Kyung Eun You, Joshua Cheng, Jeong Ok Lim, James J. Yoo, Sang Jin Lee, Shay Soker
{"title":"Electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor for progressive monitoring of antibody production ex vivo","authors":"Kyung Eun You, Joshua Cheng, Jeong Ok Lim, James J. Yoo, Sang Jin Lee, Shay Soker","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic monitoring of antibody production is essential for understanding immune responses. Conventional assays like ELISA offer only static measurements and lack temporal representation. To address this limitation, we developed an electrochemical biosensor using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for rapid, label-free detection of immunoglobulins (IgGs). Our platform enables progressive assessment of IgG production <em>ex vivo</em> through sequential electrochemical measurements. The MIP sensor was fabricated <em>via</em> electropolymerization of <em>o</em>-phenylenediamine and pyrrole in the presence of the Fc fragment of IgG as a template. Selective IgG recognition cavities were formed through combined chemical and electrochemical template removal. An <em>ex vivo</em> platform was established using hybridoma cells encapsulated in hydrogel beads to simulate continuous antibody production over seven days. The sensor detected mouse IgG in the range of 1.56–50 ng/mL with a strong linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.956) and a limit of detection of 1.54 ng/mL, and it also demonstrated the capability to detect IgG in human serum samples. IgG production was progressively monitored in hybridoma culture medium, with temporal trends consistent with ELISA measurements. By Day 7, the ratio of IgG concentration measured by the MIP sensor to that determined by ELISA was approximately 0.95. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the MIP sensor for fast, label-free IgG detection, providing a practical and efficient platform alternative to traditional assays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100991"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rohith Jayaraman Krishnamurthy, Justin Farrell, Abdul Basit Zia, Abbas S. Milani, Ian G. Foulds
{"title":"Waveform-aware deep learning for quantitative agglutination on a low-cost lab-in-tubing microfluidic platform","authors":"Rohith Jayaraman Krishnamurthy, Justin Farrell, Abdul Basit Zia, Abbas S. Milani, Ian G. Foulds","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To enable quantitative agglutination readout using an ultra-low-cost (parts cost < $40) lab-in-tubing optical platform.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Droplet waveforms were recorded with dual infrared line-break sensors from biotinylated BSA mixed with streptavidin-coated beads at nine levels (0, 0.0128–1000 μg mL-1; <em>N</em> = 223 droplets, <em>N</em> = 211 after QC). We apply waveform-aware preprocessing (i.e., preprocessing operations defined on the full time-series waveform that preserve concentration-dependent morphology rather than reducing the signal to a single scalar) (length normalization, Hampel spike suppression, offset-drift compensation, quality-control filtering, and blank (0 μg mL-1) reference subtraction) and train a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) to regress log10(concentration). Results: On a stratified 80/20 validation split, the model achieved MAE = 30.49 μg mL-1 with sub-μg absolute errors at trace-to-mid concentrations and larger but scale-appropriate deviations near the apex (∼8 μg mL-1) and in the prozone. Leave-one-concentration-out (LOCO) experiments show that errors increase primarily at omitted calibration anchors, motivating a minimal three-anchor scheme (low, apex, high/prozone) for stable interpolation. Conclusion: Coupling inexpensive optics with waveform-level modeling supports quantitative agglutination estimation across nearly five orders of magnitude (0.0128–1000 μg mL-1). Multi-day, multi-device, and matrix-effect validation remain future work. LOCO is a special case of leave-group-out cross-validation, and we use it here to emulate missing calibration anchors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147421382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and finite element analysis of coil position effects in inductive sensors using a design of experiments approach","authors":"Morteza Bagheri, Amir Musa Abazari","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Planar coils offer advantages such as a two-dimensional structure and compact design, making them suitable for various applications. They are widely used in position sensing, proximity detection, and non-contact measurement. Planar coils rely on mutual inductance as a key parameter. The mutual inductance changes with the relative displacement between two coils. The mutual inductance variation