Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research最新文献

{"title":"Conductive polymer-coated interdigitated copper sensors for direct over-humidification detection in PEFCs: Comparative study of PANI and PEDOT coatings","authors":"Maximilian Käfer,&nbsp;Florian Tritscher,&nbsp;Viktor Hacker,&nbsp;Merit Bodner","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over-humidification and condensation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) can promote local flooding and performance losses, creating a need for simple and localized liquid water detection. In this study, copper interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensors on polyimide substrates are modified with electrochemically deposited polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coatings. The sensors are characterized using FTIR, contact angle measurements, optical microscopy, SEM/EDX, XPS, and defined droplet tests. PANI produces a comparatively compact and hydrophobic surface, whereas PEDOT forms a finer, more hydrophilic structure that promotes droplet spreading and water retention. All sensor types show rapid voltage responses to liquid water bridging, with bare copper providing the highest absolute sensitivity. Wet-dry transitions and an 24 h ex-situ PEFC-relevant humid gas protocol, comprising replicated cathode and anode side conditions, reveals distinct response characteristics. Bare copper exhibits a delayed, threshold-like voltage decrease and comparatively unstable baseline behaviour. PEDOT responds strongly to humidification but shows persistent low voltage states and slower recovery, consistent with greater water retention. PANI provides the most balanced performance, combining rapid response, controlled wetting, gradual and reversible signal evolution, and the most stable voltage behaviour within the investigated exposure window. Post-test XPS confirms the presence of oxidized copper species and coating-specific elemental signals, while also indicating that the polymer layers remain detectable after exposure. These results identify PANI as the more promising coating for adapting copper IDE sensors to localized condensation and over-humidification detection under the studied PEFC-relevant conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101067"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148737676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colorimetric detection and quantification of Lead(II) in industrial wastewater effluent using gold nanoparticles: A comparative CIE L*a*b*/Yxy colour space and ImageJ digital analysis study","authors":"Nkanyezi Penuel Kubheka,&nbsp;Sindisiwe Fortunate Shange,&nbsp;Phumlani Selby Mdluli,&nbsp;Thabang Hendrica Mokhothu","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports a citrate-capped gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric sensor for the sensitive and selective detection and quantification of Pb(II) in real industrial wastewater effluent collected over ten consecutive operational days. Pb(II)-induced aggregation of AuNPs, confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, produced a colour transition from wine-red to blue, accompanied by a decrease in the localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak at 520 nm and emergence of a new red-shifted peak at 680 nm. Quantification was performed in parallel using UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry and ImageJ digital image analysis, yielding calibration curves of y = 0.0496× + 0.0238 (UV–Vis) and y = 0.79428× + 165.89147 (ImageJ), each with R² &gt; 0.999. The UV–Vis method achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.053 mg/L and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.178 mg/L, across a linear range of 0.1–20 mg/L. One-way ANOVA confirmed no statistically significant difference between the two quantification methods (Fcalc &lt; Fcrit; <em>p</em> = 0.739) on the calibration standard dataset; however, a validated calibration equation to convert ImageJ intensity to concentration could not be established for the real wastewater matrix, so ImageJ results for these samples are reported as measured intensity rather than concentration (<span><span>Section 3.8</span></span>). CIE L*a*b*/Yxy colour space parameters (colour difference, chroma, hue angle) provided perceptually uniform confirmation of the aggregation-induced colour transition, and quantitative regression models fitted to these parameters (linear for ΔE, R² = 0.958; four-parameter logistic for hue angle and chroma, R² &gt; 0.98) offered an independent cross-validation channel for Pb(II) quantification. The naked-eye visual detection threshold was 4 mg/L. The sensor showed high selectivity for Pb(II) over six common co-existing cations [Zn(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Cr(VI), Ni(II), Fe(II)], which produced corrected intensity responses at least four-fold lower than that of Pb(II). Pb(II) was quantitatively detected in seven of the ten wastewater effluent samples (3.52–14.57 mg/L, original wastewater concentration), substantially exceeding both the WHO drinking-water guideline (0.01 mg/L) and the South African industrial discharge