M.M. Dabi , F.M. Alshareef , H. Alwael , T.N. Abduljabbar , A.A. Alkhraije , E.A. Assirey , M.S. El-Shahawi
{"title":"用超分子溶剂微萃取氰基二硫腙加合物检测微量氰化物的超灵敏微型光学传感器","authors":"M.M. Dabi , F.M. Alshareef , H. Alwael , T.N. Abduljabbar , A.A. Alkhraije , E.A. Assirey , M.S. El-Shahawi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100836","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ultrasensitive detection of cyanide ions (CN<sup>−</sup>) at sub-trace levels in aqueous environments has emerged as an imperative analytical challenge, driven by its lethality for ecological systems and public health. The implementation of wavelength-dependent spectrochemical methodologies based on chromogenic adduct formation for CN<sup>−</sup> quantification in aqueous media remains intrinsically challenging, owing to intrinsic self-absorbance, spectral convolution, and diffuse background scattering that collectively compromise analytical resolution and selectivity. In this study, a novel, eco-compatible, and analytically robust sample pretreatment protocol was devised for the ultra-trace extraction of CN<sup>−</sup> ions from aqueous matrices, based on supramolecular solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SM-DLLME) strategy, prior to miniaturized UV–visible spectrophotometric quantification. The supramolecular phase, comprising self-assembled reverse micelles of 1-octanol dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF), was spontaneously generated upon injection of the binary solvent mixture into CN<sup>−</sup>-containing aqueous solutions buffered at pH 10. Subsequent ultrasonic irradiation facilitated rapid micellization and dispersion, enabling the efficient partitioning of the hydrophobic neutral brownish-orange cyano-dithizone adduct [CN(H₂Dz)₂], centrifuged and extracted into the supramolecular phase. The chromogenic adduct was quantitatively assessed for CN<sup>−</sup> ions at λ<sub>max</sub> = 470 nm, with linearity across the concentration range 0.05–0.3 μg/mL (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999). The acquired detection and quantification limits were 1.03 × 10<sup>−2</sup> and 4.01 × 10<sup>−2</sup> μg/mL, respectively. The sensor was implemented in spiked real water samples and yielded outstanding recoveries (100.3 ± 2.4 % to 101.8 ± 1.7 %), validated via the Student's <em>t</em>-test (t<sub>exp</sub> = 1.5 < t<sub>tab</sub> = 2.78, <em>n</em> = 5, <em>P</em> = 0.05). Furthermore, the chemical equilibrium, stoichiometric configuration, and thermodynamic parameters governing formation of the [CN(H₂Dz)₂] adduct were systematically elucidated and assigned. The assay can assist as a talented substitute for CN<sup>−</sup> detection in food, biogenic amines and food freshness. Incorporation of dithizone as a functional complexing agent markedly enhanced the sensing performance and selectivity of the established SM-DLLME system and thus enhanced the analytical scope for ultra-trace detection of CN<sup>−</sup> ions in complex aqueous matrices. The proposed sample prep avoids the use of toxic organic solvents or complex nanomaterials, providing a direct and effective strategy for monitoring and quality control of CN<sup>−</sup> ions in environmental water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100836"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Ultrasensitive miniaturized optical sensor for trace cyanide detection via supramolecular solvent microextraction of cyano-dithizone adduct\",\"authors\":\"M.M. Dabi , F.M. Alshareef , H. Alwael , T.N. Abduljabbar , A.A. Alkhraije , E.A. Assirey , M.S. El-Shahawi\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100836\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>The ultrasensitive detection of cyanide ions (CN<sup>−</sup>) at sub-trace levels in aqueous environments has emerged as an imperative analytical challenge, driven by its lethality for ecological systems and public health. The implementation of wavelength-dependent spectrochemical methodologies based on chromogenic adduct formation for CN<sup>−</sup> quantification in aqueous media remains intrinsically challenging, owing to intrinsic self-absorbance, spectral convolution, and diffuse background scattering that collectively compromise analytical resolution and selectivity. In this study, a novel, eco-compatible, and analytically robust sample pretreatment protocol was devised for the ultra-trace extraction of CN<sup>−</sup> ions from aqueous matrices, based on supramolecular solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SM-DLLME) strategy, prior to miniaturized UV–visible spectrophotometric quantification. The supramolecular phase, comprising self-assembled reverse micelles of 1-octanol dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF), was spontaneously generated upon injection of the binary solvent mixture into CN<sup>−</sup>-containing aqueous solutions buffered at pH 10. Subsequent ultrasonic irradiation facilitated rapid micellization and dispersion, enabling the efficient partitioning of the hydrophobic neutral brownish-orange cyano-dithizone adduct [CN(H₂Dz)₂], centrifuged and extracted into the supramolecular phase. The chromogenic adduct was quantitatively assessed for CN<sup>−</sup> ions at λ<sub>max</sub> = 470 nm, with linearity across the concentration range 0.05–0.3 μg/mL (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.999). The acquired detection and quantification limits were 1.03 × 10<sup>−2</sup> and 4.01 × 