open bite in a growing patient using miniscrew-supported appliances: A case report","authors":"Niki Arveda ,&nbsp;Francesca Cremonini ,&nbsp;Martina Rumpianesi ,&nbsp;Federico Oliani ,&nbsp;Emanuele Paoletto ,&nbsp;Luca Lombardo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anterior open bite can negatively impact facial aesthetics, as well as cause functional impairment and social challenges. We present the case of an adolescent patient with a severe anterior open bite.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>After an initial phase of expansion using an expander on palatal mini-screw implants, the patient was treated with a fixed buccal appliance and intermaxillary elastics. Skeletal anchorage was used to achieve effective posterior control. Finally, minor finishing was performed with aligners, and the case was completed with multiple restorations of the teeth.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The combination of a fixed appliance and intermaxillary elastics resulted in the extrusion and retroclination of the maxillary incisors, leading to bite closure. Successful results were achieved, with good occlusion, improved facial aesthetics, and stability maintained over the 2-year retention period.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Temporary anchorage devices offer reliable anchorage for posterior vertical control. With appropriate treatment planning -taking into account incisor display, growth potential and biomechanics- this approach can serve as a non-surgical alternative for managing severe open bite cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 54-61"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145276270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based system for automated staging of lower molar maturation","authors":"Fernando Biskupovic ,&nbsp;Flavia Rosenberg ,&nbsp;Luz María Searle ,&nbsp;Pamela Ramírez ,&nbsp;María Jesús Larrañaga ,&nbsp;Sebastián Maldonado ,&nbsp;Carla Vairetti ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Oyonarte","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Assessing a patient’s maturation status is essential for treatment planning in dentofacial orthopedics. Dental development, as classified by Demirjian’s method into eight stages, is a reliable indicator of skeletal maturity relative to the pubertal growth spurt. Automating this assessment may improve efficiency by reducing subjectivity and supporting timely orthodontic interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted using segmented panoramic radiographs to classify the maturation stages of lower second and third molars. These classifications served as training data for machine learning models using four convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures: Xception, ResNet, MobileNet, and Inception. Model performance was evaluated on three datasets: second and third molars combined (ST), second molars only (S), and third molars only (T). Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) was employed to visualize model attention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1805 images were analyzed. Inception achieved the best performance in both the ST dataset (accuracy 0.96, precision 0.86, recall 0.85, and F1 score 0.85) and the S dataset (accuracy 0.98, precision 0.92, recall 0.91, and F1 score 0.89). For the T dataset, ResNet performed the best (accuracy 0.96, precision 0.94, recall 0.95, and F1 score 0.81). Inter-examiner agreement was high, with a mean kappa coefficient of 0.94. Grad-CAM heat maps confirmed that the model focused on relevant dental structures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The proposed deep learning system, especially the Inception model, demonstrated high accuracy and strong agreement with experts when classifying dental maturation stages. These findings support its use as a complementary diagnostic tool to aid clinical decision-making in growth assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145276267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of maxillary expansion on hearing outcomes in patients with cleft lip and palate: A systematic review","authors":"Hamza Parvez Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Karthik Sennimalai ,&nbsp;Madhanraj Selvaraj ,&nbsp;Abhijeet Jaiswal","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Otological management in patients with cleft lip and/or palate has focused on early interventions such as ventilation tube placement. Improving palatal width and nasal airflow by maxillary expansion may enhance Eustachian tube function. Thus, we aimed to determine whether maxillary expansion therapy had any effect on hearing outcomes in cleft palate patients.</div></div><div><h3>Material and Method</h3><div>Electronic searches employing defined keywords relevant to hearing impairment and maxillary expansion with no restriction on publication year or status, in adolescent nonsyndromic cleft patients were undertaken in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCOhost<strong>,</strong> The Cochrane Library, LILACS, OpenGrey, and Google Scholar until January 15, 2025. Two authors on the Covidence software performed data extraction. The Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool were utilized to assess the risk of bias of the included studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The search retrieved 68 studies, of which four studies finally met the inclusion criteria that included 158 patients with cleft and 26 non-cleft participants. The improvement in hearing threshold varied from 3 to 21 decibels (dB) in the included final studies. Pure tone audiograms and tympanometry were largely used by studies with variations across the types of expanders employed for maxillary expansion. The risk of bias varied from moderate to high risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A preliminary analysis suggests that maxillary expansion may help improve hearing outcomes for patients with cleft palate, although the certainty of evidence by GRADE assessment was low to very low. More high-quality studies with randomized designs and extended follow-up are required to validate these conclusions and elucidate their clinical implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"15 1","pages":"Pages 46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145497136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}