Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical最新文献

{"title":"A GSH-detection and tumor therapeutic nanoplatform: Dual regulation through non-redox inhibition of NADPH-driven GSH regeneration and depletion for potentiating oxidative stress and ferroptosis","authors":"Ruxia Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoye Wen,&nbsp;Yongfei Huang,&nbsp;Zhefeng Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, novel tumor diagnosis and treatment strategies mediated by the exceptional enzyme-like activities of nanozymes demonstrate significant potential in the field of cancer theranostic. However, constrained by the potent antioxidant system of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the inadequate catalytic activity of nanozymes, endowing nanozymes with high abundance of enzyme-mimicking activities to promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, as well as detecting tumor environmental markers and designing multi-pathway strategies to disrupt TME redox homeostasis, remains a considerable challenge. Herein, a multifunctional PB@<span>L</span>-Arg CeO₂ nanozymes with triple enzyme-mimicking activities (peroxidase, oxidase, and phosphatase-like properties) and remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency was reasonably constructed via an in-situ self-assembly strategy, achieving dual applications of colorimetric detection of glutathione (GSH) and multimodal synergistic therapy for tumors. Notably, the phosphatase-like activity mimicked by PB@<span>L</span>-Arg CeO₂ nanozymes can directly hydrolyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) via a non-redox pathway and effectively inhibit intracellular GSH supply. Combined with GSH deprivation ability, it substantially disrupts the TME redox balance system and promotes the lipid peroxides (LPO) accumulation, further enhancing the ferroptosis effect, thereby significantly inhibiting tumor growth both in vivo and in vitro. In summary, this work provides a new paradigm for the design of nanozyme platforms for cancer diagnosis and multimodal therapeutic based on GSH levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An electroneutral fluorescent probe for revealing lipid droplet viscosity heterogeneity in giant cell tumor of bone","authors":"Xinyue Li ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Dou ,&nbsp;Mengqi Yan ,&nbsp;Yuezhi Cui ,&nbsp;Feifei Sun ,&nbsp;Lin Gao ,&nbsp;Xuechen Li ,&nbsp;Xianhao Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dysregulated lipid droplets (LDs) metabolism is implicated in cancer progression, yet its role in giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) remains obscure due to the lack of suitable imaging tools for the dense tumor microenvironment. Here, we rationally designed an electroneutral molecular rotor as LDs probe based on twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism. LD-B1 exhibits 13-fold fluorescence enhancement with increasing viscosity (1–1410 cP), high photostability, and excellent specificity for LDs in live cells. Using this probe, we visualized dynamic LDs fusion and mapped spatial heterogeneity in LDs viscosity within patient-derived GCTB tissues. Notably, tumor cells exhibited significantly higher LDs viscosity than myeloid-derived cells. Single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing revealed the upregulation of lipid metabolic genes (e.g., NNMT and GPX8) in tumor cells. Furthermore, knockdown of these lipid-associated factors led to a decrease in LDs viscosity, while a lipid tracer assay provided direct evidence of intercellular lipid trafficking from myeloid-derived cells to tumor cells. Together, the findings of this work provide a powerful chemical tool for imaging LDs heterogeneity, and reveal LDs viscosity as a potential metabolic hallmark and therapeutic target in musculoskeletal oncology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel photo-controlled CRISPR-Cas12a system based on split crRNA for one-pot detection of multiple viral aerosols","authors":"Ze Fan,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Yin,&nbsp;Bin Du,&nbsp;Zhiwei Liu,&nbsp;Jiwei Xu,&nbsp;Xihui Mu,&nbsp;Bing Liu,&nbsp;Jianjie Xu,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CRISPR-Cas12 technology has revolutionized the field of nucleic acid detection. Although aerosols are a critical transmission route for epidemic viruses, most current CRISPR-based detection technologies focus on liquid samples. Direct detection of viruses in aerosols remains uncommon. In this study, we designed a novel photo-controlled CRISPR-Cas12a detection system based on split crRNA and integrated it with reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) technology to develop a “one-pot” detection protocol for viruses in aerosols. By integrating the processes of viral aerosol capture and nucleic acid enrichment, the system can enable the process from aerosol sample input to detection signal output within 1 