Herald of an Archivist最新文献

{"title":"Pilgrimage to the Holy Land and the Russian Province at the Turn of the 20th Century: The Source Studies Potential of the Penza Diocesan Gazette","authors":"Sergey V. Domnin, Olga. A. Sukhova, Natalia A. Koblova","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-713-725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-713-725","url":null,"abstract":"Using the example of diocesan periodicals and historical tradition of creating monuments of travel literature, the article examines the phenomenon of the Russian cultural Renaissance in its regional dimension. The burst of public interest to the value-based foundations of the Russian culture of the turn of the 20th century is explained by the processes of emancipation and growing social instability. In these conditions, the democratization of pilgrimage practices as reference forms of spiritual perfection becomes an organizing idea of socio-cultural uplift. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze materials of the journal “Penza Diocesan Gazette,” devoted to the problems of organizing pilgrimage trips to holy places. The source base of the research has been formed using thematic index of articles developed at the Theological Seminary and the Church Historical Committee of the Penza diocese. After summarizing the data, it has been determined that pilgrimage sections were present in the diocesan periodicals from the moment of its appearance (in the 1860s). However, the Palestinian themes became regular with the activities of local departments of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society (in the 1890s). At that time, the diocesan gazette became a media embodiment of the IOPS and an active means of religious and ethical education of the population. In this context, the materials are reviewed, covering the process of the Penza branch of the IOPS organizing and holding annual readings on the Holy Land, as well as perception of this information by the participants. Despite high frequency of “Palestinian” publications, pilgrim epistolaries were isolated occurrences on the pages of the Penza Diocesan Gazette. Thus, the work of the priest Peter Arkhangelsky “On the pilgrimage of the clergy to the holy places of the East,” published in the Penza Diocesan Gazette in 1898, acquires special significance. The reader is presented with a unique experience of reconstructing everyday practices of the Orthodox travelers to Palestine from the Penza gubernia at the turn of the 20th century. Genre features and event-related content reveal mechanisms of introducing national organizing idea to back-countrymen, their involvement in the process of returning to historical and cultural origins of Orthodox Christianity. Among main hindrances to the development of pilgrimage activities of the local clergy, Arkhangelsky names scarcity of material support and intensity of service, which did not permit long absences.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136207821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Revolution of 1905–07 in the Tambov Gubernia Peasants’ Memoirs","authors":"Vladimir A. Ippolitov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-726-738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-726-738","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the memoirs of participants in the revolution of 1905–07 stored in the State Archive of the Socio-Political History of the Tambov Region (GASPITO). Fond 382 “Department of the Gubernia Committee of the RCP (B) for Studying the History of the October Revolution and the Party” has been analyzed. Due to scarcity of personal provenance documents created by peasants, analysis of the memoirs written in the Soviet era is of great importance. Most national and foreign scientists who studied similar topics mainly used the reports of the police department and other official documents. Peasant memoirs were rarely considered. The memoirs compiled in 1925 contain various data on the revolutionary movement in the Russian village in the early 20th century. The authors provided information on their origin, occupation, political beliefs, etc. Peasant uprisings, their orientation, and punitive actions of the government were described in sufficient detail. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of comprehensive analysis of the Russian peasantry. When examining the memoirs, the author has used historical-comparative and retrospective methods. The key scientific principle is historicism. The article underscores special role of the “revolutionary turning point” generation representatives in the events of the first third of the 20th century. The majority of peasants who wrote memoirs was born at the turn of the 20th century and took an active part in the revolution of 1905–07. Generational history provides a deeper understanding of the motivation of the young people who became organizers of the agrarian riots. The article focuses on the impact of the revolutionary events on the behavioral practices of rural society. It cites instances of revolutionary agitation of peasants by seasonal workers. Relations between peasants and landlords are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of peasant uprisings. The research showcases great generational gap in the village. The youth, by virtue of its inherent psychosocial qualities, was the most important catalyst for the revolution. There was characteristic influence of marginal elements on the peasant community. The study shows that memoirs created in the Soviet period were characterized by politicization and ideological predestination. However, these shortcomings do not reduce their importance for understanding the peasant worldview. The memoirs of direct participants point to continuity of the events of 1905 and 1917.