Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research最新文献

{"title":"Numerical design of a Kretschmann-configured multilayer SPR sensor with bismuth germanate dielectrics for high-sensitivity non-invasive glucose monitoring in diabetes management","authors":"R. Sathiya ,&nbsp;Nitin Lingayat ,&nbsp;S. Gopinath ,&nbsp;Harishchander Anandaram ,&nbsp;U. Arun Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blood glucose monitoring is essential for effective diabetes management, as well as for early screening and detection of glycemic abnormalities. However, conventional techniques suffer from limitations, which includes invasiveness, enzyme instability, and delayed physiological response. This study introduces a Kretschmann-based multilayer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) glucose sensor that operates through label-free refractive index modulation rather than enzymatic electrochemical detection. The device has a BK-7 prism substrate, a silver (Ag) plasmonic layer, and dielectric layers of bismuth germanate (Bi₁₂GeO₂₀) and bismuth germanium oxide (Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂), and it functions at 633 nm. In order to minimize reflectance and enhance electric field confinement at the sensor interface, the transfer matrix approach was used to optimize the thickness of the layers. With optimized layer thicknesses of 50 nm (Ag), 0.3 nm effective optical thickness (Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂), and 2 nm (Bi₁₂GeO₂₀), the design achieves a theoretical minimum reflectance of 0.007%. The sensor exhibits a peak local differential sensitivity of 250°/RIU, a quality factor of 14.415, and a figure of merit of 47.17 RIU⁻¹ The resonance angle exhibits a strong linear dependence on refractive index (R² = 0.9977), described by θ (°) = 177.04 RI − 162.08, corresponding to a global sensitivity of 177.04°/RIU. This enables accurate glucose quantification over physiological refractive index ranges (1.335–1.347 RIU), relevant to diabetes screening and non-invasive glucose detection applications. Electric field analysis shows enhancement up to 15.5 × 10⁴ V/m at 74.7°, indicating strong evanescent field interaction with the sensing medium. Comparative analysis with existing SPR sensors shows competitive performance while maintaining structural simplicity. The proposed multilayer SPR configuration provides a high-sensitivity refractive-index sensing platform suitable for non-invasive glucose screening, early detection, and monitoring in diabetes management. This work represents a numerical proof-of-concept, and experimental validation under physiologically relevant conditions will be required to establish clinical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100996"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147421385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-sensitivity photonic crystal fibre biosensor for malaria detection","authors":"Shuvo Sen ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdullah-Al-Shafi ,&nbsp;Mashiyat Mubassera ,&nbsp;Md. Tanvir Hossain Hawlader","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria continues to threaten global health, demanding rapid and reliable diagnostic methods. Traditional techniques often lack sensitivity or speed, underscoring the need for advanced sensing approaches. This study proposes a photonic crystal fibre (PCF)-based sensor engineered for precise malaria detection. The sensor features five layers of heptagonal cladding and a central hollow core designed for red blood cell (RBC) infiltration, enabling intense light-matter interaction. By tracking refractive index shifts, it distinguishes Ring, Trophozoite, and Schizont stages through wavelength variations, offering accurate, label-free, real-time diagnosis. A comprehensive analysis of the fibre's geometry, material composition, and mode properties is conducted to optimise its detection capabilities. The sensor operates within a refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.41, making it suitable for identifying malaria-infected RBCs. Comprehensive numerical analysis demonstrates that the proposed fibre exhibits exceptionally high sensitivity across the different developmental stages of the parasite. The relative sensitivity (RS) is recorded as 97.40% for the regular stage (<em>n</em> = 1.402), 96.90% for the ring stage (<em>n</em> = 1.395), 96.20% for the trophozoite stage (<em>n</em> = 1.383), and 95.40% for the schizont stage (<em>n</em> = 1.373). In parallel, the confinement loss (CL) remains remarkably low, measured as 6.08 × 10⁻⁸ dB/m for the regular stage, 5.98 × 10⁻⁸ dB/m for the ring stage, 5.90 × 10⁻⁸ dB/m for the trophozoite stage and 5.85 × 10⁻⁸ dB/m for the schizont stage at the monitoring frequency of 2.2 THz. These findings underscore the potential of PCF sensors as a highly efficient and cost-effective diagnostic platform for malaria. By offering both superior sensitivity