Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical最新文献

{"title":"Scalable 3D fabrication of biodegradable magnetic microswimmers as chemical/biomedical actuators","authors":"Minsu Kim,&nbsp;Han Jun Park,&nbsp;Moon Kyu Kwak","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetically actuated microswimmers are promising for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive procedures, yet scalable fabrication of helical microswimmers with high propulsion performance remains challenging because widely used methods such as two-photon polymerization are inherently low-throughput and poorly compatible with high magnetic nanoparticle loading. Here, we present Poisson Effect-Assisted Replication Lithography (PEARL) as a scalable route to biodegradable, magnetically actuated helical microswimmers. By exploiting the controlled lateral deformation of an elastomeric mold, PEARL achieves scalable, high-throughput replication of 3D helical microswimmers with high iron oxide nanoparticle loading up to 30 wt% while preserving geometric fidelity and propulsion capability, thereby overcoming the trade-off between structural complexity and manufacturability. Using enzymatically degradable GelMA as the structural matrix further ensures biocompatibility and transient operation. Framed as chemical and biomedical actuators, these PEARL-fabricated microswimmers transduce external magnetic fields into controlled mechanical work within chemically relevant environments such as PBS and enzymatic media. This capability enables targeted transport, localized mixing, and controlled release. Moreover, this actuator-centric perspective positions PEARL as a scalable platform for fabricating microswimmers that are suitable for future integration with biosensing modules and sensing–actuation systems in biochemically complex settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoisomerization-engineered fluorescent probe for innovative detection and bioimaging of salicylic acid during salt stress in plants","authors":"A.-Ling Tang ,&nbsp;Shuai Tan ,&nbsp;Ya-Ping Wu ,&nbsp;Tian-Li Lu ,&nbsp;Wei Niu ,&nbsp;Fang-Fang Kong ,&nbsp;Xiang Zhou ,&nbsp;Song Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salicylic acid (SA) is a pivotal phytochemical hormone that mediates systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against pathogens in plants. It is also involved in abiotic stress responses, making its detection essential for understanding the regulation of plant immunity under various stress conditions. In this study, we developed a photoisomerization probe named <strong>RAZ</strong>, which exhibits superior selectivity, excellent specificity, and good sensitivity for SA. Upon interaction with SA, <strong>RAZ</strong> engages in hydrogen bonding and offset π-π interactions, leading to a fluorescence turn-on response and presenting an innovative mechanism for SA detection. Furthermore, the incorporation of an azobenzene unit into <strong>RAZ</strong> allows for reversible detection of SA <em>via</em> photoisomerization, marking the first application of this strategy for reversible SA detection. This advancement eliminates the need for additional substances, thereby streamlining the experimental procedure. Utilizing this approach, <strong>RAZ</strong> successfully achieved real-time detection of SA in plants and facilitated three-dimensional (3D) imaging with a sufficient penetration depth of 41.04 μm. Importantly, <em>in vivo</em> confocal imaging confirmed the accumulation of SA in the roots of abiotic-stressed (including salt and Cd^2 +) tomato seedlings, providing direct visual evidence that SA enhances plant tolerance to abiotic stress. This work provides an effective tool for investigating plant defense responses and lays the groundwork for the development of new plant immunity inducers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling a PrIII-bridged tetrahedral polyoxometalate constructed from [SbW17O59]13– units for logic gate programmed electrochemical biosensing of KRAS gene mutations","authors":"Zhigang Tang,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li,&nbsp;Miao Wang,&nbsp;Lijuan Chen,&nbsp;Junwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>KRAS gene mutations, which serve as a critical driver in cancer development, require sensitive detection for accurate clinical diagnosis and effective treatment. Electrochemical biosensors (ECBSs) based on electrode materials have emerged as promising tools due to their rapid response, portability, and high sensitivity, however, their performance is often limited by the inherent properties of conventional materials. Herein, we reported a Pr^III-bridged tetrahedral polyoxometalate [H₂N(CH₃)₂]₁₃Na₈H₇[Pr(H₂O)₃]₄[Pr(H₂O)₈]₄[SbW₁₇O₅₉]₄·58 H₂O (<strong>1</strong>) containing monovacant Dawson-type [SbW₁₇O₅₉]^13– units. In <strong>1</strong>, four Pr1³⁺ cations act as structural linkers to connect four [SbW₁₇O₅₉]^13– building