Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of incipient enamel-carious–like lesion treated with hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite hydrogel","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Non-invasive restoration of tooth enamel is a topic of high relevance in dental material science. Multiple approaches have been proposed to reach optimum reconstruction results. The current study was performed to evaluate the cross-sectional microhardness besides mineral quality and content in artificially induced carious enamel after treatment with hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CS) nanocomposite gel.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Artificially carious lesions were induced by immersion of teeth in acidic carboxymethyl cellulose gel (pH 4.95–5) for 24- and 72-hours periods. Two different compositions of HAp-CS nanocomposite hydrogel were prepared with two different ratios 50/50 (%) and 70/30 (%), respectively. Additionally, sodium fluoride gel (1000 ppm concentration) was prepared and used as reference. Gels were applied to carious lesions twice/day for 3 min/each. After 45 days of application, surface morphology, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman analysis in addition to cross-sectional microhardness were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and <em>Tukey's</em> post hoc statistical tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Surface morphological evaluation of treated surfaces showed obliteration of surface irregularities. Groups demineralized for 24 hours and treated with 70/30 (HAp-CS) showed highest significant cross-sectional-microhardness (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05). Evaluated subsurface cross-sectional microhardness showed better mineral quality for groups demineralized for 24 hours and treated with HAp-CS nanocomposite gels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Nanocomposite gel with 70/30 (HAp-CS) could efficiently improve cross-sectional microhardness and both minerals composition and quality for lesions demineralized for 24 hours. More severely induced lesions, as demineralized for 72 hours, need more powerful agent compositions and/or prolonged application protocols for improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141028207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity of digital analysis versus manual analysis on orthodontic casts","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>As artificial intelligence within digital processes continues to advance and replace conventional manual workflows, it is crucial that digital data are consistent with analog data. The aim was to evaluate the validity and time efficiency of digital cast analysis on digital models in comparison with the manual, gold standard, cast analysis on plaster models.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cast analysis was performed on 30 patients in three various methods: manually measured variables on plaster models (MP), manually measured variables on digital three-dimensional models (MD), and automatically measured variables on digital three-dimensional models (AD) on digital models. Digital cast analysis was performed in CS Model+. Analyses included metrical and categorical variables and the required work time. Measurements in MD and AD were validated to MP. Validity of the metrical variables was analyzed with Bland-Altman, Dahlberg's formula, and paired sample <em>t</em> test. Categorical variables were validated by Cohen's Kappa. Work time was analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Metrical variables had measurement errors ranging 0.4 to 1.4 mm between MP-MD, and 0.6 to 3.2 mm between MP-AD. Observations of categorical variables had a moderate to strong (0.65 to 0.9) level of agreement between MP-MD, and a weak to moderate (0.4 to 0.68) level of agreement between MP-AD. Data for dental stage, vertical, and transversal relation was not provided in AD. Cast analysis was performed quicker digitally, <em>P ≤</em> 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Digital cast analysis is consistent with manual cast analysis for metrical variables. Analyses of categorical variables show a weak level of agreement with automatic digital analysis, such as space conditions and midline assessments. Digital cast analysis optimizes time compared with manual cast analysis, with automatic analysis being the fastest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141200720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of incipient enamel-carious-like lesion treated with hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite hydrogel.","authors":"Salma M Fathy, Alsayed Abdelhafez, Fawzy A Darwesh, Tarek A Elkhooly","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-invasive restoration of tooth enamel is a topic of high relevance in dental material science. Multiple approaches have been proposed to reach optimum reconstruction results. The current study was performed to evaluate the cross-sectional microhardness besides mineral quality and content in artificially induced carious enamel after treatment with hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CS) nanocomposite gel.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Artificially carious lesions were induced by immersion of teeth in acidic carboxymethyl cellulose gel (pH 4.95-5) for 24- and 72-hours periods. Two different compositions of HAp-CS nanocomposite hydrogel were prepared with two different ratios 50/50 (%) and 70/30 (%), respectively. Additionally, sodium fluoride gel (1000 ppm concentration) was prepared and used as reference. Gels were applied to carious lesions twice/day for 3 min/each. After 45 days of application, surface morphology, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman analysis in addition to cross-sectional microhardness were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc statistical tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Surface morphological evaluation of treated surfaces showed obliteration of surface irregularities. Groups demineralized for 24 hours and treated with 70/30 (HAp-CS) showed highest significant cross-sectional-microhardness (P ≤ 0.05). Evaluated subsurface cross-sectional microhardness showed better mineral quality for groups demineralized for 24 hours and treated with HAp-CS nanocomposite gels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nanocomposite gel with 70/30 (HAp-CS) could efficiently improve cross-sectional microhardness and both minerals composition and quality for lesions demineralized for 24 hours. More severely induced lesions, as demineralized for 72 hours, need more powerful agent compositions and/or prolonged application protocols for improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are you stressed at work?