and minimal signal loss, this work paves the way for significant advancements in early disease detection and improved public health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100963"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new rGO@Ni nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of Pb (II) and Cd (II)","authors":"Ana Ameda ,&nbsp;Lueda Kulla ,&nbsp;Alma Shehu ,&nbsp;Besnik Baraj ,&nbsp;Sadik Cenolli ,&nbsp;Nevila Broli ,&nbsp;Majlinda Vasjari","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metals (HMs) are recognised as major environmental pollutants due to their high toxicity, persistence, and tendency to bioaccumulate in ecosystems. Due to their high accuracy, rapid analysis, and excellent sensitivity, electrochemical detection methods have garnered considerable interest. The focus of this work is to develop a sensitive, selective, and fast electrochemical sensing platform suitable for on-site monitoring of heavy metals. By combining the advantages of graphene oxide and metal nanoparticles, a carbon-based sensor was prepared by integrating reduced graphene oxide with nickel nanoparticles (rGO@Ni) to enhance the detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions. The electrochemical performance of the CPE/rGO@Ni sensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The results demonstrate that incorporating nickel nanoparticles into the graphene matrix significantly improves the electrochemical response toward Pb (II) and Cd (II), both in individual and simultaneous detection. The rGo@Ni nanocomposite enables the resolved and concurrent determination of Pb (II) and Cd (II) with minimal mutual interference, highlighting its suitability for multi-ion analysis. The sensor exhibits limits of detection of 0.039 ppm for Pb (II) with a sensitivity of 533.7 μAppm⁻¹, and 0.012 ppm for Cd (II) with a sensitivity of 273.75 μAppm⁻¹ in single ion analysis. Although the detection limits fall within the ppm range, the ability of the rGo@Ni nanocomposite to maintain stable and distinguished signals in the presence of coexisting ions represents a significant advantage for practical applications. These features indicate promising potential for integration into printed sensing technologies, which may help mitigate the challenges associated with ppm-level detection and further improve analytical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100951"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor based on CER-assisted CdTe quantum dots for therapeutic drug monitoring of methotrexate","authors":"Qiongdan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Huihong Duan,&nbsp;Kang Long,&nbsp;Qiqi Han,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Bin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methotrexate (MTX) is a cornerstone chemotherapeutic agent with a narrow therapeutic index, making therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) essential to optimize efficacy and prevent severe toxicity. While existing techniques like HPLC and ELISA offer high sensitivity, their complexity, cost, and time requirements can limit rapid clinical decision-making. To address the need for a practical and robust alternative, we developed a novel dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor (DERFN) based on cation-exchange reaction (CER)-enhanced CdTe quantum dots. This design prioritizes operational simplicity, rapid analysis, and resilience to matrix interference, achieving reliable MTX detection in the clinically critical concentration range. The sensor exhibits a wide linear response from 0.2 to 120 μM, with a detection limit of 3.75 μM in human serum and excellent recovery rates (100.37–110.71%). While not targeting sub-nanomolar levels required for delayed clearance monitoring, the CER-assisted DERFN platform demonstrates high selectivity, stability, and practicality. It thus presents a promising complementary tool for rapid MTX level assessment in settings where speed, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use are paramount.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous voltammetric detection of cadmium(II) and lead(II) in tapwater using a poly(caffeine) modified glassy carbon electrode","authors":"Asnakech Amsalu ,&nbsp;Menilek Ayalew ,&nbsp;Mengistu Mulu ,&nbsp;Atnafu Guadie ,&nbsp;Andualem Ejigu ,&nbsp;Adisie Kassa ,&nbsp;Tilahun Belayneh Asfaw ,&nbsp;Mulu Gashu ,&nbsp;Molla Tefera","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a novel electrochemical sensing platform was developed based on a poly (caffeine) modified glassy carbon electrode [(Poly(CAF)/GCE)] for the simultaneous determination of lead (II) and cadmium (II). