{"title":"Instant on-site screening and discrimination of designer benzodiazepine date rape drugs in spiked beverages at electrified liquid-liquid interface","authors":"Thangaraj S.T. Balamurugan , Abdelatif Laroui , Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny , Lukasz Poltorak","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benzodiazepines (BZs) are a class of regulated psychoactive drugs prescribed for various clinical condition including insomnia, anxiety, withdrawal syndrome, etc. Designer BZ are the chemical derivatives of the BZ drugs with little (or even no) toxicological and pharmacological data and approval for clinical practice. Owing to the unknown toxicological behaviour and prompt association in numerous drug facilitated crimes the designer BZ has emerged as serious hazard to public health and safety. In this work, we exercised the interfacial ion transfer characteristics of four designer BZ (Clonazolam, Diclazepam, Flualprazolam, Flubromazolam) at the electrified liquid-liquid interface (eLLI) to explore their physiochemical parameters such as molecular partitioning coefficients, distribution constants and concentration fractions across the conventional pH range. A linear sweep voltammetric analysis of each BZ drug at eLLI delivered key analytical parameters such as the linear detection range, limits of detection, quantification and voltametric sensitivity which are found to be in the range of 2 – 50 μM, 0.14 – 0.24 μM, 2.0 μM, and 0.152 – 0.345 A.M<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. Furthermore, the eLLI based designer BZ sensor demonstrates admirable analytical performance towards the on-spot detection of the BZ spiked in three different beverage samples. On top, the configured eLLI based BZ sensor is promising towards discriminating two BZ drugs with identical chemical cores at lower concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138228"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cuiping Li , Chaoran Li , Shuzhen Tian , Xiaotong Zhou , Baozeng Zhou , Lirong Qian , Litian Wang , Dan li , Hongji Li , Mingji Li
{"title":"Surface acoustic wave humidity sensors based on Al-doped ZnO ultrathin nanosheets architecture and their applications for skin moisture detection","authors":"Cuiping Li , Chaoran Li , Shuzhen Tian , Xiaotong Zhou , Baozeng Zhou , Lirong Qian , Litian Wang , Dan li , Hongji Li , Mingji Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensor is considered one of the most potential sensors for the monitoring of the skin moisture. Herein, we proposed a SAW humidity sensor based on Al-doped ZnO ultrathin nanosheets (Al-ZnOUNSs) architecture as sensing film for the monitoring of skin humidity. A SAW resonator with quartz piezoelectric substrate and aluminum electrodes was chosen as a basic device and AlN film as protection layer was deposited on the SAW resonator by magnetron sputtering. The Al-ZnOUNSs with high specific surface area, more channels, and numerous defects as active sites for gas adsorption and diffusion were grown on the AlN film by hydrothermal synthesis. High sensitivity is reached at high humidity for the Al-ZnOUNSs/AlN/SAW humidity sensor. The fast response and recovery times are found to be of order ∼11 s and 3 s within 10 ̶ 70 % RH for the sensor. The sensor also displays superior repeatability, selectivity, and long-time stability after 30 days. The involved gas sensing mechanism has been also discussed by theoretical calculation, Grotthuss chain reaction mechanism, and the mass loading effect of SAW. Moreover, the proposed sensor can quickly monitor the movement of fingertip, detect the skin moisture of various parts of human hand under different physical conditions, and capture changes of fingertip moisture after drinking water and applying emollient cosmetics. The proposed SAW humidity sensor for the monitoring of skin moisture emerges promising potentials for the assessment of metabolic and physiological conditions, the wound healing process, and the effectiveness of dermatocosmetic products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138222"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shu Fang , Xijie Feng , Yunjie Cao , Yunchang Wang , Meijuan Jia , Xiaoyi Wei , Jie Dong , Ruotong Tian , Jun Zhou , Huihua Ji , Changyu Shen
