Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists最新文献

{"title":"New regression equation for predicting post-treatment lower incisor position based on the pretreatment thickness of alveolar housing.","authors":"Kutraaleeshwaran Velmurugan, Annapurna Kannan, Vignesh Kailasam","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A regression model was formulated to assess the final lower incisor position based on its pretreatment alveolar bone housing. The objective of the study was to determine and quantify the thickness of alveolar bone in the mandibular incisor region using lateral cephalograms in skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III patients. Formulate a calculated regression model on the final lower incisor based on its alveolar bone housing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 99 lateral cephalograms from patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. Digital tracing was performed to measure pretreatment alveolar bone thickness, including labial and lingual cortical thickness and alveolar spongiosa. A multivariate linear regression analysis was used to frame the equation. A one-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe tests were used to compare these variables across different skeletal classes and growth patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The regression analysis identified pretreatment incisor mandibular plane angle (IMPA) (β = 0.33; P = 0.011) and pretreatment lingual cortical thickness (β = -7.15; P = 0.001) as significant predictors of post-treatment IMPA and a regression equation to predict the post-treatment IMPA was developed. The skeletal Class I patients with average growth patterns exhibited greater labial and lingual cortical thickness than other classes and growth patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A new regression model has been developed to predict post-treatment lower incisor position based on pretreatment alveolar housing. This model can enhance treatment planning and stability by accounting for individual anatomical variations. Clinicians should consider planning the post-treatment lower incisor position for a stable and successful treatment outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the rs6184 growth hormone receptor gene polymorphism in mandibular morphogenesis.","authors":"Ashwin Mathew George, Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan, A Sumathi Felicita, Rebekah Raju, Aravind Kumar Subramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polymorphisms in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene influence the craniofacial system by affecting the growth of the mandibular body length and ramal height, with significant variations observed across different ethnic populations. This study investigated the relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6184) in the GHR gene and its effects on mandibular morphogenesis in a Dravidian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 250 subjects were divided into three groups. Group 1 included 100 subjects with skeletal Class I malocclusion and average ramal height (control group). Group 2 included 150 patients with skeletal Class II malocclusions and reduced mandibular body length. On the basis of ramal height, group 2 was divided into two groups with 75 subjects each (short ramus: group 2a) and (long ramus: group 2b). DNA extracted from the salivary samples of individuals was analyzed to identify the genotype of the rs6184 using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and compare it in the three groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The genotype and allele frequencies showed statistically significant differences between the control (group 1) and groups 2a and 2b (P < 0.0001), with the polymorphic homozygous TT genotype found only in subjects with Class II malocclusions and reduced mandibular body length. However, no statistically significant difference was found between individuals with small and long ramal heights (group 2a and 2b, P = 0.7789).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The rs6184 polymorphic variant of the GHR gene can be considered a candidate gene for mandibular morphogenesis in the Dravidian population.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How satisfied are our patients?","authors":"Vinod Krishnan (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 65-66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of restraint stress and orthodontic treatment on physical and psychological states in rats","authors":"Ye Cheng ,&nbsp;Hua Nie ,&nbsp;Jun Qian,&nbsp;Jiangyue Lu,&nbsp;Yanfen Li,&nbsp;Huang Li,&nbsp;Fuhua Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore the effects of restraint stress and orthodontic tooth movement on the body weight and behavior of rats.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Twenty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham stress nonorthodontic (CC), sham stress orthodontic (CO), stress nonorthodontic (SC) and stress orthodontic (SO). Rats in the stress group were subjected to restraint stress for 21 days, and those in the orthodontic group received molar retraction on days 8 to 21 (D8–D21). The weights of the rats were measured, and behavioral tests were performed on D0, D10, and D20. Serum corticosterone levels in the rats were measured on D0, D4, D8, D12, D16, and D21.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The weights of rats in the CO, SC, and SO groups were significantly lower than those in the CC group. In the open-field test, the number of times the rats entered the central zone in the CC group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups. In the elevated plus maze test, at D10, the number of times the rats entered the open arms in the SO, SC, and CO groups was significantly lower than that in the CC group. From D12, the serum corticosterone levels in the CO, SC, and SO groups were significantly higher than those in the CC group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both restraint stress and orthodontic tooth movement interventions may have adverse effects on weight, behavior, and neuroendocrine responses. However, overlapping the two intervention methods did not increase the magnitude of the effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 91-96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated dentition segmentation: 3D UNet-based approach with MIScnn framework","authors":"Min Seok Kim ,&nbsp;Elie Amm ,&nbsp;Goli Parsi ,&nbsp;Tarek ElShebiny ,&nbsp;Melih Motro","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Advancements in technology have led to the adoption of digital workflows in dentistry, which require the segmentation of regions of interest from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. These segmentations assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, and research. However, manual segmentation is an expensive and labor-intensive process. Therefore, automated methods, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), provide a more efficient way to generate segmentations from CBCT scans.