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the sensor. Cadmium (II) and lead (II) were electrochemically determined using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). For the analytical application, the effects of experimental factors were examined, including scan rate, accumulation time, accumulation potential, and pH of supporting electrolyte solutions. Cadmium(II) and lead(II) were accumulated on the surface of poly(CAF)/GCE at a deposition potential of −2.0 V and a deposition time of 220 s in an acetate buffer of pH 4.5. The linear range was found to be 1.0 μg/L to 40 μg/L with a limit of detection of 0.35 μg/L and 0.28 μg/L for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The proposed method was found to be highly sensitive and showed good repeatability, reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of trace levels of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genotoxic effect of morpholinium-based ionic liquids on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LES B58: Electrochemical and in silico mechanistic study","authors":"Oskar Szczepaniak,&nbsp;Jakub Michalski,&nbsp;Dorota Narożna","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most relevant and persistent human pathogens is <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. Among numerous antimicrobial agents examined for their ability to combat bacterial resistance are ionic liquids. Our study investigates the genotoxic effect of two ionic liquids which were previously documented to exhibit anti-biofilm and sensitizing activity towards <em>P. aeruginosa</em>: 4,4-didecylmorpholinium and 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. To assess the effect of both ionic liquids on bacterial DNA we investigated changes in electrochemical signal of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> DNA isolated after bacteria exposure to tested compounds. We resulted in raised electrochemical signals of dsDNA after the exposition for 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium, which may shown initial DNA destabilization before occurring oxidative damage. The mechanism of potential interaction was verified using <em>ab initio</em> calculation of interaction with DNA base pairs: AT, GC and 8-oxoGC, and resulted in ultrahigh binding energy and interaction energy between 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium and 8-oxoGC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thiourea-functionalized electroanodized pencil graphite electrode for sensitive electrochemical detection of 4-aminophenol","authors":"Masoud Esmailpak,&nbsp;Morteza Bahram,&nbsp;Reza Dadashi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel and cost-effective electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) using a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified through an electroanodization process in the presence of thiourea. The resulting thiourea-functionalized anodized PGE (ATPGE) demonstrates a porous, graphene oxide-like surface architecture with enhanced electrochemical properties. Surface characterization via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the formation of nanosheet structures and the successful incorporation of heteroatoms, including sulfur and nitrogen, derived from thiourea. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed significantly improved charge transfer and current responses at the ATPGE compared to unmodified electrodes. The ATPGE exhibited a low detection limit of 6 μM and a wide linear response range (10–110 μM) for 4-AP with high sensitivity and reproducibility (RSD &lt; 2%). Additionally, real sample analysis from dam water confirmed the method's applicability, with recovery rates ranging from 94.6% to 103.1%. The fabricated sensor demonstrates high selectivity against common interferents and offers a reliable, low-cost alternative for environmental and pharmaceutical monitoring of 4-AP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of surface plasmon resonance sensor enhanced by graphene deposition for breast cancer detection","authors":"Arthur A. Melo,&nbsp;Antonio M.N. Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a systematic design procedure for optimizing a graphene-enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for breast cancer detection. The study establishes a comprehensive methodology to determine the optimal sensor structure by evaluating multiple performance parameters through numerical simulations. Using a trapezoidal prism-based biochip, we develop a weighted optimization approach that balances sensitivity (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math></span>) and quality factor (<span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span>) across three metal films (Ag, Au, Cu) and various graphene layer configurations. The design procedure incorporates tissue-specific refractive index modeling and employs the multilayer matrix method to simulate SPR responses. Our optimization framework identifies distinct optimal configurations: 6 graphene layers for Ag (achieving 5100 nm/RIU sensitivity), 1 layer for Au (optimal <span><math><mrow><mi>χ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 27.00 