limit (0.05–0.10 mg/L), while the remaining three samples showed anomalous (negative) absorbance consistent with assay failure and are reported as not detected. The proposed platform is portable, cost-effective and suitable for on-site heavy metal monitoring in resource-limited environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101069"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148738322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated assessment of tumor spheroids via electrical impedance spectroscopy","authors":"Ahmed Khattab,&nbsp;Ruth Grabowski,&nbsp;Ha Un Chung,&nbsp;Tobias Schmidt,&nbsp;Mai Thu Bui,&nbsp;Christian Schmees,&nbsp;Günther Michael Zeck","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional tumor spheroids (3D-TS) provide a relevant in vitro model that more closely mimics human tumor biology than traditional cell cultures. However, current assessment techniques, including bright-field microscopy and endpoint assays, are limited by their inability to continuously monitor spheroid dynamics. Here, we present a noninvasive, label-free platform that combines electrical impedance spectroscopy with microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to enable real-time monitoring of 3D-TS.</div><div>We evaluated several clustering approaches and developed an automated threshold-detection algorithm to distinguish electrodes covered by spheroids from uncovered electrodes based on impedance changes. This approach eliminates the need for manual intervention and optical confirmation, providing a robust solution for automated investigations.</div><div>Using human colorectal cancer spheroids at different developmental stages, we demonstrated that impedance measurements obtained with two MEA types (rigid, glass-embedded ones and flexible, mesh - MEAs) capture spatial and temporal changes in spheroid behavior. Application of our automated algorithm enabled streamlined, high-throughput recording of 3D-TS under control condition and after application of the chemotherapeutic drug Navitoclax. Across both MEA platforms, adherent spheroids maintained stable impedance profiles under control conditions over several days in culture, whereas treatment with Navitoclax induced a significant gradual decline. Notably, the mesh-MEA configuration facilitated long-term measurements by maintaining stable spheroid positioning. Our findings demonstrate that MEA-based impedance sensing, combined with automated analysis, enables continuous monitoring of spheroid physiology and drug responses. The platform may become a powerful tool for preclinical cancer research and drug screening applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148770545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead-free perovskite/HfSe2 surface plasmon resonance biosensor design via multi-metric optimization, Monte Carlo robustness analysis, and machine learning","authors":"Sadok Kouz","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Replacing toxic lead in perovskite-enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors is critical for environmentally sustainable sensing, yet the performance of lead-free alternatives in multilayer architectures remains poorly characterized. We numerically investigate a lead-free perovskite/HfSe₂ SPR biosensor within a CaF₂/Ag/perovskite/HfSe₂/sensing-medium Kretschmann stack. Four perovskites are evaluated: MAPBr₃ as a Pb-based benchmark and the lead-free candidates Cs₂AgBiBr₆, Cs₂AgBiCl₆, and CsSnBr₃. The optical response is calculated at 633 nm using a recursive Fresnel transfer-matrix method. Two refractive-index windows are optimized independently: a generic aqueous interval (1.3300–1.3350) and a bio/SARS-like interval (1.3348–1.3398). A multi-metric optimization framework balancing angular sensitivity, figure of merit (FoM), resonance depth, and linewidth is employed to identify balanced sensor designs. For the generic sensing interval, the optimal balanced lead-free design uses Cs₂AgBiCl₆ with Ag/Cs₂AgBiCl₆/HfSe₂ thicknesses of 47/3.0/1.0 nm, achieving a sensitivity of 397.0 deg RIU⁻¹ and a FoM of 103.66 RIU⁻¹. For the bio/SARS-like interval, the optimal balanced design switches to CsSnBr₃ (43/2.5/1.0 nm), providing 447.8 deg RIU⁻¹ sensitivity and a FoM of 90.05 RIU⁻¹, while MAPBr₃ remains the highest-sensitivity material overall. Complementary Monte Carlo robustness analysis, local machine-learning surrogates, electric-field visualization, and layer-isolation studies are used to interpret the optimized sensor response. Our results demonstrate that optimal material selection is regime-dependent: Cs₂AgBiCl₆ performs best for generic aqueous sensing, whereas CsSnBr₃ is superior for bio-relevant indices, providing application-specific design guidelines for lead-free SPR biosensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101077"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148843360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold-decorated carbon-based composites for electrochemical immunosensor development: A comprehensive review","authors":"Sheriff A. Balogun,&nbsp;Funmilola A. Adesanya,&nbsp;Azeezat A. Rasheed-Adeleke,&nbsp;Hassan O. Shoyiga,&nbsp;Daniel