Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research最新文献

{"title":"Date palm biochar-modified SPCE for simultaneous electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and catechol","authors":"H. Zemzemi ,&nbsp;R. Zribi ,&nbsp;A. Sinopoli ,&nbsp;Y. Moussaoui ,&nbsp;J. Belhaj ,&nbsp;R. Khiari ,&nbsp;C. Espro ,&nbsp;V. Bressi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of low-cost electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of structurally similar phenolic pollutants remains challenging, particularly due to overlapping redox responses and the complexity of many nanostructured sensing platforms. Herein, a biochar-based electrochemical sensing platform is developed for the sensitive and simultaneous detection of phenolic contaminants in water. The biochar, obtained from date palm rachis waste through pyrolysis, provides a functional carbon material with intrinsic porosity and abundant surface active sites. The material is easily integrated onto a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) via a simple drop-casting approach, enabling the fabrication of a disposable sensing device. Although biochar-based and SPCE-based electrochemical sensors have shown promising analytical performance, many previously reported systems still require multistep fabrication strategies, costly materials, or show limited peak discrimination for structurally similar phenolic compounds. The resulting sensor enables reliable simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC), two phenolic isomers characterized by closely overlapping redox potentials. Differential pulse voltammetry enables clear peak separation and accurate quantification of both analytes, overcoming the poor peak discrimination typically observed at unmodified electrodes. Electrochemical characterization demonstrates that biochar modification significantly enhances electron-transfer kinetics and increases the electroactive surface area compared to the bare electrode. The sensor exhibits a wide linear range (0.01 μM–500 μM) and low limits of detection (0.46 μM for HQ and 0.18 μM for CC), along with good repeatability, stability, and resistance to mutual interference. Notably, the analytical performance is competitive with that of more complex nanostructured systems, while relying on a simpler and more environmentally friendly fabrication strategy. Overall, these results highlight the potential of waste-derived biochar as an efficient electrode modifier, offering a scalable solution for the development of low-cost electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial point-of-care devices for Sepsis diagnosis: A scoping review of technologies, diagnostic targets, and clinical evidence","authors":"Mahsa Kalantar ,&nbsp;Ali Hossein Rezayan ,&nbsp;Mahdieh Farazkish","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from a dysregulated host-response to infection, and delays in diagnosis contribute to high mortality and substantial healthcare burdens. Although point-of-care (POC) testing has expanded rapidly, evidence regarding commercial sepsis POC platforms remains fragmented across manufacturers, technologies, diagnostic targets, and study designs. This PRISMA-guided scoping review mapped the landscape of commercially available POC devices used for sepsis assessment, classified platforms by diagnostic technology and target type, and synthesized available analytical, clinical, and regulatory evidence. Web of Science and Scopus were searched from January 1, 2000, to October 28, 2025, using (“Sepsis” OR “Septic”) AND (“Point-of-care” OR “POC”). From 3398 records, 26 eligible studies describing commercial sepsis-related POC devices were included. Optical platforms predominated (77%), followed by electrochemical systems (19.0%), and magnetic resonance approaches (4.0%). Antibody-based biorecognition was most common (73.1%), and inflammatory biomarkers were the primary diagnostic targets (69.3%), particularly procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, whereas fewer platforms targeted pathogen nucleic acids. Turnaround time ranged from seconds to minutes for electrochemical lactate testing, 3–20 min for most immunoassays, 45–65 min for multiplex PCR, and up to 3–5 h for direct pathogen detection. Most devices held CE marking only (61.5%), fewer had both CE marking and FDA clearance (19.2%), and 19.2% lacked documented approvals. Overall, commercial sepsis POC diagnostics are increasingly exploring integrated multiplex and molecular systems; however, published evidence remains dominated by analytical comparisons rather than multicenter clinical effectiveness studies, underscoring the need for standardized reporting and real-world validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101025"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-activated Sr doped SnO₂ sensors for real-time N₂O monitoring","authors":"Karisse A. Hikaru Chandra Yamamoto,&nbsp;Fariborz Taghipour","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is widely used as an anesthetic gas, posing safety risks for medical professionals. It