RIU⁻¹), and 8 layers for Cu (77% <span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span> enhancement). The procedure reveals that while Ag offers maximum sensitivity (5200 nm/RIU for carcinoma), Au provides the best overall performance with <span><math><mrow><mi>χ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 39.92 RIU⁻¹. This work proposes a replicable design methodology for developing SPR biosensors, demonstrating particular effectiveness for cancer detection applications while establishing general principles for performance optimization in plasmonic sensing systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of silver, reduced graphene oxide and metal-organic framework-5 nanocomposite for the simultaneous voltammetric sensing of darunavir and naproxen pharmaceutical analytes using chemometric methods","authors":"Maryam Lak,&nbsp;Seyed Karim Hassaninejad-Darzi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Darunavir (DRV), a protease inhibitor widely prescribed for antiretroviral therapy, and naproxen (NAP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are frequently co-administered in patients with HIV-related inflammatory conditions, necessitating their accurate and simultaneous quantification in biological matrices. This study addresses the critical need for a sensitive and reliable analytical platform for the concurrent detection of DRV and NAP in complex biological samples. Conventional methods often suffer from poor selectivity due to overlapping oxidation peaks and limited sensitivity. To overcome these challenges, we developed a novel electrochemical nanosensor based on a silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide/metal–organic framework-5 nanocomposite–modified carbon paste electrode (Ag@RGO@MOF-5/CPE). The hybrid nanomaterial synergistically combines the high electrical conductivity of RGO, the large surface area of MOF-5, and the strong electrocatalytic activity of silver nanoparticles. Under optimized conditions via response surface methodology, the Ag@RGO@MOF-5/CPE exhibited enhanced current response and reduced oxidation overpotential for DRV, and NAP. However, due to overlapping oxidation potentials of drugs, partial least squares-1 (PLS-1) regression was implemented to enable accurate simultaneous determination, yielding detection limits of 0.20 μM for DRV and 0.40 μM for NAP in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 7.0). The overlapping peaks were efficiently resolved via PLS-1 regression, and this approach was applied for detection of DRV, and NAP in human plasma and urine samples with satisfactory recovery. Overall, the integration of PLS-1 effectively eliminates signal overlap and offering a rapid, cost-effective, and robust alternative to chromatographic techniques for therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV/inflammation co-treatments, ultimately enhancing clinical safety and pharmacological efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface-enhanced Raman based machine learning for rapid detection of Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTREM-1 sepsis biomarkers","authors":"Sheral Kumar ,&nbsp;Ziqi Li ,&nbsp;Jialiang Tan ,&nbsp;Yaming Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Wang ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernandes ,&nbsp;Kathleen Zhong ,&nbsp;Kevin Kain ,&nbsp;Harry Ruda","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sepsis presents a significant global health concern, uniquely challenging as current diagnostic tools are limited in timeliness in both testing and detection ability for early stages of the condition. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has demonstrated great potential in sensitive and selective identification of biomarkers within human samples. However, the information density within a SERS spectrum poses a challenge for interpretation and analysis of a patient sample. Machine learning (ML) can be leveraged to learn patterns within the data and enable identification and categorization of critical biomarkers. This paper presents two SERS based ML classification models to rapidly identify and quantify sepsis severity even in the early stages of a condition, using low sample volume. The first model detects Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTREM-1 sepsis biomarkers within human plasma samples at clinically significant concentrations outside of the normal human range, with up to 83.5% accuracy overall and 100% accuracy on normal samples. The second model categorizes sTREM-1 samples into clinically determined concentration ranges associated with 3 stages of sepsis severity, with up to 100% accuracy. Insight is also provided on key wavenumber regions for discrimination between biomarkers and normal plasma. Our findings illustrate the feasibility of SERS based ML approaches for rapid and early detection of life-threatening sepsis scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}