Masekela,&nbsp;Kwena D. Modibane","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gold-decorated carbon-based composites have emerged as a promising class of hybrid nanomaterials for next-generation electrochemical immunosensors by combining the excellent biocompatibility and plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles with the superior electrical conductivity, large surface area, and structural versatility of carbon nanomaterials. Despite significant progress, a critical understanding of how composite architecture, synthesis strategy, and interfacial engineering govern immunosensing performance remains limited. This review comprehensively discussed gold-decorated carbon-based composites, encompassing graphene-, carbon nanotube-, quantum dot-, graphitic carbon nitride-, and chitosan-based platforms with particular emphasis on the synthesis approaches, structure–property relationships, signal amplification mechanisms, and analytical performance in the sensitive detection of clinically and environmentally relevant biomarkers, including cancer, viral, inflammatory, and food-safety targets. Finally, this review critically examines the current challenges, emerging opportunities, and future research directions for gold-decorated carbon-based composites, while highlighting strategic approaches to enhance their immunosensing performance and facilitate their translation into practical diagnostic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148738337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-sensitivity CNTFET biosensor for MDA-MB-231 and HS578t breast cancer cells detection: quantum well implantation in the channel to create negative differential transconductance (NDT) as a novel design strategy","authors":"Seyed Reza Daneshyar,&nbsp;Seyed Ali Sedigh Ziabari,&nbsp;Reza Yousefi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate, early-stage cancer detection remains a critical challenge in clinical diagnostics, necessitating biosensors with high sensitivity and low energy consumption. This paper introduces the NDT-DM-CNTFET biosensor, an optimized evolution of the base GAA-LDDS-CNTFET architecture, developed for the label-free, high-precision detection of breast cancer cells. The device features a gate-all-around (GAA) nanogap sensing region where target cells modify the effective dielectric environment, thereby modulating the electrostatic potential and drain current. The biosensor is evaluated for malignant breast cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and HS578t, using healthy MCF-10A cells as the reference. At 230 MHz, the dielectric constants of MDA-MB-231, HS578t, and MCF-10A are 24.5, 22, and 4.5, respectively, facilitating precise cell discrimination. To maximize performance, a channel-engineered quantum-well structure is integrated into the device to induce negative differential transconductance (NDT). This mechanism effectively suppresses the healthy-cell reference current while preserving a high response for cancer-filled nanogaps. Consequently, the biosensor achieves current sensitivities of 7.54 × 10⁵ and 5.77 × 10⁵ for MDA-MB-231 and HS578t, respectively, representing a 5.12-fold improvement over the best benchmarked design. Operating efficiently at a low supply/drain voltage of 0.4 V, the device is well-suited for low-power diagnostics. Furthermore, the structure demonstrates robust stability against critical non-ideal conditions, including dielectric variations, partial nanogap filling, temperature fluctuations, and fabrication-related process variations like nanogap thickness and CNT diameter fluctuations. These findings confirm the NDT-DM-CNTFET as a robust and highly sensitive candidate for reliable cancer diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101080"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148843361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable olive pomace-derived AgNPs for sensitive colorimetric detection of cadmium in water","authors":"Lorenzo Remia,&nbsp;Shaymaa B. Abdulrazzaq,&nbsp;Martina Di Sessa,&nbsp;Stefano Ferraro,&nbsp;Marco Zannotti,&nbsp;Dennis Fiorini,&nbsp;Rita Giovannetti","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd²⁺) is a highly toxic contaminant that can be found in natural and drinking waters, where even trace level exposure can cause severe renal, skeletal, and immunological damage, highlighting the urgent need for rapid and sensitive detection methods. In this study, a novel colorimetric approach is described for detecting Cd²⁺ in aqueous environments, utilizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through an eco-friendly method. The synthesis of AgNPs employs hydroalcoholic extracts derived from extra virgin olive oil production by-products (olive pomace), which function simultaneously as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The influence of pH, temperature, and concentration of the extract has been investigated and the AgNPs synthesis optimized. Comprehensive characterization of the AgNPs was performed using UV–Vis, Infrared, Dynamic Light Scattering spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, confirming their spherical shape, stability, and