is also a potent greenhouse gas present in various agricultural settings and impacting environmental health. Current N₂O detection technologies are limited by their bulkiness, high cost, and unsuitability for real-time, on-site monitoring. This study presents a novel approach for developing a chemiresistive sensor, built on a low-power, miniaturized platform that can detect N₂O gas at room temperature using UV activation. The N₂O sensing material was developed by synthesizing Sr doped SnO₂ through co-precipitation, and it was activated by UV radiation. The sensor measured concentrations of N₂O ranging from 30 to 100 ppm, a critical range for workplace safety. The composition of the sensing layer was investigated, revealing that optimal gas-sensing performance occurred at 3 wt% Sr doping. The introduction of Sr into the SnO₂ lattice was found to (i) inhibit crystallite growth, thus increasing surface area coverage and (ii) create oxygen vacancies, thereby reducing charge carrier recombination and enhancing sensor response. The sensor responded to N₂O and then recovered to its baseline resistance in approximately 130 s and 150 s, respectively, making it suitable for real-time detection and the provision of timely hazard alerts for workers. A key advantage in using a UV-LED energy source is the potential for adjusting its operational parameters (irradiance and wavelength) to enhance gas-sensing performance. The choice of wavelength was found to influence sensor reproducibility and stability under N₂O exposure by varying the photonic energy. The optimal low irradiance condition of 11 μW/cm² demonstrated high response, highlighting the low power consumption of UV-activated sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMG-FLES: Flexible wearable electromyography and edge-AI system for near-real-time muscle fatigue monitoring for construction-relevant tasks","authors":"Yogesh Gautam,&nbsp;Houtan Jebelli","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Muscle fatigue is a major contributor to safety risks and productivity loss in construction. Although electromyography (EMG) provides a direct physiological marker of localized fatigue, continuous in-field monitoring remains challenging due to bulky instrumentation, unstable electrode–skin contact, and limited real-time deployable analytics. This study proposes EMG-FLES (Flexible Wearable Electromyography and Edge-AI System), a wearable sensing and mobile-edge inference framework for near-real-time muscle fatigue monitoring. EMG-FLES integrates a flexible skin-conformal EMG sensor, wearable wireless streaming hardware, and on-device TinyML inference to enable continuous, untethered muscle fatigue assessment. Evaluated on construction-relevant material-handling tasks targeting the biceps muscle group, the system achieved a mean fatigue classification accuracy of 85% with low per-window computational latency, enabling timely fatigue alerts during task execution. These results demonstrate the feasibility of combining flexible wearable biosensing with edge intelligence to support near-real-time fatigue monitoring in construction-relevant environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101029"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a poly (alizarin red S)/EDTA/GCE sensor for rapid and reliable monitoring of methyl parathion pesticide","authors":"Andualem Ejigu ,&nbsp;Molla Tefera ,&nbsp;Adisie Kassa ,&nbsp;Atnafu Guadie","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methyl parathion (MP) is a powerful organophosphate insecticide commonly used in agriculture, but it poses serious risks to both human health and environmental safety. This study presents a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor development based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) that has been modified in sequence with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and electropolymerized with poly(Alizarin Red S) (poly(ARS)) for detecting MP. The poly(ARS)/EDTA/GCE was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EDTA improves the surface functionality and adhesion, while the redox-active poly(ARS) film aids in electron transfer and offers selective sites for MP interaction. The sensor showed significantly better stability, catalytic performance, and electroactive surface area compared to the unmodified electrode.</div><div>Under optimized pH of 7.0, the sensor reached a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5527 μM, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.8425 μM, and a linear range from 0.05 to 140 μM, with a sensitivity of 0.1265 μA/μM. It exhibited excellent analytical capabilities, such as repeatability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.01 %, reproducibility across five independently crafted electrodes with an RSD of 3.13 %, and operational stability over five days with an RSD of 1.76 %. The practical utility of the sensor was validated through MP recovery studies on fresh vegetable samples, which achieved recoveries ranging from 98 % to 113 %.