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136207519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manuscript Monuments of the Komi-Permyak Writing of the 18th – Early 20th Century: Creation History and Archaeographic Description Concept","authors":"Roman V. Gaidamashko","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-675-686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-675-686","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to handwritten documents of the 18th – early 20th century containing Komi-Permyak language material. Although archives and libraries in Russia and abroad hold many well-known, but unstudied manuscripts, and information on previously unknown documents continues to appear, study of the manuscript traditions of various Permyak languages in general, and of the Komi-Permyak in particular, remains lacunar. There is no archaeographic and palaeographic description of documents, which should precede textual and linguistic analysis of the manuscripts and their subsequent publication. The study is to offer a brief overview of the history of the Komi-Permyak language written monuments of the 18th – early 20th century and to develop a concept of their archaeographic description. The first part of the article outlines the main milestones in the history of the Komi-Permyak manuscript tradition, indicating types and authors of the written monuments: (1) the century of travelers and scientific expeditions (N. Witsen 1641–1717, Ph. J. von Strahlenberg 1676–1747, D. G. Messerschmidt 1685–1735, J. E. Fischer 1697–1771, G. F. M?ller 1705–83, I. I. Lepekhin 1740–1802); (2) the era of Catherine II (Nikita Ovchinnikov, A. I. Popov 1748–88); (3) the first half of the 19th century (Georgy Chechulin, F. F. Lyubimov 1779/1780–1851, F. A. Volegov 1790–1856); (4) the time of the first printed books (P. M. Sorokin 1860–95, A. F. Teploukhov 1880–1943). All manuscripts fall into the following genres: (1) dictionaries of the Komi-Permyak language; (2) Permyak dictionaries included in multilingual collections; (3) grammatical essays on the Komi-Permyak language; (4) translations of religious texts (Gospels, prayers) into the Permyak. The second part of the article, taking into account specifics of the Komi-Permyak writing manuscript monuments and time of their creation, proposes to consider the following elements in their archaeographic description: (1) place of storage, code, date; (2) name; (3) volume, format; (4) binding; (5) numbering; (6) filigree, stamps; (7) notebooks; (8) handwriting; (9) records, labels; (10) Russian graphics and spelling; (11) Komi-Permyak graphics and spelling; (12) content; (13) additional information; (14) history of manuscript description and its study; (15) bibliography. In the course of archaeographic description, the history of the Komi-Permyak writing and manuscript tradition is reconstructed; links between various Finno-Ugric manuscripts are established; previously unknown monuments of the Finno-Ugric writing and new facts regarding dating of various papers of the 18th–19th centuries come to light.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136207732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the History of the Crimean Muslims Taxation in the 19th Century: The “Tatar Levy,” Details of Preparation, Collection, and Distribution: Materials from the Russian State Historical Archive","authors":"D. Konkin","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-117-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-117-130","url":null,"abstract":"The article draws on documents from the Russian State Historical Archive (fond 1152 “Department of State Economy of the State Council\", series 1-5), to examine the process of preparing, collecting, and distributing the tax for Crimean Tatars (the so-called “Tatar Levy,” tatarsky sbor). The problem of the Crimean Tatars taxation arouse immediately after the annexation of the Crimea. Fiscal system of the Crimean Khanate differed from that of the Russian Empire. Poll tax used in the Russian Empire was unacceptable for the Muslim. Amount and parameters of the tax adapted to the Crimean Tatars’ religion caused long discussions in the Russian authorities. Only in 1829, at the insistence of M.S. Vorontsov, a poll tax was introduced for the Crimean Tatars, the Tatar Levy. It amounted to 1 ruble 50 kopecks or 43 kopecks in silver and was to be directed to the priority needs of the Crimea. The draft budget was compiled by the Novorossiysk Governor-General, cleared with the Ministry of Finance and the State Council of the Russian Empire, and approved by the Emperor. The Tatar Levy funds were distributed in several target areas: infrastructure projects (construction of the road on the Southern coast of Crimea, construction of stone bridges, renovation of administrative buildings, creation of port infrastructure, providing water supply to the peninsula); support for agricultural projects (creation of new vineyards in Magarach); recreation (construction of mud baths near Yevpatoria and in Saki, financing of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden); restoration and construction of cultural and historical objects (restoration of the Khan's palace in Bakhchisarai, Juma-Jami in Yevpatoria, replenishment of museum collections, building of new mosques and churches). The revenues were significantly reduced after mass emigration of the Crimean Tatar population in 1860. The tax was finally abolished in 1874, when the taxation of the Crimean Tatars was unified with that of other taxable estates of the Tauride gubernia.