Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical最新文献

{"title":"Nanozyme-mediated multi-mode cascaded visual lateral flow assay platform of enrofloxacin based on truncated aptamer and one-pot isothermal amplification","authors":"Peifang Chen ,&nbsp;Mingwei Qin ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Lu ,&nbsp;Shuo Qi ,&nbsp;Junsong Yang ,&nbsp;Zhouping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of enrofloxacin (ENR) in livestock farming raises serious concerns for human health due to its persistent residues in food. Thus, this study innovatively developed a cascade-amplified \"turn-on\" lateral flow assay (LFA) for the highly sensitive and visual detection of ENR. The high-affinity truncated aptamer (E22), initially obtained through molecular docking simulation, as the recognition element. By combining one-pot rolling circle amplification (RCA) and restriction endonuclease, the generated single-stranded DNA were captured by functionalized gold-platinum nano-urchin probes (APNCs-PolyA-DP). Based on the generated initial colorimetric (CM) signal, the CM-LFA enabled quantitative detection of ENR in the range of 0.1–1000 ng/mL, with a visual detection limit (vLOD) of 0.1 ng/mL. Then, the peroxidase-like activity of APNCs catalyzed the TMB chromogenic reaction to produce enhanced colorimetric (EC) signals. Furthermore, the synergistic near-infrared photothermal (PT) properties of the oxidation product (oxTMB) and APNCs were utilized to construct a specific temperature mode. By leveraging the dual properties of oxTMB, the EC-LFA and PT-LFA achieved a wider linear range (0.01–1000 ng/mL) and an ultralow vLOD of 0.01 ng/mL, showing a 10-fold improvement over the CM-LFA. The application of the LFA to milk samples yielded overall recovery rates, ranging from 93.9 % to 105.1 %. Thus, this approach provides robust technical support for point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms and shows broad application prospects in food safety monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138904"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for propofol detection in postoperative patient whole blood samples","authors":"Jihong Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Shang ,&nbsp;Meiru Jiang ,&nbsp;Liping Zhu ,&nbsp;Dongmei Hong ,&nbsp;Enduo Feng ,&nbsp;Guanghui An","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Propofol remains the first sedative choice due to its rapid onset and short distribution half-life. However, the narrow therapeutic window and pronounced inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability pose challenges in achieving appropriate sedation levels in diverse patients, calling for rapid and accurate quantification of propofol for its clinical safety. In this work, a sensitive and rapid surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform based on vertically aligned Au nanorods array with enhancement factor &gt; 10⁷ was fabricated for directly propofol detection in unprocessed postoperative blood samples. Achieving by rapid and selective derivatization of propofol with 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (DCQ) in alkaline conditions, the SERS platform presented excellent selectivity resulted by a strong 1278 cm⁻¹ peak of indophenol. This assay displayed a linear response from 1 ng mL⁻¹ to 20 µg mL⁻¹ with a limit of detection of 0.38 ng mL⁻¹ in 2 min for each sample. Both the artificial simulated serum and clinical postoperative blood samples testing demonstrated excellent quantification performance of as-prepared SERS platform. Significantly, Comparative analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed a Deming slope of 0.95, confirming analytical interchangeability. Moreover, A subsequent cohort of 32 patients demonstrated a robust inverse correlation between SERS-derived propofol levels and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale scores (Spearman ρ=-0.80, p &lt; 0.0001), a single threshold of 1.17 µg mL⁻¹ predicted moderate sedation to deep sedation with 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. This work furnishes the first clinically validated, reagent less-cleanup SERS assay for intravenous anesthetic monitoring, offering a generic blueprint for real-time therapeutic-drug management in critical care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138877"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-role boron and oxidized phosphorus in collectively constructing the signal-amplified bio-carbon electroanalysis platforms for simultaneous recognition of sulfite and nitrite in aquaculture","authors":"Yifeng Shen,&nbsp;Kunquan Li ,&nbsp;Yan Xue,&nbsp;Chengjie Ma,&nbsp;Junao Cheng,&nbsp;Shengsheng Miao,&nbsp;Dilli Ram Acharya","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing the signal-amplified yet low-cost electrochemical analysis platforms for determination of sulfite and nitrite in aquaculture water is