blocks into a tetrahedral architecture. Simultaneously, four Pr2 ³ ⁺ cations stabilize the framework by coordinating at the equatorial sites of [SbW₁₇O₅₉]^13– building blocks. Furthermore, integration of <strong>1</strong> with poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PNMPy) yields a <strong>1</strong>-PNMPy composite film. Compared to pristine PNMPy, the <strong>1</strong>-PNMPy composite film exhibits a reduced bandgap and interfacial resistance, enhanced conductivity, larger electroactive surface area and improved stability. Leveraging these enhanced electrical properties, a <strong>1</strong>-PNMPy-based ECBS was developed for the detection of KRAS gene mutations. Notably, the sensor operates with an AND logic gate function, enabling a remarkably low detection limit of 0.789 fM for KRAS gene mutations, along with excellent resistance to interference, high selectivity, reproducibility and long-term stability. Moreover, the <strong>1</strong>-PNMPy-based ECBS also demonstrates effective detection capability in real human serum samples, highlighting its potential for practical clinical applications. This work establishes a novel paradigm for logic-driven electrochemical sensing of KRAS mutations using polyoxometalate-based materials, offering significant promise for early cancer diagnosis and precision medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Europium-containing carbon dots (Eu-CDs) for ratiometric fluorescence determination of oxytetracycline and tetracycline antibiotics differentiation","authors":"Na-Na Ran ,&nbsp;Quan Luo ,&nbsp;Hong-Wei Li ,&nbsp;Yuqing Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, a novel ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor was prepared by in-situ incorporation of Eu³⁺ into nitrogen-rich carbon dots (Eu-CDs) <em>via</em> a one-step hydrothermal route. The obtained Eu-CDs display dual emission: a strong blue band at 440 nm (carbon core) and a weak red band at 615 nm (⁵D₀→⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺). Upon titrating oxytetracycline (OTC) into the system, the blue signal remained invariant as an internal reference, whereas the red emission dramatically enhanced by the OTC-mediated antenna effect. The intensity ratio (<em>I</em>₆₁₅/<em>I</em>₄₄₀) increases linearly with OTC concentration over 1.0 – 50 µM, affording a limit of detection of 35 nM. Concomitantly, the dispersion exhibits a naked-eye color switch from blue to red under 365 nm UV illumination. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the specific recognition originates from (i) coordination between Eu³⁺ and the β-diketone moiety of OTC and (ii) hydrogen-bonding interactions between OTC and the CDs surface. Although the probe is highly selective toward OTC over common ions and amino acids, it suffers from cross-reactivity among tetracycline antibiotics. This limitation was overcome by coupling the ratiometric read-out with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of dual-mode (fluorescence and absorption) data, enabling 100% correct classification of OTC, tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DC) in both individual and mixed samples. The proposed strategy furnishes a simple, green and low-cost route to Eu-CDs and establishes a robust, portable platform for ultrasensitive quantification and discriminative sensing of tetracycline antibiotics in complex matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stretchable self-healing hydrogel sensor for wide-range monitoring of biological oxygen cycling with humidity resistance","authors":"Zhipeng Li ,&nbsp;Xin Shi ,&nbsp;Liupeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Tianshuang Wang ,&nbsp;Fangmeng Liu ,&nbsp;Xu Yan ,&nbsp;Peng Sun ,&nbsp;Geyu Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable oxygen sensing in confined and biologically active environments requires the simultaneous integration of room-temperature operation, wide detection range, mechanical adaptability, and humidity stability—a combination that remains challenging for existing oxygen sensing technologies. Here, we report a mechanically adaptive electrochemical oxygen sensor based on a polyacrylamide–agarose (PAM–AG) double-network (DN) ion-conductive hydrogel, in which oxygen detection is achieved directly within a stretchable, self-healable, and intrinsically deformable sensing medium. The hydrogel sensor exhibits an unusually wide detection range from 20 ppm to 100 % O₂, a low theoretical detection limit of 148.52 ppb, high sensitivity with excellent linearity across low, medium, and high concentration regimes, and stable room-temperature operation. Owing to the DN architecture and dynamic polymer interactions, the sensor maintains reliable performance under extreme mechanical deformation, including stretching up to 2500 %, bending, and repeated self-healing. To address the intrinsic dehydration and humidity interference of hydrogel-based