h. The modular photo-activated CRISPR-Cas12a system constructed in this study, based on split crRNA, addresses the issues in traditional photo-controlled strategies, such as the need to customize blocking sequences for different targets and the cumbersome system optimization process. It provides a universal molecular tool for the detection of various viruses, significantly reducing design costs and enables the simultaneous detection and early warning of H7N9 influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. This study marks the first application of photo-controlled CRISPR technology in the field of viral aerosol detection. It establishes an integrated platform for viral aerosol detection, enabling both fluorescent detection and LFA-based visual detection of low-abundance viruses in aerosols. The platform provides an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-operate universal technical solution for diverse detection needs, and holds practical value for the prevention and control of viral transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNN-assisted multimodal biosensing of Staphylococcus aureus using a bimetallic MOF@MXene hybrid nanomaterial","authors":"Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongrui Ma ,&nbsp;Zhi Zeng ,&nbsp;Huiwen Gu ,&nbsp;Xiao Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Yin ,&nbsp;Ying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid and accurate detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is critical for ensuring public health and mitigating the global burden of foodborne diseases. Here, we present a multimodal sensing platform enabled by a novel bimetallic hybrid nanomaterial, Au/MOF-919/Ti₃C₂T_X, which integrates intrinsic electrochemical properties with dual enzyme-mimetic activities. This innovative material serves as the cornerstone of a highly sensitive and selective biosensor for the detection of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>), a major foodborne pathogen. The detection mechanism leverages a catalytic hairpin assembly cascade reaction on magnetic nanoparticles, amplified by the multifunctional Au/MOF-919/Ti₃C₂T_X, to generate electrochemical and colorimetric signals proportional to the target concentration. Convolutional neural networks were employed to classify and quantify <em>S. aureus</em> concentrations from captured images, enabling intelligent, real-time pathogen identification with precision. The biosensor demonstrates exceptional performance, with a broad linear detection range (10–10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹) and low detection limits of 5.5 CFU mL⁻¹ (electrochemical) and 6.6 CFU mL⁻¹ (colorimetric). Validated in complex food matrices, this platform represents a transformative advance in food safety monitoring, offering a robust, rapid, and scalable solution for pathogen detection. Its integration of nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and multimodal sensing heralds a new era in biosensing technology, with far-reaching implications for public health and food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially differential gold nanocluster amplification of LSPR for ultrasensitive, label-free optical immunoassays","authors":"Zetai Liu ,&nbsp;Bangfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Yaru Wan ,&nbsp;Yangcheng Liu ,&nbsp;Mingyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenqin Wu ,&nbsp;Peng Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Du ,&nbsp;Yiwei Li ,&nbsp;Guoping Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Feng ,&nbsp;Bi-Feng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global impact of COVID-19 highlights the critical need for technologies enabling pre-symptomatic pathogen detection to curb pandemics. Addressing this need requires diagnostic sensors with significantly enhanced sensitivity for reliable low-abundance target detection. Here, we report a planar synergistic Cluster-Pore biosensing microchip (CP-Chip) that couples gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) fluorescence with gold nanopore localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). We demonstrate that this plasmonic coupling critically depends on the spatial distribution of AuNCs relative to the nanopores. Exploiting spatially differential AuNCs amplification, we designed the CP-Chip so specific target binding modulates AuNCs distribution. This label-free, wash-free approach amplifies optical signals under target-positive conditions while suppressing background in target-negative states, enhancing differential output. The CP-Chip achieves ultrasensitive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein detection with a limit of detection of 150 fg/mL—marking a sensitivity gain exceeding three orders of magnitude over previous LSPR methods and proving suitable for low-abundance analysis. Integration with a mobile health platform enables rapid on-site testing. Validated via simulation and