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonsurgical treatment of an adult patient with severe transversal skeletal discrepancy: Tooth bone-borne tandem expander and hybrid aligner approach","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although they have proven effective in the resolution of mild to moderate malocclusions, aligners demonstrate substantial limitations. More complex malocclusions therefore require a combination of auxiliaries, or a hybrid approach involving both aligners and fixed appliances, such as miniscrew-supported appliances or sectionals. This case report presents a 25-year-old female patient with a severe transversal discrepancy associated with an anterior open-bite tendency effectively treated with a tooth bone-borne palatal expander characterized by two expansion screws (tandem expander) and a hybrid treatment with aligners.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>After accurate matching between the pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography scan and digital models, four self-drilling miniscrews were inserted palatally using a computer- aided design and computer-aided manufacturing surgical template to guide their correct and safe placement, and a tooth bone-borne appliance was fitted. After this first phase, the hybrid clear aligner approach was used to obtain alignment, leveling, and arch coordination, with the use of a partial lingual fixed appliance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Transverse maxillary deficiency was corrected, crowding has been resolved, Class I molar and canine relationship were obtained, and marginal ridges has been aligned.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Double jackscrew of the tandem expander enabled effective expansion of both the posterior segments as required to correct the skeletal discrepancy and the anterior region, thus relieving the dental crowding. Lingual sectional appliances have been shown to increase the effectiveness of clear aligners which, on the other hand, have been shown to be effective in closing the anterior bite by retroclination of the maxillary and mandibular incisors and, only minimally, by extrusion movements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140892679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the accuracy of bracket axial positioning with and without radiographic support and according to practitioner experience: A three-dimensional study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Accurate bracket positioning remains challenging. To avoid angulation errors, some recommend examining the panoramic radiograph during bonding. However, it can cause distortions. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides a more precise panoramic reconstruction but with higher radiation doses. The main objective of this study is to compare the accuracy of axial positioning between direct bonding without radiography, with conventional panoramic radiograph, and with panoramic reconstruction from CBCT. The secondary objectives are to evaluate positioning accuracy of each tooth and to assess the influence of practitioner level of experience.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty practitioners, divided into two groups based on their experience performed direct bonding on a model thrice: without radiography, then with the conventional panoramic radiograph, then with the panoramic reconstruction from CBCT. Models were scanned, and angulation errors were measured using OrthoAnalyzer. Values were compared using the Friedman's test followed by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (<em>P</em>-value = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For the low level of experience group, angulation errors were significantly greater than the accepted limit without radiographic reference, and significantly lower with CBCT reconstruction. For the high level of experience group, angulation errors were significantly lower than the accepted limit for the three bonding methods. For every tooth, using the panoramic reconstruction from CBCT as a reference, was the most accurate method, regardless of the level of experience. More experienced practitioners made fewer errors for the three methods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Panoramic reconstruction from CBCT is the most accurate method to limit angulation errors during direct bonding. Conventional panoramic radiography remains a reliable tool if used with caution. Bonding without any radiographic reference should be avoided especially for less experienced practitioners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140923630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH): The “Why, What and How” of decision making for orthodontists","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) presents a significant clinical challenge in orthodontics, with its complex etiology, variable presentation, and profound impact on enamel homeostasis. Utilizing Simon Sinek's “Golden Circle” method, this article systematically explores the implications of MIH within orthodontic practice. The “Why” emphasizes the critical need for orthodontists to understand MIH, given its prevalence and potential to disrupt treatment outcomes. MIH affects up to 40.2% of the global population, and its association with increased caries risk, hypersensitivity, and restorative failures necessitates an informed approach to management. The “What” section addresses the importance of recognizing the phenotypic variability of MIH and its influence on oral health-related quality of life. MIH impacts social and psychological well-being, particularly when anterior teeth are involved, and complicates orthodontic treatment due to challenges in bonding, banding, and restorative protocols. The “How” provides practical guidelines for orthodontic management, including diagnostic considerations, tooth restoration strategies, and the complexities of first permanent molar extractions. Strategic planning is essential to avoid complications such as mesial drift, overeruption, or space loss, with a multidisciplinary approach often required. This article highlights the importance of long-term monitoring and patient-centered care in managing MIH-affected teeth, underscoring the evolving nature of clinical protocols. By framing the discussion through the Golden Circle, this critical review offers a structured and impactful approach to understanding and addressing MIH within orthodontic contexts, aiming to enhance treatment outcomes and patient quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142297899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma on orthodontic tooth movement rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on acceleration of the orthodontic tooth movement and assess the evidence based on the available literature.