{"title":"Surface plasmon resonance based ultra-sensitive cholesterol detection using AuNPs/MPBA/β-CD functionalized gold-coated tilted fiber Bragg grating","authors":"Shu Fang , Xijie Feng , Yunjie Cao , Yunchang Wang , Meijuan Jia , Xiaoyi Wei , Jie Dong , Ruotong Tian , Jun Zhou , Huihua Ji , Changyu Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cholesterol is one of the key indicators in clinical biochemical testing and the diagnosis and treatment for diseases. Here we develop a high-sensitivity cholesterol concentration sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating surface plasmon resonance (TFBG-SPR) technology. The sensor excites surface plasmon resonance (SPR) by coating a gold film on the surface of TFBG, and then sequentially assembles gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MPBA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the surface of the gold film through self-assembly technology to realize a cholesterol fiber probe. The high surface area ratio of AuNPs can effectively increase the number of β-CD bound to their surface, thereby increasing the binding sites between β-CD and cholesterol. MPBA can bind with β-CD to form a structure with a conical hydrophobic cavity, which stabilizes hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol through hydrophobic interactions and non-covalent forces such as van der Waals forces, encapsulating cholesterol to form stable inclusion complexes. The experimental results showed that there is a good linear relationship between the intensity change of SPR resonant peak and the concentration of cholesterol solution. The proposed sensor shows a detection limit of 0.002 fM, which is four orders of magnitude lower than that of the existing similar cholesterol sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138227"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"E-type resonant cell based photoacoustic sensor for flowing gas measurement","authors":"Xuliang Chen , Yufu Xu , Hongchao Qi, Heng Wang, Chenxi Li, Xinyu Zhao, Ke Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An E-type resonant cell based photoacoustic gas analyzer with fast response has been proposed for flowing gas measurement. The proposed sensor integrates diffusion micropores and a silicon cantilever beam to enhance gas exchange efficiency and sensitivity. The resonant tube is completely embedded in the buffer chamber and two diffusion holes with a radius of 250 μm are designed to achieve miniaturization and accelerate the gas response speed, respectively. This design addresses the trade-off between flow measurement noise and response time observed in conventional T-type photoacoustic cells. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the response time is reduced from 359 s (without micropores) to 22 s (with micropores). The experiment analyzed the influence of different flow rates on the gas diffusion time and flow noise of the E-type photoacoustic cell with micropores. At an integration time of 1 s, the sensor achieves a detection limit of 48.7 ppb for C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> and a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 2.9 × 10<sup>−9</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>·W·Hz<sup>−1/2</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138223"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel indolium-fused acridine-based bifunctional fluorescent probe for intracellular viscosity and sulfur dioxide applicate in environmental detection, bioimaging and real-time gas absorption monitoring","authors":"Yue Gu, Shuai Gong, Jixiang Tian, Zhiyuan Meng, Yueyin Liang, Lewei Gao, Zhonglong Wang, Shifa Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) is widely recognized as an atmospheric pollutant that is emitted by a variety of industrial processes. Meanwhile, SO<sub>2</sub> is also present in soil, food, water and air, potentially threatening to human health and ecology. Viscosity, a critical parameter for characterizing fluid dynamics, also serves as an essential indicator of cellular changes. Herein, an indolium-fused acridine-based bifunctional fluorescent probe <strong>TABP-TI</strong> was constructed from nopinone, which can detect SO<sub>2</sub> and viscosity separately by C<img>C, and can be combined with hydrogel technology to achieve real-time detection of SO<sub>2</sub>-air. Moreover, <strong>TABP-TI</strong> exhibited high sensitivity, low detection limit (50 nM for SO<sub>2</sub>–detection while 1.18 cp for viscosity–detection), robust anti-interference capabilities, excellent hydrophilicity and optimal pH range (can detect SO<sub>2</sub> and viscosity within the pH range of 2 −9). Additionally, <strong>TABP-TI</strong> was utilized to detect SO<sub>2</sub> in water, food and soil as well as image viscosity changes in living HepG-2 cells and zebrafish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138229"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miao Li, Yining Wang, Xiaoyi Jin, Yang Tan, Honglei Zhan, Zhuoran Wen, Yu Li, Qian Li