targeted antigen-antibody experiments, the CP-Chip emerges as a promising tool for early-stage infectious disease screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programming activation of Cas12a via PAM remodeling for on-demand detection of DNA repair enzymes","authors":"Lu-yao Chen ,&nbsp;Qiuyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen-jing Liu ,&nbsp;Chun-yang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CRISPR/Cas12a system holds significant promise in molecular diagnostics and biosensing due to its high programmability and efficient <em>trans</em>-cleavage activity. Nevertheless, current methods for regulating the <em>trans</em>-cleavage activity of Cas12a typically involve either complex structural modifications of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) or costly chemical alterations, which restricts their broad applications. Herein, we present a robust and cost-effective strategy to program the activation of Cas12a through remodeling the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) within hairpin double-stranded DNA activator. We rationally design a hairpin probe with an incomplete PAM sequence that makes Cas12a inactive. The introduction of a specific DNA repair enzyme (e.g., uracil DNA glycosylase) excises the uracil (U) base in hairpin probe to initiate the polymerization reaction, remodeling the PAM domain into its functional form that can effectively reactivate Cas12a. This integrated strategy not only achieves precise temporal and hierarchical control over the <em>trans</em>-cleavage activity of Cas12a, but also facilitates the construction of a universal sensing platform (namely CRISPR switch) for on-demand detection of various repair enzymes. This assay is characterized by simple experimental procedure, short analysis time (30 min), high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. Importantly, this CRISPR switch can be integrated with a lateral flow assay (LFA) for rapid and visual detection of repair enzymes, suitable for point-of-care molecular diagnostics in resource-limited scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139610"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating a droplet microfluidic system for measuring total alkalinity","authors":"Shahrooz Motahari ,&nbsp;Alireza Zabihihesari ,&nbsp;Vincent Sieben","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous, high-resolution, and long-term monitoring in dynamic marine environments is advantageous to characterize the ocean carbon cycle. Here, we report an autonomous droplet Lab-on-Chip (LoC) sensor enabling high-resolution total alkalinity (TA) measurements with reduced reagent requirements validated in the laboratory. The droplet LoC sensor integrates on-chip droplet absorbance detection to perform multi-point spectrophotometric titrations, where each droplet in a set is an individual titration point. To facilitate droplet stability under varying pH titration conditions, a three-step silica nanoparticle coating method was adapted to render the PMMA channels superhydrophobic while maintaining compatibility with the titration chemistry. The droplet-based approach enables significant reductions in sample and reagent consumption, attaining 15 µL per titration point, which represents a ∼67-fold improvement compared to previous designs. Further measurement time was also decreased, with a complete TA measurement taking 190 s that is ∼6-fold faster than earlier stop-flow analyzers. Multiple certified reference material (CRM) measurements demonstrated a precision of 9.08 µmol kg⁻¹ , which is comparable to previous stop-flow microfluidic systems. Once calibrated against CRMs, the device showed a strong correlation between sensor measured TA values and prepared standards across a range of alkalinities from to 1500–2500 µmol kg⁻¹ , and an accuracy of –3.3 ± 22.9 µmol kg⁻¹ . Droplet-based microfluidics for carbonate measurements, such as TA, demonstrate the potential for long-term, and high spatiotemporal resolution observations in marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stable dumbbell-shaped DNA nanostructure enabling primer-free amplification for sensitive and specific single-nucleotide variant detection","authors":"Lin Hua ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Wei ,&nbsp;Jianxin Wu ,&nbsp;Xiao Fang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Chen ,&nbsp;Mengqi Zhan ,&nbsp;Jinshen Chu ,&nbsp;Can Wang ,&nbsp;Qingxin Jiang ,&nbsp;Huo Xu ,&nbsp;Guohui Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are critical biomarkers for precision oncology, yet their reliable detection remains challenging due to low variant allele frequencies, extensive wild-type backgrounds, and the need for absolute single-base resolution. Current methods such as next-generation sequencing, digital PCR, isothermal amplification, and CRISPR-based assays offer important advances but remain constrained by cost, complexity, or limited robustness in