</div><div>In summary, the developed poly(ARS)/EDTA/GCE sensor provides an effective and reliable method for monitoring MP in both environmental and food safety contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of light incidence angle and polarization on the refractive index sensitivity of tightly-packed ellipsoidal gold nanoparticle layers","authors":"Rebeka Kovács ,&nbsp;Lóránt Tibor Csőke ,&nbsp;Tomáš Lednický ,&nbsp;Attila Bonyár","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of excitation angle and polarization on the bulk refractive index sensitivity (<em>RIS</em>) of hexagonally-arranged gold nanoparticles is studied through numerical simulations and experiments. Analytical approximations (based on Rayleigh-Gans theory) and boundary element method (BEM) simulations proved that the <em>RIS</em> of single ellipsoidal particles depends intrinsically on the illumination angle. Compared to normal incidence with linear polarization, the <em>RIS</em> increases by 5–10 % at 70° incidence angle, depending on the particle geometry. Finite element method (FEM) simulations explored near-field coupling in tightly-packed particle assemblies and the effect of a substrate beneath the nanoparticles. The simulations showed that coupling between the particles significantly improves the sensitivity to the incidence angle, resulting in a 17–25 % increase in <em>RIS</em> at 70° illumination compared to normal incidence. Experiments performed on three realized nanoparticle arrangements with varying particle density were carried out in a transmission-based setup with linear, circular polarization, and unpolarized light. Results show significantly increased <em>RIS</em> in the 60°&lt; <span><math><mi>θ</mi></math></span> &lt;75° incidence angle range, namely between a 12–35 % improvement compared to normal incidence, depending on the particle density. These results underline the importance of optimizing the excitation parameters to maximize the sensitivity of nanoplasmonic sensors for localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100924"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From muscle potentials to computer interfaces: A multiscale review of electromyography for clinical and computational applications","authors":"Vibha Tiwari ,&nbsp;Suyash Khare ,&nbsp;Krishna Sharma ,&nbsp;Ansh Shrivastava ,&nbsp;Rebakah Geddam ,&nbsp;Muhammad Awais ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ahmed Khan ,&nbsp;Hemant Ghayvat","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>EMG has been developed as a result of the early physiological experimentation into a primary modality of neuromuscular function characterization, clinical diagno-sis, rehabilitation planning, and human-machine interface. This Review summarizes the history, methodological basis, and computational advances, as well as biomedical applications of EMG, along the entire acquisition-to-interpretation spectrum. The discussion will follow the historical process of increasing the sophistication of early biophysical measurements through surface and intramuscular recording paradigmsthe relevant engineering optimizations, such as optimizing electrode to skin inter-face, signal conditioning, artifact reduction, sampling fidelity, and normalization processes, that cumulatively realize the modern high-quality EMG recording. The review also summarizes the wide range of clinical and biomedical areas influenced by EMG such as the electrophysiological diagnostics, motor control mea-sures, movement-disorder measurements, neuroprosthetic and exoskeletal controls, and the neurorehabilitation based on biofeedback. The advances in analytics are discussed extensively, including handcrafted temporal, spectral and time-frequency representations; hybrid feature-fusion approaches; classical machine-learning classi-fication paradigms and more recent developments in deep learning, transfer learning, through this synthesis, the Review will provide a rigorous and thorough platform of advances that can further advance EMG to highly intelligent, adaptive, and clinically embedded applications in modern biomedicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100969"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors for tetracyclines detection: Principles, applications, and emerging trends","authors":"Chau Nguyen Minh Hoang ,&nbsp;Son Hai Nguyen ,&nbsp;Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson ,&nbsp;Cuong Danh Do ,&nbsp;Mai Thi Tran","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tetracyclines (TCs) are a group of bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors considered as broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are widely deployed in human and veterinary medicine, aquaculture, and agriculture. Their overuse leaves residues in foods and waters and accelerates the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. As a result, the need for sensitive and selective detection of TCs in complex matrices has become increasingly important. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors have emerged as a promising analytical platform, known for their high specificity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to various transduction methods. This review synthesizes recent advancements in MIP-based biosensors for the detection of TC residues, with emphasis on applications in food safety and environmental monitoring. We examine a range of transduction strategies, including electrochemical, fluorescence, and colorimetric methods, evaluating their analytical performance, practicality, and suitability for real-world scenarios. Particular attention is placed on food matrices, such as milk and meat, as well as environmental samples, like river water and livestock waste. Our findings underscore the significant potential of MIP-based biosensors to enhance the monitoring and regulation of TC residues, thereby supporting key initiatives aimed at One Health framework and contributing to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Life Below Water (SDG 14), and Life on Land (SDG 15).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147421386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An easy-to-use nucleic acid-based fluidic platform for the profiling of oral microbiome from swab and mouthwash that consists of functionalized microbeads and a multi-chamber aliquoting structure","authors":"Hyejin Lee ,&nbsp;Yun Guang Li ,&nbsp;Jiatong Kang ,&nbsp;Seung Won Shin ,&nbsp;Changyoon Baek ,&nbsp;Junhong Min","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oral microbiome is an important indicator of health status; however, it has the limitation of varying significantly over time and under different life conditions. Therefore, rapid and convenient analysis through automation is required. In this study, we developed an automated oral microbiome analysis platform for the rapid and convenient diagnosis of health using mouthwash as the sample. Functionalized microbeads coated with graphene oxide (GO) were employed to concentrate 5 mL of mouthwash sample into 300 μL within 3 min, achieving an eight-fold concentration. Effective adsorption of bacteria onto the functionalized microbeads was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, nucleic acids were extracted from bacteria adsorbed on the functionalized microbeads via bead beating (3000 rpm) for 3 min, achieving approximately 100 % yield compared with conventional methods. The extracted nucleic acid solution was then automatically aliquoted into PCR 8-tube strips (2 μL each) with high accuracy (CV% = 2.63 %) using a simple fluidic aliquoting structure that incorporated an access channel and retention area. Oral microbiome profiling at the phylum level was compared between the developed fluidic cartridge method and commercial approaches, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. The automated platform, which integrates the developed sample pretreatment and aliquoting processes into a fluidic cartridge, successfully analyzed the oral health status of both humans and companion animals within 3 h, demonstrating analytical accuracy equivalent to that of NGS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100931"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPR biosensors based on low-dimensional carbon materials for trace urine glucose","authors":"Talia Tene ,&nbsp;Jessica Alexandra Marcatoma Tixi ,&nbsp;Ximena Alexandra Quintana López ,&nbsp;Lala Gahramanli ,&nbsp;Rana Khankishiyeva ,&nbsp;Cristian Vacacela Gomez","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are attractive for non-invasive screening of urine glucose, but their performance depends sensitively on the choice of low-dimensional carbon overlayer and metal stack. Here we numerically compare graphene, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes SWCNT (s-SWCNT), graphene oxide (GO), or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) integrated in a standardized CaF₂/Cu/Si₃N₄/(low-D)/urine stack. Using a transfer-matrix model at 633 nm, with a realistic analyte refractive index change (Δn ≈ 4.6 × 10⁻⁴ RIU) corresponding to 0.015–0.225 g dL⁻¹ urine glucose, we extract angular sensitivity, linewidth, quality factor, figure of merit, a combined sensitivity factor and theoretical limits of detection. Within an effective-medium description of the carbon films, rGO delivers the highest sensitivity and lowest detection limits but broader resonance dips; GO yields the narrowest dips and the highest precision; graphene and s-SWCNTs offer intermediate responses with stable linewidths and minimal angle drift. We also identify practical thickness windows for each overlayer on Cu that balance sensitivity against spectral sharpness. Compared with prior SPR studies that focus on a single carbon coating or Au-based stacks, this work provides a unified framework and quantitative design rules to select Cu-based low-dimensional overlayers for resolving small, bulk urine-glucose-induced refractive-index changes above the clinical baseline and to guide subsequent experimental implementations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100935"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}