{"title":"Flowers Blooming on the Crown: A Novel Halo Tag Protein-Conjugated Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Dual Two-dimensional Real-time Detection of Lysosomal and Mitochondrial Polarity","authors":"Miao Li, Yining Wang, Xiaoyi Jin, Yang Tan, Honglei Zhan, Zhuoran Wen, Yu Li, Qian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2025.138178","url":null,"abstract":"The concurrent detection across multiple organelles can effectively distinguish diverse cellular activities. However, the development of a cellular monitor that can concurrently target multiple organelles continues to present a substantial challenge. Consequently, for the first time, we engineer a dual-fluorescence emission and multi-organelle targeting (OT) protein-conjugated fluorescent sensor, X-TAG-Halo Tag-OT, enabling precise cellular analysis. The ratiometric fluorescence response of X-TAG to polarity variations within an intact range follows the Boltzmann function with high sensitivity. Notably, the X-TAG-Halo Tag-Cox8a construct can concurrently target both lysosomes and mitochondria, producing a visually striking ratiometric fluorescence image of lysosomal “flowers” embedded within a mitochondrial “crown”. By employing the “flowers on a crown” pattern for dual-organelle analysis, it is observed that autophagy facilitates an increase in lysosomal polarity (Δ<em>f</em> <sub>Lyso</sub> = 0.2836 to 0.2944), while decreasing mitochondrial polarity (Δ<em>f</em> <sub>Mito</sub> = 0.2697 to 0.2584). In contrast, both lysosomal and mitochondrial polarity are diminished during apoptosis (Δ<em>f</em> <sub>Lyso, Mito</sub> = 0.2835 to 0.2734, 0.2688 to 0.2665). Furthermore, the crucial organelles involved in the aforementioned cellular activities are also identified with high sensitivity by X-TAG-Halo Tag-Cox8a. X-TAG employs nitrogen condensation to enhance n→π* and π→π* transitions for ratiometric fluorescence emission and also endows it with the capability to bind to OT-fusion Halo Tag proteins via a nitrogen-containing Halo Tag ligand, thereby facilitating interactions with multiple organelles. This versality suggests significant potential for developing dual multidimensional fluorescent sensors, providing new insights into the mechanisms of various diseases.","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenglin An , Ting Xie , Guangxu Li , Jiangtao Wu , Xiaochun Wu , Wentao Jiang
{"title":"Magnetic field-enhanced conductometric acetone gas sensing of multiferroic Bi0.92Dy0.08FeO3","authors":"Chenglin An , Ting Xie , Guangxu Li , Jiangtao Wu , Xiaochun Wu , Wentao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While non-contact magnetic fields have been widely employed as stimuli for modulating magnetic, electric, and catalytic properties, their direct influence on gas sensing processes remains unexplored. The renaissance of multiferroics, whose surface electric polarization can be magnetically controlled via intrinsic magnetoelectric coupling effect, offers the possibility to manipulate gas sensing properties through magnetic field. Here, we investigated the effect of the external magnetic field on gas sensing performance using the most representative multiferroic material. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Bi<sub>0.92</sub>Dy<sub>0.08</sub>FeO<sub>3</sub> sensors exhibit a non-linear magnetic field-controlled acetone sensing performance. When the Bi<sub>0.92</sub>Dy<sub>0.08</sub>FeO<sub>3</sub> sensor is exposed to a 140 mT magnetic field, its gas response towards 100 ppm acetone rises from 12.7 to 20.3, reaching a 60 % increase. The response time decreases from 53 to 41 s, corresponding to a 113 % increase in reaction rate constant. These improvements are attributed to the magnetoelectric coupling effect, which induces surface uncompensated polarization and enhances domain conductivity, thereby promoting surface oxygen chemisorption and charge carrier transport. Our findings not only advance the fundamental understanding of magnetically tunable gas sensors but also broaden the potential applications of multiferroic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138221"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fengdi Li , Yun Wang , Hao Yu , Xianpeng Liao , Kailong Liu , Lihua Hu , Hongmin Ma , Dan Wu , Qin Wei , Huangxian Ju