clinical samples. Here we report a functionalized dumbbell-shaped DNA probe (DSP) that unifies nuclease resistance, low-background signaling, and primer-free amplification within a single nanoscale architecture. The DSP adopts a self-folding conformation that protects terminal ends against degradation, incorporates an intramolecular fluorophore–quencher hairpin for stable and sensitive fluorescence output, and leverages polymerase-assisted recycling to enable intrinsic amplification without external primers. Using KRAS G12D in colorectal cancer as a representative demonstration, the DSP achieved femtomolar sensitivity with a detection limit down to 10 fM, exhibited dual linear ranges spanning femtomolar to nanomolar concentrations, and provided precise single-nucleotide discrimination against wild-type and closely related variants. Importantly, the DSP maintained robust stability and sensitivity not only in buffer and serum but also in real clinical serum samples, where it accurately identified KRAS G12D mutations with results fully consistent with sequencing validation. By consolidating stability, specificity, and amplification in one compact DNA nanostructure, the DSP establishes a new design paradigm for probe-based mutation analysis. Beyond KRAS G12D, its modularity enables straightforward adaptation to other SNVs, offering a generalizable and translational platform for liquid biopsy, multiplex mutation profiling, and point-of-care diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent identification of Raman-inactive molecules on a plasmonic ZIF-derived SERS platform","authors":"Handong Zhao,&nbsp;Mengqi Li,&nbsp;Taiyang Zhang,&nbsp;Shi-Zhao Kang,&nbsp;Lixia Qin,&nbsp;Xiangqing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection of Raman-inactive molecules remains a significant challenge due to the limitations of existing methods, such as low efficiency, stringent conditions, and high cost. Here, we report a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform fabricated through the calcination of a tailored zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) to form an Al/N-doped ZnS substrate (Al/N-ZnS), followed by the anchoring of dendritic Ag. The engineered N-ZnS teams up with multiple Ag-N/S electron transport channels to collectively lower the energy barrier, enabling highly efficient photo-induced charge separation and transfer. The promoted charge dynamics efficiently generates ·OH and ·O₂^- radicals on the Al/N-ZnS/Ag substrate under optimal irradiation, which in turn induce an oxidation-mediated structural rearrangement to rapidly convert target molecules from Raman-inactive to Raman-active states, enabling highly sensitive SERS detection. The substrate demonstrates exceptional sensitivity for detecting leuco-crystal violet (LCV)-a persistent and potentially hazardous derivative of crystal violet. It achieves a detection limit as low as 3.23 × 10⁻¹¹ mol·L⁻¹ and an enhancement factor of 1.28 × 10⁶, coupled with high selectivity and strong anti-interference capability. Furthermore, by integrating machine learning with statistical analysis, the platform successfully discriminates the structurally similar derivatives at ultra-low concentrations (1 × 10⁻⁸ mol⋅L⁻¹) in mixed samples. This novel photo-induced SERS strategy significantly improves detection efficiency and reduces costs, highlighting its great promise for applications in food and environmental analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146110997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cavity-boosted multi-component quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor","authors":"Chu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ying He ,&nbsp;Shunda Qiao ,&nbsp;Yufei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2026.139600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cavity-boosted multi-component quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CBMC-QEPAS) sensor based on a multi-resonator T-type photoacoustic cell (PAC) is proposed to simultaneously detect carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ammonia (NH₃). The PAC, designed with multiple fundamental frequencies, functions as both an acoustic micro-resonator and a gas chamber. The resonant frequencies of PAC multiple resonators were designed using the finite element analysis method to match those of two quartz tuning fork (QTF) detectors at 3 kHz and 9.5 kHz, thereby achieving resonance enhancement. Experimental results showed 18.76-fold and 24.31-fold enhancements in 2 <em>f</em> signals for CO₂ and NH₃, respectively, with the use of multi-resonator T-type PAC. The sensor's long-term stability was evaluated using Allan deviation analysis, achieving minimum detection limits (MDLs) of 30.58 ppm for CO₂ and 1.61 ppm for NH₃ when the average time was 1000 s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"454 ","pages":"Article 139600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}