still a challenging but significant task. Herein, an attractive boron and phosphorus co-modified bio-carbon (BP-bioC) sensitive material synthesized via ultrasonic impregnation with cotton stalk and boric acid/phosphorus acid and followed pyrolysis is reported for simultaneously discriminating sulfite and nitrite through differential-pulse-mode voltammetric signals. The physico-chemical characterizations and electrochemical characterizations suggest that under optimized mass ratio of H₃BO₃/H₃PO₄ (0.2), the resultant BP-0.2-bioC possesses the faster electron-transfer kinetics and lower impedance as compared to the pristine phosphorus-modified bio-carbon (P-bioC), which is profited from the critically metallic-role boron (C₃B). Also, the higher electrocatalytic activity is observed thanks to non-metallic role of boron (C₂BO/CBO₂) which promotes more electroactive oxidized phosphorus (C₃P = O) configurations by phosphorus-boron Frustrated Lewis Pairs, in turn generating the unique phosphorus-frustrated-boron active site pairs (C₃B-C₃P = O). More strikingly, the evolution of wettability in the presence of boron ensures the availability of electroactive site pairs during electrochemical sensing process. These combined advantages impart the electrochemical sensing platforms (BP-0.2-bioC/ESPs) the enhanced electroanalytical properties towards sulfite and nitrite with limit of detection (LOD) low to 34.71 μM and 2.10 μM, respectively, which enable to compare favorably with certain metal-based sensing platforms reported. DFT calculations conclude that the combined active pairs of C₃P = O and C₃B show the best electrocatalytic activity towards sulfite and nitrite, respectively. This contribution provides guidance for deliberately devising ultrasensitive bio-carbon based electroanalysis platforms concerned sulfite and nitrite in aquaculture waterbodies or related aquacultural products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138906"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of bimetallic PtAu nanoraspberries as novel labels in lateral flow immunoassays: Application for a chronic wound biomarker detection","authors":"David Valero-Calvo ,&nbsp;Jose Francisco Bergua-Canudo ,&nbsp;Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are widely used point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools due to their rapid response and ease of naked-eye detection. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are commonly employed for colorimetric readout. However, these AuNP-based systems suffer from a relatively low sensitivity, which limits their application for the detection of low-abundance biomarkers. In this study, we propose the use of bimetallic platinum-gold (PtAu) nanoraspberries (NRs), consisting of a platinum shell surrounded by gold protuberances, as novel detection tags in LFIAs. The PtAu NRs surface morphology allows to enhance the nanoparticle:antibody conjugation ratio and to minimize unspecific absorptions, compared to that of the traditional AuNPs. Moreover, the intense purple coloration of the PtAu NRs provides superior visual contrast against the white background of lateral flow strips. All these features lead to improved performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared to the use of AuNPs. We also demonstrate the application of the PtAu NRs in an LFIA platform for the detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a key biomarker of chronic wound infection, at clinically relevant levels in artificial wound exudates with also high selectivity versus potential interferents. In addition, semi-quantitative analysis using a smartphone and ImageJ software showed a linear correlation between the normalized color intensity and the logarithm of MPO concentrations over the 50–5000 ng/mL range, achieving an estimated limit of detection of 1.8 ng/mL. These findings highlight the potential of PtAu NRs to improve LFIA performance and lay the groundwork for their use in multiplexed POC diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138903"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced VOCs and humidity detection via DTP-regulated and surface-modified tapered seven-core fiber sensors","authors":"Wanlai Zhu ,&nbsp;Guorui Zhou ,&nbsp;Zao Yi ,&nbsp;Hui You ,&nbsp;Dongying Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber optic sensors exhibit unique advantages in environmental monitoring and biomedicine, yet conventional designs face limitations in detection limits and sensitivity. To overcome these challenges, a tapered seven core fiber (SCF) sensing system based on dispersion turning point (DTP) modulation and surface modification enhancement is innovatively proposed in this work. The wavelength sensitivity near the DTP approaches infinity, and the DTP can also serve as an intrinsic self-referencing point during sensing. In humidity (1–92 %RH) sensing, the bare fiber achieved a wavelength sensitivity of 0.2025 