a distinct Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) band at 413 nm. The nanoparticles were used as colorimetric sensor for the determination of different metal cations, demonstrating high selectivity toward Cd²⁺. This was confirmed by the splitting of the LSPR band and the appearance of a new band at 530 nm, due to nanoparticle aggregation induced by Cd²⁺ ions, accompanied by a color change from yellow to brown. A calibration was performed in the linear range from 0.151 to 3.378 μM with a calculated limit of detection and quantification of 0.167 μM and 0.556 μM, respectively. The colorimetric assay was also successfully applied to natural water samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148657269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct electrochemical sensing of folic acid in pharmaceutical formulations using batch injection analysis with amperometric detection at an unmodified screen-printed carbon electrode","authors":"Monika Čerňanská,&nbsp;Emma Pochová,&nbsp;Ľubomír Švorc","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Folic acid (FA, vitamin B9) is an essential micronutrient widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and dietary supplements. A simple, rapid and cost-effective electrochemical sensing method based on batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-AMP) was developed for FA determination using an unmodified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The electrochemical behaviour of FA was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in Britton–Robinson buffer solution, showing an irreversible oxidation process mainly influenced by diffusion, with the highest response at pH 7. Under optimised BIA-AMP conditions (+0.8 V, 80 μL, 204 μL s⁻¹ and 1500 r.p.m.), the method showed a linear response from 0.3 to 8.0 μM, with an average sensitivity of 0.207 μA μM⁻¹ and limits of detection and quantification of 0.09 and 0.29 μM, respectively. A maximum estimated analytical frequency of 350 injections h⁻¹ was calculated from the average duration of one injection cycle, and satisfactory repeatability was achieved with RSD values below 7%. Interference studies showed significant positive interference from ascorbic acid and pyridoxine, whereas thiamine and glucose had negligible effects on the FA response, indicating that the method is most suitable for simple FA formulations without strongly electroactive co-formulated compounds. The method was applied to four pharmaceutical formulations. Quantification by standard addition provided relative errors between −1% and + 2% compared with the declared FA contents, confirming its suitability for FA determination in simple pharmaceutical formulations containing FA as the only declared active ingredient. These results demonstrate the practical potential of coupling disposable unmodified SPCEs with BIA-AMP for rapid FA determination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"53 ","pages":"Article 101066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148737678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Sensor for Progressive Monitoring of Antibody Production Ex Vivo’ [Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 51 (2026) 100991]","authors":"Kyung Eun You,&nbsp;Joshua Cheng,&nbsp;Jeong Ok Lim,&nbsp;James J. Yoo,&nbsp;Sang Jin Lee,&nbsp;Shay Soker","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.101015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 101015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148230850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of PCF-based biosensor for pathologies detection in blood","authors":"Emranul Haque ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al Noman ,&nbsp;S.M. Rakibul Islam ,&nbsp;Md Rubayet Islam ,&nbsp;Ruhai Wang ,&nbsp;Ding Wang ,&nbsp;Feroz Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor has been proposed for detecting the concentration of albumin (ALB), urea, glucose, and hemoglobin (Hb) in blood samples. The sensor features a square lattice PCF design with an optimized plasmonic gold coating, ensuring strong light-matter interaction for enhanced sensitivity. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to numerically evaluate the sensor's performance, analyzing wavelength sensitivity (WS), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), detection limit (DL), and confinement loss. The proposed sensor achieves a maximum WS of 20,000 nm/RIU for detecting ALB (600–1000 mg/dL) and urea (2.5 g/dL), while glucose and Hb detection reach 10,000 nm/RIU and 5000 nm/RIU, respectively. Additionally, the sensor exhibits an exceptionally low DL and strong linear response, demonstrating its feasibility for high precision biosensing. With its high sensitivity, compact structure, and simplified fabrication, this PCF-SPR biosensor presents a robust, label-free, and real-time diagnostic tool for biomedical and clinical applications. This work establishes a foundation for future experimental validation and integration into point-of-care healthcare systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"52 ","pages":"Article 100961"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}