is the basis of inductive sensors. This study includes both experimental and finite element investigations of the effect of coil displacement on mutual inductance. In the experimental setup, a special fixture was designed to enable the movement of one coil with six degrees of freedom, allowing precise control of both axial and angular displacements. First, the accuracy of the finite element model was validated by comparing its results with those from a reference study, yielding an R<sup>2</sup> score between 0.9377 and 0.9721. The mutual inductance between two coils was evaluated under different conditions using both methods. The Taguchi method was employed to reduce the number while maintaining accuracy. The signal-to-noise ratio analysis showed that minimizing the vertical gap between the coils enhances magnetic coupling, while x-axis rotation has the least effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100985"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147421383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bio-inspired linseed derived carbon quantum dots as a fluorescent probe for the fluorimetric determination of imeglimin in biological fluids and dosage forms","authors":"Aya Barseem , Reem H. Obaydo , Samar H. Elagamy","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrates the first fluorimetric method for the determination of Imeglimin IMG, a novel antidiabetic drug. Since IMG lacks native fluorescence, a novel bio-inspired linseed derived carbon quantum dots LIN-CQDs were utilized as a fluorescent probe for its determination. The LIN-CQDs exhibited strong native emission at 470 nm upon excitation at 380 nm. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized LIN-CQDs was performed using transmission electron microscopy TEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS, which confirmed the successful formation of nitrogen-doped CQDs. The fluorescence intensity of LIN-CQDs was quenched progressively with increasing concentrations of IMG. The mechanism of quenching was studied and it was found to follow a static quenching process. The quenching response showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 0.15–3.0 μg/mL. All experimental conditions influencing the quenching process were carefully optimized. The method was validated in compliance with ICH guidelines, demonstrating high accuracy, precision, and specificity. The results of statistical comparison with a previously reported HPLC method confirmed no evident difference between the two approaches for the assay of the drug in its dosage form. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied for the assay of IMG in biological fluids including spiked human plasma and urine. The sustainability of the developed method was evaluated using the Analytical Eco-Scale, AGSA, and ComplexMoGAPI, metrics. Owing to its simplicity, sensitivity, and sustainability, the proposed fluorimetric assay provides a green alternative for routine determination of IMG in pharmaceutical analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100946"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomolecule analysis using portable absorption spectrophotometer with novel spatial filter","authors":"Tomoki Tahara , Mami Akaike , Yutaro Arakaki , Kinichi Morita , Yoichi Saito , Yoshitaka Nakanishi , Yuta Nakashima","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomolecules reflect the onset and progression of disease as well as overall health status, rendering their quantification essential. Although various techniques exist for biomolecule quantification, colorimetric analysis is widely used owing to its simplicity and rapid results. However, conventional absorption spectrophotometers used in such analyses suffer from measurement errors caused by stray light, such as reflected and scattered light, which compromise accuracy. This study introduces a portable absorption spectrophotometer with a novel spatial filter featuring a light-guiding structure designed to suppress stray light. This innovation enables rapid and highly sensitive quantification of biomolecules in the field. Using the proposed device, biomolecular samples including proteins and amino acids were analyzed. The results demonstrated a high linearity in the calibration curve (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup> > 0.99), confirming a reliable correlation between absorbance and concentration. Real protein samples, such as serum and immune cells, were quantified with accuracies comparable to those of commercial spectrophotometers, further validating the applicability of the device. These findings highlight the device's potential as an effective tool for biomolecule evaluation in various environments, offering portability, sensitivity, and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrochemical determination of Pb(II) in paint factory effluent and hot spring water samples using chitosan-based Schiff base modified carbon paste electrode","authors":"Kidus Ayalew Alemu , Genet Nurga Ansa , Tolera Marga Goshu , Mamo Gebrezgiabher , Siraye Esubalew Debebe , Tesfu Hailu Halefom","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pb(II) is a hazardous and non-biodegradable metal widely used in paint manufacturing and mining industries, posing health risks such as neurological disorders, kidney dysfunction, and increased blood pressure. Therefore, developing an easy, selective, and sensitive sensor for its detection is crucial. In this study, a chitosan-vanillin Schiff base (CVSB) was synthesized, and its successful formation was confirmed using spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Both bare and 10 % CVSB-modified carbon paste electrodes (CVSB-CPE) were employed to detect Pb(II), but the CVSB-CPE demonstrate significant electrocatalytic activity. Using an square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) the sensor exhibited a linear response to Pb(II) ranging from 0.001 to 100 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.57 nM. Additionally, repeatability tests showed a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.6 % over 17 consecutive measurements, while reproducibility across four independently prepared electrodes yielded a RSD of 1.05 %. The sensor also displayed high selectivity in the presence of potential interfering species, including Hg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Cu<sup>2+</sup>. The recovery tests conducted on factory effluent and hot spring water samples demonstrated a recovery ranging from 97.15 % to 113.49 % and 93.05 % to 108.01 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100928"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Rejini , Humaira Nishat , P. Manikandan , P. Ashok , William Ochen
{"title":"Sensitivity-enhanced machine learning–assisted terahertz Plasmonic biosensor using hybrid 2D materials for tuberculosis detection","authors":"K. Rejini , Humaira Nishat , P. Manikandan , P. Ashok , William Ochen","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work introduces, a machine learning-assisted terahertz metasurface biosensor that integrates graphene, gold, MXene and phosphorene within a single hybrid architecture for tuberculosis detection. Unlike conventional single- or dual-material plasmonic sensors, the proposed design exploits multi-material plasmonic hybridization to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity, angular robustness and tunable electromagnetic response. Finite element method (FEM) simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics are used to systematically optimize the sensor by varying the graphene chemical potential (0.1–0.9 eV), incident angle (0°–80°) and geometric parameters. The optimized design achieves a maximum sensitivity of 1000 GHz/RIU, figure of merit (FOM) of 14.286 RIU<sup>−1</sup>, quality factor of 10.014 and a detection limit of 0.022 RIU, indicating superior performance compared with conventional THz biosensors. Electromagnetic field analysis reveals strong field confinement and hybridized plasmonic modes within the 0.4–1.8 THz range, with a peak absorption of 76.935% at 80° incidence. A linear resonance frequency–refractive index relationship (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98098) confirms reliable quantitative sensing. Furthermore, the incorporation of machine learning–assisted analysis, yielding an R<sup>2</sup> exceeding 90%, enhances predictive accuracy and robustness. The proposed architecture demonstrates high angular stability, compactness and tunability, establishing its novelty and suitability for point-of-care TB diagnostics and real-time biomedical sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100964"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanyuan Li , Yuxin Liu , Lijuan Wu , Yueyue Chen , Mengchun Wang , Hongchun Luo , Juan Chen , Yuan Hu
{"title":"Simultaneous and ultrasensitive detection of HBV DNA and RNA in CHB by utilizing Cas12a/Cas13a-based dual-target strategy","authors":"Yuanyuan Li , Yuxin Liu , Lijuan Wu , Yueyue Chen , Mengchun Wang , Hongchun Luo , Juan Chen , Yuan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simultaneous detection of low levels of serum HBV DNA plus RNA in HBV-infected patients receiving antiviral therapy is an effective strategy to evaluate the antiviral effect. In this research, we established an ultrasensitive dual PCR-CRISPR fluorescent assay (DPCFS) based on CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a system to simultaneous detection of low levels of HBV DNA and RNA. We optimized the DPCFS assay and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity employing the HBV