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A three-dimensional UNet-based CNN model, utilizing the Medical Image Segmentation CNN framework, was used for training and generating predictions from CBCT scans. A dataset of 351 CBCT scans, with ground-truth labels created through manual segmentation using AI-assisted segmentation software, was prepared. Data preprocessing, augmentation, and model training were performed, and the performance of the proposed CNN model was analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CNN model achieved high accuracy in segmenting maxillary and mandibular teeth from CBCT scans, with average Dice Similarity Coefficient values of 91.83% and 91.35% for maxillary and mandibular teeth, respectively. Performance metrics, including Intersection over Union, precision, and recall, further confirmed the model's effectiveness.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study demonstrates the efficacy of the three-dimensional UNet-based CNN model within the Medical Image Segmentation CNN framework for automated segmentation of maxillary and mandibular dentition from CBCT scans. Automated segmentation using CNNs has the potential to deliver accurate and efficient results, offering a significant advantage over traditional segmentation methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 84-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of coated orthodontic miniscrews with chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate antimicrobial nanoparticles: A randomized clinical trial","authors":"Ahmed Ali Al-Hilaly ,&nbsp;Akram Faisal Alhuwaizi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Using miniscrews to control anchorage made the application of force for various orthodontic treatment approaches easier and increased their effectiveness. Some problems may occur during the use of miniscrews, such as peri‑implant mucositis, mobility, postoperative pain, and failure. This study compared the success rate of miniscrews coated with chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate antimicrobial nanoparticles with that of uncoated miniscrews.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial using a split-mouth design, 80 miniscrews were inserted symmetrically into 40 individuals between the maxillary second premolar and first molar. Random allocation software was used to distribute the coated and uncoated miniscrews. The patients were monitored monthly, for a duration of 4 months. The main measure of interest was the success rate of miniscrews, which was assessed throughout follow-up periods of up to 4 months. The secondary objective was the assessment of the mobility of the miniscrews, peri‑implant health, and pain perception. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were applied to analyze the data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Main outcome</em>: After the 4-month follow-up, the success rates of the miniscrews for coated and uncoated samples were 81.3% and 84.4%, respectively, which was a statistically insignificant difference. <em>Secondary outcome:</em> Mobility and peri‑implant health were not statistically different between the coated and uncoated miniscrew groups. Pain intensity was rated higher on the first day, then decreased gradually, diminishing completely on the sixth and seventh day. However, the pain perception between the coated and uncoated miniscrews did not differ statistically.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Chlorhexidine-hexametaphosphate nanoparticles did not increase the success rate and stability, nor did they enhance peri‑implant health or affect pain perception during the short observation period.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration</h3><div>This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; ID: NCT06124235.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lip and incisor changes in patients with different ethnicities treated with extraction versus nonextraction: A cone-beam computed tomography study","authors":"Rahma ElNaghy ,&nbsp;Stephanie Grossman ,&nbsp;Majd Hasanin ,&nbsp;Riyad Al-Qawasmi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) via voxel-based superimposition to evaluate lip and incisor changes after orthodontic treatment with four premolar extractions (Ext) versus nonextraction (Non-Ext) among African American (AA) and White (W) patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 240 CBCTs of 120 adolescent orthodontic patients with Class I skeletal/dental relationships were included. Patients were initially divided according to treatment, and then each group was subdivided according to patients’ ethnicity (Ext/W = 30, Ext/AA = 30, Non-Ext/W = 30, and Non-Ext/AA = 30). CBCTs were imported into Invivo6 for voxel-based superimposition. Lip and incisor measurements were recorded. Independent <em>t</em> tests and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The Non-Ext/W group had a greater increase in all outcome variables compared with the Non-Ext/AA group, with a significant change in volume and position of upper (UL) and lower lips (LL), inclination of upper (U1) and lower incisors (L1), and position of U1. The Ext/AA group had a greater decrease in all measured outcomes compared with the Ext/W group, with significant change in inclination of U1 and L1, and position and volume of LL. W patients had more crowding than AA patients in both treatment approaches. Retraction ratios of 6.5:1 and 2.1:1 were recorded between the U1 and UL positions, and L1 and LL positions, respectively. There were no direct interaction effects between ethnicity and treatment, nor were there any significant effects of ethnicity after controlling for the covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Ethnicity alone has no impact on incisor and lip position after treatment. However, ethnicity in the form of initial presentation of malocclusion can have a significant influence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 