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69385605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Imperial Train Disaster at the Borki Station in 1888 through the Eyes of an Eyewitness","authors":"O. Plekh, Nataliya V. Chernikova","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-159-171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-159-171","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first publication of the previously unknown testimony on the imperial train disaster at the Borki station of the Kursk—Kharkov—Azov railway. The diary of the Hofmarshal of Alexander III, Lord V. S. Obolensky-Neledinsky-Meletsky, preserved in the Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum (OPI GIM), contains many details from the life of the imperial family and the court, including those of the catastrophe, which occurred on October 17, 1888. The diary reflects the condition of the survivors of the crash, their mood, behavior, as well as the experiences and assessments of those close to the imperial family who, although absent on the tsar's train, could nevertheless observe the survivors’ reaction. Due to his closeness to the royal couple, with whom he was connected not only by official, but also by friendly relations, the author of the diary had the opportunity to observe the emperor and empress in a family setting and knew their feelings hidden from the public. Of particular interest are the rumors about the causes of the crash that spread among the emperor's retinue (and still emerge in the literature), as well as the authorship of some initiatives, such as changing the route of the imperial train. The diary highlights the daily life of the imperial family and the relations between the aristocratic court and servants that have not attracted the attention of contemporaries or researchers. The analysis of all these themes has required maximum use of the source and its detailed commentary. The study draws on both published and unpublished materials, as well as on periodicals. Special attention has been paid to identifying data on the persons mentioned in the diary, many of whom have been researched for the first time. Identification of the author’s immediate environment was particularly problematic, as he used diminutive names (Sofa, Varya) and did not mention surnames. To determine the kinship and friendship ties of V. S. Obolensky, the historical and genealogical method has been widely used. The testimony of V. S. Obolensky about the Borki train disaster, as well as preceding and subsequent days of the journey, is characterized by high information potential and reliability. Not only it expands the source base, but also corrects some established notions on Alexander III, his environment, and era.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69386053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secret Archives in the Periphery in the 1920s–60s: A Case-Study of the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region","authors":"Egor V. Ogurenko","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-401-412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-401-412","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the problem of information culture in the Soviet society on the example of development of classified documents storage in state archives from late 1930s to mid-1960s. After sociopolitical transformations of 1917–20, archival documents became a political (informational) resource due to “mobilization” atmosphere in society and government circles. It was the political police authorities who were most interested in unrestricted access to the documents of the Unified State Archive Fond (GAF). The system of secret archives evolved in 1924 as a form of monopolization of information sphere. The activity of regional secret archives was aimed at preservation, registration, and use of restricted access documents. Materials containing data on personal composition and activities of pre-revolutionary and some Soviet state institutions were classified. Using the activities of the secret fonds department of the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region (GASO) as example, the author analyzes the entire spectrum of work of regional secret archives: organization, material and technical support, areas of work, and staffing. An important aspect of the secret archives’ activities were “operational and Chekist activities”: preparation of reference and information documents for the regional bodies of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) and, later, the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD). Operative and security work of massive proportions began in 1938, when all state archives became part of the NKVD, reaching its peak during the Great Patriotic War (1941–45). During the same period, an attempt was made to request more complex information documents from regional archival bodies. In the post-war period, work with secret documents continued until 1956, when the process of declassification of the GAF documents was officially initiated. Secret fonds departments of state archives continued to inform the special services until their abolition in 1965. The secret storage in the Sverdlovsk Region existed until 1988, when the last secret fonds were declassified. The author concludes that longevity of this specific form of work with such a small part of retrospective documentation was dictated by the peculiarities of the Soviet society development. This research is based on materials from the State Archives of Sverdlovsk Region.