nm/%RH and an intensity sensitivity of 0.086 dB/%RH near the DTP. In volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection, silica sol-gel surface modification amplified the response to polar molecules by 2–4 times, enabling ppb-level pollutant sensing. Specifically, the maximum wavelength sensitivity for ethyl acetate exceeded 1094.2 pm/ppm. This study provides a novel integrated solution for the detection of low-concentration VOCs, offering broad application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145203420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly sensitive TDLAS gas sensor based on a dual-curvature Herriott-type multi-pass gas cell","authors":"Haiyong Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Ma ,&nbsp;Mengchao Yan ,&nbsp;Hongjun Ren ,&nbsp;Hua-Yao Li ,&nbsp;Yuheng Wu ,&nbsp;Zishuo Xiao ,&nbsp;Xinjie Zheng ,&nbsp;Qingyong Yang ,&nbsp;Fukang Ding ,&nbsp;Huan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) gas sensors are highly suitable for rapid and accurate gas detection. The challenge for the TDLAS gas sensors is to convert the interaction between light and gas into a sensitive sensor signal within a confined space. One effective method to address this challenge has come primarily from the design of miniaturized multi-pass gas cells (MPGCs) to extend effective optical path length (EOPL). In the conventional Herriott-type MPGC design, the utilization rate of the mirror surface and the integrity of the light spot are both limited due to the use of a single-curvature mirror. Here, we propose a dual-curvature mirror design strategy for the Herriott-type MPGCs, featuring a unique three-concentric-circle spot pattern. The ray-tracing simulations were conducted based on an optical transmission model that quantitatively relates mirror spacing, incident beam parameters, and the resulting spot distribution. The optimal MPGC prototype exhibited an EOPL of 32.05 m within a volume of 155.13 mL, thereby achieving a high ratio of optical path length to volume of 20.66 cm⁻². Through a combination of wavelength modulation spectroscopy, we have developed a methane TDLAS gas sensor with a detection limit as low as 33.78 ppb. The dual-curvature Herriott-type MPGCs offer a new degree of freedom for the miniaturization of highly sensitive TDLAS gas sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial-targeted type I/II self-reporting photosensitizer with viscosity-sensitive properties for tumor recognition and apoptosis induction","authors":"Pengcheng Yin ,&nbsp;Zhiyang An ,&nbsp;Jie Han ,&nbsp;Rubo Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Jing ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Establishing a dynamic correlation between photodynamic therapy (PDT) processes and changes in mitochondrial viscosity is of significant research value for advancing the development of theranostics technologies for tumors. Nevertheless, research on constructing mitochondrial viscosity-sensitive probes at the single-molecule scale that simultaneously possess high type I/II PDT efficacy for tumors and the ability to visualize therapeutic effects remains lacking. In this work, we developed a novel D-π-A type organic small molecule photosensitizer (<strong>TKC)</strong>, constructed by substituting carbazole with tetraphenylethylene (TPE) as the electron-donating moiety (D) and employing indole iodide salt as the electron-accepting component (A). <strong>TKC</strong> is capable of performing highly sensitive and specific fluorescence imaging over a wide viscosity range (η, 1.005–1410 cP), enabling real-time in situ imaging of intracellular mitochondrial viscosity as well as accurate differentiation between normal and cancer cells. Furthermore, <strong>TKC</strong> exhibits efficient type I/II ROS generation capabilities, with a ¹O₂ quantum yield of 3.56, while achieving efficient phototoxicity to tumor cells and inhibition of tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. More importantly, <strong>TKC</strong> can monitor the mitochondrial depolarization process and the dynamic changes of mitochondrial viscosity during the process of apoptosis, enabling real-time tracking and self-reporting of treatment effects. Therefore, the fluorescent probe developed in this work, which integrates precise tumor diagnosis, mitochondrial-targeted therapy and dynamic efficacy evaluation, offers an effective strategy for the subsequent advancement of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic fluorescent tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138846"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colourimetric sensor for monitoring ammonia-generating infectious bacteria","authors":"Michaella Watson,&nbsp;Christopher O’Rourke,&nbsp;Andrew Mills","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A simple, inexpensive bromophenol blue (BPB), colourimetric ammonia (NH₃) sensor is used to monitor the growth of different