10<sup>−2</sup> μg/mL, respectively. The sensor was implemented in spiked real water samples and yielded outstanding recoveries (100.3 ± 2.4 % to 101.8 ± 1.7 %), validated via the Student's <em>t</em>-test (t<sub>exp</sub> = 1.5 < t<sub>tab</sub> = 2.78, <em>n</em> = 5, <em>P</em> = 0.05). Furthermore, the chemical equilibrium, stoichiometric configuration, and thermodynamic parameters governing formation of the [CN(H₂Dz)₂] adduct were systematically elucidated and assigned. The assay can assist as a talented substitute for CN<sup>−</sup> detection in food, biogenic amines and food freshness. Incorporation of dithizone as a functional complexing agent markedly enhanced the sensing performance and selectivity of the established SM-DLLME system and thus enhanced the analytical scope for ultra-trace detection of CN<sup>−</sup> ions in complex aqueous matrices. The proposed sample prep avoids the use of toxic organic solvents or complex nanomaterials, providing a direct and effective strategy for monitoring and quality control of CN<sup>−</sup> ions in environmental water.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":424,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research\",\"volume\":\"49 \",\"pages\":\"Article 100836\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-24\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180425001023\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180425001023","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasensitive miniaturized optical sensor for trace cyanide detection via supramolecular solvent microextraction of cyano-dithizone adduct
The ultrasensitive detection of cyanide ions (CN−) at sub-trace levels in aqueous environments has emerged as an imperative analytical challenge, driven by its lethality for ecological systems and public health. The implementation of wavelength-dependent spectrochemical methodologies based on chromogenic adduct formation for CN− quantification in aqueous media remains intrinsically challenging, owing to intrinsic self-absorbance, spectral convolution, and diffuse background scattering that collectively compromise analytical resolution and selectivity. In this study, a novel, eco-compatible, and analytically robust sample pretreatment protocol was devised for the ultra-trace extraction of CN− ions from aqueous matrices, based on supramolecular solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SM-DLLME) strategy, prior to miniaturized UV–visible spectrophotometric quantification. The supramolecular phase, comprising self-assembled reverse micelles of 1-octanol dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF), was spontaneously generated upon injection of the binary solvent mixture into CN−-containing aqueous solutions buffered at pH 10. Subsequent ultrasonic irradiation facilitated rapid micellization and dispersion, enabling the efficient partitioning of the hydrophobic neutral brownish-orange cyano-dithizone adduct [CN(H₂Dz)₂], centrifuged and extracted into the supramolecular phase. The chromogenic adduct was quantitatively assessed for CN− ions at λmax = 470 nm, with linearity across the concentration range 0.05–0.3 μg/mL (R2 = 0.999). The acquired detection and quantification limits were 1.03 × 10−2 and 4.01 × 10−2 μg/mL, respectively. The sensor was implemented in spiked real water samples and yielded outstanding recoveries (100.3 ± 2.4 % to 101.8 ± 1.7 %), validated via the Student's t-test (texp = 1.5 < ttab = 2.78, n = 5, P = 0.05). Furthermore, the chemical equilibrium, stoichiometric configuration, and thermodynamic parameters governing formation of the [CN(H₂Dz)₂] adduct were systematically elucidated and assigned. The assay can assist as a talented substitute for CN− detection in food, biogenic amines and food freshness. Incorporation of dithizone as a functional complexing agent markedly enhanced the sensing performance and selectivity of the established SM-DLLME system and thus enhanced the analytical scope for ultra-trace detection of CN− ions in complex aqueous matrices. The proposed sample prep avoids the use of toxic organic solvents or complex nanomaterials, providing a direct and effective strategy for monitoring and quality control of CN− ions in environmental water.
期刊介绍:
Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research is an open access journal dedicated to the research, design, development, and application of bio-sensing and sensing technologies. The editors will accept research papers, reviews, field trials, and validation studies that are of significant relevance. These submissions should describe new concepts, enhance understanding of the field, or offer insights into the practical application, manufacturing, and commercialization of bio-sensing and sensing technologies.
The journal covers a wide range of topics, including sensing principles and mechanisms, new materials development for transducers and recognition components, fabrication technology, and various types of sensors such as optical, electrochemical, mass-sensitive, gas, biosensors, and more. It also includes environmental, process control, and biomedical applications, signal processing, chemometrics, optoelectronic, mechanical, thermal, and magnetic sensors, as well as interface electronics. Additionally, it covers sensor systems and applications, µTAS (Micro Total Analysis Systems), development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals, and analytical devices incorporating biological materials.