{"title":"Electrochemiluminescence sensor based on the quenching effect of MOF-199 nanomaterials towards ternary semiconductor CdIn2S4 for sensitive analysis of D-dimers","authors":"Fengdi Li , Yun Wang , Hao Yu , Xianpeng Liao , Kailong Liu , Lihua Hu , Hongmin Ma , Dan Wu , Qin Wei , Huangxian Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ternary metal sulfide semiconductors demonstrate considerable potential for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) applications, because of their high charge carrier mobility and good stability. Herein, CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> was innovatively employed as a luminescent material owing to its excellent near-infrared (NIR) ECL emission. Its narrow bandgap, excellent solubility, and stability in aqueous solutions prevented electrode passivation and enhanced the ECL intensity, efficiency, and stability. The MOF-199 nanomaterial featuring a pyramid structure was employed as a quenching probe, exhibiting a dual-quenching effect based on electron and ECL energy transfers, facilitated by energy-level matching and spectral overlapping with luminescent CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>. The dual-quenching strategy considerably enhanced the quenching efficiency of the probe. Therefore, based on CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> exhibiting an excellent luminescence performance and MOF-199 demonstrating an exceptional quenching effect, a novel quenching-type sandwich immunosensor was developed for the sensitive detection of D-dimers. The detection limit of the sensor was 8.51 fg/mL. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited excellent specificity, reproducibility, and stability. The proposed approach offers a novel theoretical framework and methodological guidance for the detection of biomarkers and, provides valuable insights for the development of new luminescent materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138179"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yingnan Quan , Huan Liu , Yanbin Sun , Yuxin Wang , Jingchang Sun , Xiang-Hu Tang , Xing-Jiu Huang
{"title":"Mn²⁺ doping optimization strategy for MoS₂ substrates to amplified SERS sensitivity of antibiotic pollutants","authors":"Yingnan Quan , Huan Liu , Yanbin Sun , Yuxin Wang , Jingchang Sun , Xiang-Hu Tang , Xing-Jiu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semiconductor surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology is a flexible and efficient optical detection method, showing excellent application prospects in the detection of emerging antibiotic pollutants. However, due to the extremely complex and trace chemical components of antibiotics, it is difficult to obtain accurate spectral information of the molecules to be detected. Therefore, achieving high-sensitivity detection of antibiotic pollutants in actual environments using semiconductor SERS technology remains a huge challenge. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel optimization strategy of introducing Mn<sup>2 +</sup> doping into the semiconductor MoS<sub>2</sub> substrates. This method can not only effectively enrich active centers, positively impact optical properties, and significantly enhance SERS performance, but also endow the substrate structure (Mn-MoS<sub>2</sub>) with magnetism, facilitating its recovery in practical applications and significantly improving recycling efficiency. Additionally, through experiments, we found that the Mn-MoS<sub>2</sub> substrate achieves an effective charge transfer resonance effect with antibiotic chlorothalonil molecules, overcoming the difficulty of low detection sensitivity. This strategy is expected to promote the in-depth application of semiconductor SERS technology in antibiotic pollutant detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138204"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limin Hou , Xuelian Hu , Wanyue Pang , Ruoyu Cao , Shuo Wang , Wenxiu Wang , Xiuying Liu , Yiwei Tang
{"title":"Fluorescence homogenous analysis based on AgNPs quenching carbon dots and polymer dots for simultaneous detection of glyphosate and thiamethoxam in food","authors":"Limin Hou , Xuelian Hu , Wanyue Pang , Ruoyu Cao , Shuo Wang , Wenxiu Wang , Xiuying Liu , Yiwei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel homogeneous fluorescence analysis method was developed for the simultaneous detection of glyphosate (GLY) and thiamethoxam (TMX) using aptamer-functionalized carbon dots and polymer dots in conjunction with complementary chain-modified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This analytical strategy is based on the principles of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and an indirect competition reaction model. The fluorescence intensity shows a linear correlation with the logarithm of GLY and TMX concentrations over the range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL. The limits of detection for GLY and TMX were determined to be 0.12 ng/mL and 0.10 ng/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the detection of GLY and TMX in various matrices (tap water, apple, pear, and rapeseed oil), with the results being verified by HPLC. This study presents a cost-effective, rapid, and highly sensitive detection method, which holds great promise for future applications in environmental and food-related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"443 ","pages":"Article 138209"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}