sensors, a breathable yet hydrophobic polyurethane encapsulation layer is introduced, enabling humidity-insensitive oxygen sensing over a broad range of 5–95 % RH without compromising oxygen transport. Furthermore, integration with a miniaturized, low-power wireless circuit enables real-time oxygen monitoring in dynamic biological scenarios involving humans, plants, and microorganisms within confined environments. This work establishes a robust, deformable, and humidity-stable oxygen sensing platform, advancing hydrogel-based electrochemical sensors toward practical bio-integrated and life-support monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tunable selectivity: High-performance detection of NO2 and triethylamine enabled by In2O3-Co3O4 heterojunction nanoflowers","authors":"Zhidong Jin ,&nbsp;Jinbo Zhao ,&nbsp;Lin Liu ,&nbsp;Fei Liu ,&nbsp;Shiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Jiurong Liu ,&nbsp;Lili Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the synthesis of In₂O₃-Co₃O₄ flower-like microspheres via a two-step method, where the In₂O₃ matrix, composed of ultra-thin nanosheets, serves as a scaffold for the surface dispersion of Co₃O₄. By modulating the Co₃O₄ concentration, two sensors (ICO-1 and ICO-10) were fabricated, demonstrating excellent and distinct selectivity at a low optimal temperature of 100 ℃. Among them, ICO-1 exhibited a high response of 1600–10 ppm NO₂, while ICO-10 showed a response of 124.32–100 ppm triethylamine (TEA) with tunable selectivity. The sensors as well achieved low theoretical detection limits of 100 ppb for NO₂ and 2.5 ppm for TEA, respectively. Systematic characterizations revealed that the switching of selectivity originates from the synergistic effects of heterojunction formation, electron depletion layer modulation, and the tailored concentrations of surface chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies. This work elucidates a feasible pathway for designing highly sensitive and selectivity tunable gas sensors by engineering heterojunction composition in metal-oxide semiconductors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cascade DNA system-based ratiometric electrochemical/electrochemiluminescent biosensor for Alzheimer’s disease biomarker","authors":"Weiwei Liu ,&nbsp;Yao Song ,&nbsp;Hui Xu ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Qianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Huanyu Cheng ,&nbsp;Po Wang ,&nbsp;Guofang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting amyloid-<em>β</em> oligomer (A<em>β</em>O) in a sensitive and reliable manner is crucial for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, a ratiometric electrochemical/electrochemiluminescent (EC/ECL) biosensor sensitized with a cascade DNA system was designed for A<em>β</em>O assay, an AD biomarker. Benefited from the strong binding of aptamer to target A<em>β</em>O, this system not only exhibited excellent identification to A<em>β</em>O in interfering substrates, but also achieved the signal transduction from A<em>β</em>O to nucleic acid (M). The releasing M strands triggered the upstream entropy-driven DNA circuit (EDC), which could directly initiate the downstream hybridization chain reaction (HCR). The continuous programmability of cascade DNA system achieved a one-to-multiple amplification effect, enhancing the assembly amount of ferrocene (Fc). The electron transfer and energy transfer between Ru(bpy)₃²⁺-conjugated silica nanoparticles (RuSi NPs) and Fc improved the sensitivity for A<em>β</em>O detection. The reverse change of signals between EC (Fc) and ECL (Ru) introduced intrinsic self-calibration and ensured the reliability of the biosensor. Taking the above advantages, the proposed method exhibited a high sensitivity for A<em>β</em>O quantification in the range of 50 fM to 10 nM and a detection limit of 14 fM. The proposed sensing strategy was also validated using real serum samples, offering a sensitive and efficient approach for AD diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of extracellular vesicle size and surface charge density via precise measurements of Brownian motion, electrophoretic velocity, and applied electric field in a single platform","authors":"Minsu Park ,&nbsp;Geeyoon Kang ,&nbsp;Jinseock Kong ,&nbsp;Hyeri Moon ,&nbsp;Junyeong Lee ,&nbsp;Ju-Hyun Bae ,&nbsp;Moon-Chang Baek ,&nbsp;Seungha Kim ,&nbsp;Hyowoong Noh ,&nbsp;Hongsik Park","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The size and surface charge density of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are physical properties correlated with the biological properties of their parent cells. Particle size is typically determined from Brownian motion, while surface charge density is calculated based on both size and zeta potential. However, accurately measuring both size and surface charge density of individual particles in liquids remains challenging because the underlying