76-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protraction of a mandibular second molar into the adjacent atrophic first-molar extraction site with ridge-split technique through clear aligners: A case report","authors":"Jialun Li,&nbsp;Qi Fan,&nbsp;Lu Liu,&nbsp;Shangyou Wen,&nbsp;Xuechun Yuan,&nbsp;Xian He,&nbsp;Wenli Lai,&nbsp;Hu Long","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This case report describes the successful orthodontic management of a 25-year-old female patient presenting with Class II Division 2 malocclusion, moderate maxillary anterior crowding, and a missing mandibular left first molar. Treatment plan involved extraction of two maxillary first premolars to address crowding and protraction of two mandibular left molars, combined with the strategic use of mini-implants for precise tooth movement control. Ridge-split surgery was adopted to manage alveolar ridge resorption in the edentulous area. This procedure was essential for widening the narrow alveolar ridge, thereby reducing resistance and facilitating the mesial movement of two mandibular left molars. Lingual and labial biomechanics, including linguoincisal elastics and a cantilever system, were utilized to optimize torque control and molar protraction. Clear aligners were employed throughout the treatment phases, navigating challenges such as the closure of extraction spaces and achieving stable buccal interdigitation. The treatment spanned 4 years, using a total of 175 aligners. The initial phase required 66 aligners to close maxillary extraction spaces and the mandibular edentulous space, followed by 52 aligners in the first refinement and 57 aligners in the second refinement phase. Posttreatment evaluations demonstrated successful alignment of dental arches, correction of malocclusion, and enhancement of facial aesthetics. This case highlights the efficacy of integrated orthodontic techniques in achieving comprehensive functional and aesthetic outcomes in complex orthodontic cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro physical properties and clinical stability of reused orthodontic miniscrews: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Arezoo Jahanbin ,&nbsp;Farnaz Ziya ,&nbsp;Erfan Bardideh ,&nbsp;Sara Hafez ,&nbsp;Mostafa Abtahi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While orthodontic miniscrews have been widely documented for their successful application, limited research exists on the stability and effectiveness of reused miniscrews.</div><div>This systematic review aims to evaluate the stability and effectiveness of reused miniscrews in orthodontic treatments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An electronic search was conducted for studies published up to February 2024 across MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Additionally, gray literature sources and manual searches of prominent orthodontic journals from 2010 to 2023, were also examined.</div><div>Studies that investigated the use of miniscrews after retrieval and sterilization involving both in vitro studies and clinical trials were included.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 946 searched studies, 18 were finally included in our review. Thirteen studies investigated retrieved and sterilized miniscrews, while five examined unused and sterilized miniscrews to isolate the effects of sterilization. After performing a meta-analysis on in vitro studies, no significant difference in insertion, removal, or fracture torque between retrieved and unretrieved miniscrews was found, though sterilized miniscrews had a statistically significant increase in insertion torque without affecting fracture resistance. Meta-analysis of clinical studies revealed that retrieved miniscrews exhibited a significantly higher failure rate with a risk ratio of 0.46 (95% confidence interval = 0.24, 0.69), indicating a higher likelihood of failure on reuse.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There were no significant differences in insertion and fracture torque between new and reused miniscrews. However, reused miniscrews were associated with a higher failure rate. This outcome may be influenced by factors such as sterilization methods, insertion technique, and patient-specific anatomical considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":"14 2","pages":"Pages 97-110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance in answering orthodontic patients' frequently asked questions: Conversational artificial intelligence versus orthodontists.","authors":"Xinlianyi Zhou, Yao Chen, Ehab A Abdulghani, Xu Zhang, Wei Zheng, Yu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Can conversational artificial intelligence (AI) help alleviate orthodontic patients' general doubts? This study aimed to investigate the performance of conversational AI in answering frequently asked questions (FAQs) from orthodontic patients, with comparison to orthodontists.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty FAQs were selected covering the pre-, during-, and postorthodontic treatment stages. Each question was respectively answered by AI (Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer [ChatGPT]-4) and two orthodontists (Ortho. A and Ortho. B), randomly drawn out of a panel. Their responses to the 30 FAQs were ranked by four raters, randomly selected from another panel of orthodontists, resulting in 120 rankings. All the participants were Chinese, and all the questions and answers were conducted in Chinese.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 120 rankings, ChatGPT was ranked first in 61 instances (50.8%), second in 35 instances (29.2%), and third in 24 instances (20.0%). Furthermore, the mean rank of ChatGPT was 1.69 ± 0.79, significantly better than that of Ortho. A (2.23 ± 0.79, P < 0.001) and Ortho. B (2.08 ± 0.79, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the two orthodontist groups. Additionally, the Spearman correlation coefficient between the average ranking of ChatGPT and the inter-rater agreement was 0.69 (P < 0.001), indicating a strong positive correlation between the two variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the conversational AI ChatGPT-4 may outperform orthodontists in addressing orthodontic patients' FAQs, even in a non-English language. In addition, ChatGPT tends to perform better when responding to questions with answers widely accepted among orthodontic professionals, and vice versa.</p>","PeriodicalId":43456,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}