plasmid. Clinical validation and comparison with commercial HBV DNA ultrasensitive qPCR assay or reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR) were conducted using 46 serum samples of HBV-infected patients including 22 treatment-naïve and 24 nucleotide/nucleoside analogs (NAs)-treated patients. The limit of detection (LOD) for DPCFS platform was 5.8 copies/μL HBV DNA and 1.4 copies/μL HBV RNA, respectively, and the detection results could be directly visible to the naked eye under blue light without the need for any specialized instruments. Furthermore, clinical validation has 97.06 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity compared with commercial HBV DNA ultrasensitive qPCR assay. For serum HBV RNA detection, the sensitivity of DPCFS assay was 86.84 %, and the specificity was 87.5 % compared with RT-ddPCR. We developed a simultaneous and ultrasensitive detection of lower levels of HBV DNA and RNA in HBV-infected patients receiving antiviral therapy, which provide more accurate and simple strategy to evaluate the antiviral effect and treatment guidance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100925"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenyu Zhou , Xin'er Hu , Xinyi Xia , Meixiang Yu , Ningqi Xia , Jiayu Gu , Yan Cao , Hai Zhang
{"title":"Colorimetric and time-resolved fluorescence lateral flow immunoassays for rapid screening of thrombosis and accurate quantification of D-dimer in human plasma","authors":"Zhenyu Zhou , Xin'er Hu , Xinyi Xia , Meixiang Yu , Ningqi Xia , Jiayu Gu , Yan Cao , Hai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>D-dimer is a soluble fibrin degradation product, and usually serves as a biomarker for screening and diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Immunoturbidimetry is the most commonly used detection method in clinical practice, but it cannot achieve point-of-care testing (POCT) and on-site detection. In this study, two lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA), colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay (CG-LFIA) and time-resolved fluorescence microsphere lateral flow immunoassay (TRFM-LFIA), were established for rapid qualification and accurate quantification of D-dimer in human plasma. Both analytical methods were rapid, simple, and capable of on-site monitoring without complex sample pretreatment. The CG-LFIA achieved rapid qualitative assessment based on the visible color intensity of the strips and on-site quantitative detection through strip image scanning. Compared with CG-LFIA, the TRFM-LFIA can provide a wider dynamic range and superior sensitivity for D-dimer detection, although it does not allow for rapid qualification. After systematic optimization and rigorous methodological validation, the detection limit of CG-LFIA was 40 ng/mL with a dynamic range of 40–1280 ng/mL, while TRFM-LFIA had a lower detection limit of 6.1 ng/mL and a wider dynamic range of 10–2000 ng/mL. Both methods demonstrated excellent consistency in detecting D-dimer in human plasma in comparison with immunoturbidimetry. Therefore, CG-LFIA is more suitable for rapid on-site screening of clinical thrombosis patients preliminarily, while TRFM-LFIA is more appropriate for rapid and accurate POCT quantification of D-dimer in human plasma. Both methods will provide more convenient testing services for clinical thrombus screening and thrombus progression assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100940"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Malec , Christoph Haiden , Georgios Kokkinis , Ioanna Giouroudi
{"title":"Microfluidic platform combined with a dark field imaging system for quantification of E. coli contamination in water","authors":"Anna Malec , Christoph Haiden , Georgios Kokkinis , Ioanna Giouroudi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we present a method for detecting and quantifying pathogens in water samples. The method proposes a portable dark field imaging and analysis system for quantifying <em>E. coli</em> concentrations in water after being labeled with magnetic particles. The system utilizes the tracking of moving micro/nano objects close to or below the optical resolution limit confined in small sample volumes (∼ 10 μl). In particular, the system analyzes the effect of volumetric changes due to bacteria conjugation to magnetic microparticles (MP) on their Brownian motion while being suspended in liquid buffer solution. The method allows for a simple inexpensive implementation and the possibility to be used as point-of-need testing system. Indeed, a working prototype is demonstrated with the capacity of quantifying <em>E. coli</em> colony forming units (CFU) at a range of 1 × 10<sup>3</sup> - 6 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/mL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}