measurement principles differ and zeta potential analysis is complicated by the difficulty in quantifying the electric field applied to each particle. In this study, we developed a method for determining the precise size and surface charge density of individual EVs by integrating van der Pauw (vdP) and light scattering techniques. Size was determined by monitoring Brownian motion, while surface charge density was derived from the zeta potential, which was calculated using electrophoretic velocity and the applied electric field. The electric field was accurately measured using the vdP method based on the generalized Ohm’s law. The method’s accuracy was validated by measuring the size and zeta potential of standard nanoparticles. This method was further applied to evaluate the size and surface charge density of individual EVs derived from normal and cancerous breast and colon cells. The results revealed that these EV properties correlated with the malignancy level of the parent cells, achieving a classification accuracy of 94.69%. The proposed approach for determining multiple physical properties of individual nanoparticles in liquids may serve as a useful tool for exploring correlations between the physical and biological properties of EVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-a-chip analysis of lipid-packing defects modulating lung cancer cell metastasis at a tumor-vascular interface","authors":"Reyila Maimaiti ,&nbsp;Weifei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Xuanlin Feng ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Ling Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipid packing has been considered to play an important role in modulating cell behaviors. However, despite an increasing accumulation of knowledge, applications of lipid-packing manipulation as part of cancer therapy are lagging. In this study, to investigate the effect of lipid-packing defects on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell metastasis, we established a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic model of tumor-vascular interface to recreate the endothelial barrier. Two parameters of biological membranes, lipid composition and membrane curvature, were modulated to form lipid-packing defects. Lipid composition was regulated by cholesterol depletion using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), and membrane curvature was induced by an amphipathic helical peptide. Lipid packing was assessed via a molecular-scale probe, whose emission spectrum was dependent on the molecular order of the immediate membrane environment. Our results suggested that these two distinct modulation ways for lipid-packing defects have a different effect on tumor cellular behaviors. The extravasation and migration of tumor cells were hampered in cholesterol depletion-caused lipid-packing defects, while facilitated in local curvature-induced lipid-packing defects. Therefore, we proposed that lipid-packing defects might serve as an interesting regulation in tumor metastasis, providing a new insight for anticancer therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139584"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical capacitance as a Next-Gen tool for kanamycin detection","authors":"Amal Rabti ,&nbsp;Sami Hamzaoui ,&nbsp;Ouassim Ghodbane ,&nbsp;Noureddine Raouafi","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food security is essential for protecting human health; however, the contamination of food and dairy products with antibiotics remains a significant issue. In this study, we developed an innovative capacitance-based aptasensor for kanamycin (KAN) detection by modifying screen-printed electrodes with polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide (PANI/rGO). Electrochemical capacitance spectroscopy (ECS), derived from electrochemical impedance measurements, was successfully used to detect KAN with remarkable sensitivity. Cyclic voltammetry revealed an 85 % decrease in the specific capacitance upon KAN binding, achieving a detection limit of 1.19 fg·mL⁻¹. Further analysis of the ECS data allowed the capacitance response to be deconvoluted into double-layer and redox capacitance components, revealing complex interfacial changes and enabling an even lower detection limit of 0.13 fg·mL⁻¹. Fitting the ECS data to a Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm indicated heterogeneous binding dynamics between the aptamer and KAN. Across a dynamic range of 1 fg·mL⁻¹ to 1 ng·mL⁻¹, this dual-technique approach provided both highly sensitive detection and a detailed mechanistic understanding of the aptamer–KAN interactions. The combination of ultrasensitive performance and mechanistic insight marks a significant step forward in antibiotic monitoring technologies, with direct implications for food safety applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139552"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}