wound associated bacteria in three different, simple wound models which utilise a typical, readily available, commercial occlusive wound dressing. The 25 % colour change point of the sensor is ca. 0.0032 %NH₃ and its 90 % response and recovery times are, 8 and 230 s, respectively. Using <em>P. stuartii</em> as the test species, in a model wound with an occlusive dressing, the increase in the sensor’s colour up to the 25 % point correlates with that of the exponential growth of the bacterial species (units: CFU/mL) and a simple mathematical model is used to show that a linear relationship should exist between log(CFU/mL) of the initial inoculum and the time it takes for the sensor to reach its 25 % colour change point, the threshold time, TT. This prediction is confirmed using the NH₃ producing bacteria, <em>E. coli, E. cloacae, P. stuartii</em>, and <em>K. aerogenes</em> using three different wound models, namely ones in which the ‘wound’ was a non-urea containing agar plug, a urea-containing agar plug and a damaged porcine skin model, respectively. These results suggest that the NH₃ sensor has promise as a <em>non-invasive</em> wound monitoring indicator and the additional work required to progress the sensor in this role is discussed briefly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138900"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering oxygen vacancy defects on a CeO2-SnO2 micro-nano heterostructure for rapid triethylamine detection and fish freshness monitoring","authors":"Shuang Li,&nbsp;Zhuo Liu,&nbsp;Lin Yang,&nbsp;Mengli Yan,&nbsp;Yan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxygen vacancy defects on the surface of metal oxides can not only increase carrier density and facilitate electron transfer, but also increase more active sites, thereby significantly boosting the overall performance of sensors. In this study, a 3D bundle-like porous CeO₂-SnO₂ heterostructure with abundant oxygen vacancy defects composed of radially cross-bundled mesoporous nanorods is successfully prepared. The synergistic effects of composition regulation, Ce^4 + /Ce³⁺ valence engineering, and increased oxygen vacancy defects in the micro-nano structure enhance electron transfer at the interface, creating more active sites for triethylamine (TEA) capture. Consequently, the micro-nano structure shows an outstanding response value of 151.12 towards 100 ppm TEA at 157 °C, about six times higher than SnO₂, with excellent selectivity, fast response/recovery times (9 s/123 s), superior anti-interference ability, and long-term stability. Also, the sensor can achieve a response value of 11.24 for TEA detection in gases from five-day-stored crucian carp at room temperature, showing potential for freshness monitoring. This work presents an effective strategy to develop TEA sensors for practical applications by using oxygen valence engineering and tailoring multi-scale pore structures in MOF-derived heterostructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting CO2 sensitivity via multiphase ZnO heterojunctions and surface-engineered silicon pyramids","authors":"Feng-Renn Juang,&nbsp;Wei-Cheng Sung","doi":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snb.2025.138895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of low-temperature and high-sensitivity CO₂ gas sensors is crucial for applications in environmental monitoring and indoor air quality control. In this study, we report a ZnO-based heterostructure sensor fabricated on silicon pyramid arrays to enhance CO₂ detection performance. Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods were synthesized on etched Si substrates via hydrothermal methods, followed by the formation of ZnSnO₃ and Zn₂SnO₄ heterostructures through corrosion and hydrothermal reactions. XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of composite oxide phases, and energy band diagrams revealed favorable n–n type heterojunctions at the ZTO/ZnO interface. Five types of devices were systematically compared, with the ZnSnO₃-ZnO and Zn₂SnO₄-ZnO sensors demonstrating high sensitivities of 365 % and 398 %, respectively, toward 2500 ppm CO₂ at an optimal operating temperature of 150 °C. These sensors also exhibited excellent stability over 30 days, minimal cross-sensitivity to common interfering gases (ethanol, acetone, hydrogen), and reduced humidity interference under controlled relative humidity (20–80 %). Compared with previously reported metal oxide sensors, the proposed structures offer superior sensitivity, fast response/recovery, and reliable low-temperature operation. This work presents a scalable and material-efficient strategy for the fabrication of selective and stable CO₂ sensors suitable for real-world applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":425,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical","volume":"447 ","pages":"Article 138895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}