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The trial was registered and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled studies of PRP on the rate of tooth movement. The search was restricted to articles published in English between January 2000 to 31 December 2023. The search was completed by two reviewers independently and the risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) and meta-analysis was performed. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was done to determine the certainty of evidence.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Thirteen studies were included in the systematic review and 10 were included in the quantitative analysis. A random-effects model for meta-analysis of seven studies evaluating the rate of canine retraction revealed a statistically significant increase in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement of 0.38 mm/month in 1 month (121 patients; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27–0.49; I² = 35%; <em>P &lt;</em> 0.001) which decreased to 0.09mm/month in the fourth month (80 patients; 95% CI 0.02–0.17; I² = 0%; <em>P &lt;</em> 0.02). Three studies that considered en masse retraction revealed a mean difference of 0.36mm over 3 months (40 patients; 95% CI <strong>−</strong>0.23 to 0.94; I² = 74%; <em>P &lt;</em> 0.23).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study suggests that PRP application can accelerate tooth movement, but its effects decreased over 4 months. The results should be interpreted cautiously due to the study's inherent limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141307093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the efficacy of heat-activated NiTi (HANT) versus conventional NiTi archwires: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Erfan Bardideh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Hooman Shafaee, Keyvan Sohrabi, Helia Samini","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effectiveness of heat-activated NiTi (HANT) wires compared to NiTi wires during orthodontic alignment, through a systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Search methods: </strong>We comprehensively searched databases up to January 2024, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane's CENTRAL, without language or date restrictions.</p><p><strong>Selection criteria: </strong>Clinical studies aligning with the PICO question were included, and their bias risk was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool.</p><p><strong>Data collection and analysis: </strong>Data were collected using custom forms, and a meta-analysis was performed using random-effects inverse variance. Primary outcome was Little's Irregularity Index (LII) changes. Secondary outcomes were pain intensity and root resorption.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen clinical studies were reviewed, with nine included in the meta-analysis. No significant differences were observed in LII changes during the first four months, with similar findings in the first, second and third months. In the fourth month, NiTi wires exhibited higher reductions. Pain intensity did not differ between groups on the first or the seventh day. No significant difference in root resorption was found between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HANT and conventional NiTi wires showed comparable effectiveness in reducing LII, pain levels, and root resorption during the orthodontic alignment phase. While HANT wires may entail higher costs, their ease of insertion and ligation offer practical advantages. Ultimately, choosing between wire types should consider individual patient needs and clinician preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, and perception of orthodontic students, and orthodontists regarding role of artificial intelligence in field of orthodontics-An online cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Seema Gupta, Santosh Verma, Arun K Chauhan, Mainak Saha Roy, Wangonsana Rajkumari, Chirag Sahgal","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology in orthodontics. The objective of this survey was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and perception (KAP) of orthodontists and postgraduate students regarding the plausible employment of AI within the realm of orthodontics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational, cross-sectional, online questionnaire survey was conducted with 440 participants (264 postgraduates and 176 faculty members). The questionnaire was divided into four domains: Part A, focused on sociodemographic characteristics, Part B (eight questions) identifying the basic knowledge of the participants about the use of AI in the field of orthodontics, Part C (six questions) assessing the participants' perceptions of the use of AI, and Part D (five questions) assessing the attitudes of participants towards AI. The KAP scores of the participants regarding the use of AI in the field of orthodontics were assessed using a three-point Likert scale for 17 questions and two multiple-choice questions. Responses were analyzed using the chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 266 participants completed the survey, and the majority agreed with the use of AI in the field of orthodontics, particularly for 3-dimensional diagnosis of orthognathic surgeries, cephalometric analysis, and prediction of treatment outcomes. Most participants felt that AI training should be incorporated into the postgraduate curriculum (73%), and were willing to incorporate it into clinical practice (74%). Barriers to the use of AI were high costs, lack of technical knowledge, and lack of awareness. The participants' KAP scores showed a weak negative correlation with age, years of experience, and designation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study concluded that most of the participants were optimistic about the future of AI in orthodontics. Although most orthodontists and postgraduate students had knowledge of AI, there were many barriers to its use in the field of orthodontics.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}