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69387942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diary of the Kalmyk Lama Dorji Setenov’s Trip to Mongolia","authors":"B. A. Bicheev","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-789-803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-789-803","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-economic reforms of the turn of the 20th century had their effect on the ethnic outskirts of the Russian state. In the Kalmyk nomadic societies of the Astrakhan and Stavropol gubernias and in Kalmyk stanitsas of the Province of the Don Cossack Host, there began a revival movement among Buddhist priests, reconnection to the Buddhist world. The article is to study the renewal process in the Kalmyk monk community drawing on travel notes of the said monks made on pilgrimage to Tibet and Mongolia. Discourse problematics come from the need to analyze the revival movement and the process of renewal of the ties to the Buddhist world. Travel notes of Kalmyk pilgrims are regarded as one of the aspects of the issue. Despite great interest of researchers to the history of Kalmyk Buddhism, the renewal movement remains outside the scientific field. Meanwhile, the revival movement and the process of renewing ties to the Buddhist world are extraordinarily important not only for study of the Kalmyk Buddhism history, but also for inclusion of imperial outskirts in all-Russian socio-economic reforms. The article draws on a manuscript titled “Journey through Mongolia of the head of all khuruls of the Bolshederbetovsky ulus bagshi Dorji Setenov,” which is kept in the fonds of the Russian Geographical Society. The diary written in Russian is an example of Kalmyk pilgrim travel notes of the turn of the 20th century. While the travel notes of D. Setenov and manuscripts of other Kalmyk pilgrims are known to researchers, this text has never been published. The artistic content of the notes has been assessed by literary scholars, but they remained unnoticed as a source on renewal movement in the Kalmyk Buddhism. Source analysis of the travel notes demonstrates authenticity their data on social status, religious life, and monastery education in Mongolia. Comprehensive analysis of the text and use of biographical methods permit to research it in relation to life and actions of its author. D. Setenov’s manuscript is a valuable personal provenance source reflecting the nature of renewing ties to the Buddhist world and uniqueness of the renewal movement among Kalmyk priesthood. The manuscript remains relevant and important to researchers studying the history of Buddhism in Russia and Mongolia.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136207919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheremetevs’ Gifts to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery in the 16th Century","authors":"Z. Dmitrieva, A. P. Pavlov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-11-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-11-21","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies gifts of the Sheremetev family to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery in the 16th century. It draws on materials of the first Gift book (vkladnaya kniga) of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery for 1559/60?1620s and on those of later gift inventory for 1618?40, Commemoration book (kormovaya kniga), acts, and other sources. The Gift book of the Kirillov Monastery 1559/60 ? 1620s was unknown to the author of a fundamental study on the Sheremetev family A. P. Barsukov and other researchers. Meanwhile, its materials clarify some data on the Sheremetevs’ gifts to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery and biographies of the members of this family. The Sheremetevs started making their donations to the monastery in late 1540s, when their career at the court began. The first Gift book contains information on donations made “in commemoration of the soul” of Ivan Bolshoi, Grigory, Nikita, and Ivan Menshoi Vasilyevich Sheremetevs. All of them, as well as the son and daughter of Ivan Bolshoi Vasilyevich Sheremetev (Yeremey and Agafya), the son and grandson of Ivan Menshoi Vasilyevich Sheremetev (Fedor Ivanovich and Alexei Fedorovich) were buried in the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The Sheremetevs' donations to the Kirillov Monastery were very rich. Especially large gifts were made by the eldest brother, Ivan Bolshoi Vasilievich, amounting to more than 1,500 rubles. The Gift book provides most accurate information on time and circumstances of the Sheremetevs’ donations to the monastery in the 16th century (in comparison with the Commemoration book and other sources). For example, the materials of the Gift book clarify the date of death of Semen Vasilyevich Sheremetev (October 8, 1557) and that of tonsure of Ivan Bolshoi Vasilyevich Sheremetev in the Kirillov Monastery (shortly after June 6, 1571). The authors note that, despite their successful career and service, the Sheremetevs did not enjoy the favor of Tsar Ivan and were under his suspicion. Therefore, it is the Kirillov Monastery, located far from the political storms of the 16th century and enjoying great prestige as a spiritual center, that the Sheremetevs choose as their family monastery and burial place.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69385535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enthusiasm of the Russian Troops at the Final Stage of the First World War, 1914–18: A Case-Study of Creation of the “Heroes of the Second Patriotic War” Monument in Vyazma 1916","authors":"D. Komarov","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-208-220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-1-208-220","url":null,"abstract":"The article attemts to reconstruct history and considerations of construction of the only Russian monument to the soldiers of the First World War. By summer 1916, Russia had been fighting on the fronts of the First World War for nearly two years. After rebuilding national economy on a war footing, negative phenomena developed in the socio-political structure of the state, which eventually would result in a nationwide crisis. No less dangerous was the situation in the multi-million Russian army. Having abandoned significant territories, suffering severe military setbacks in 1914–15, the army was losing its morale. There was great war-weariness, prospects for early victory looked vague. N.N. Golovin accurately called it the “broken spirit of the country.” These phenomena in the army found expression in desertion, draft evasion, unwillingness to “fight heroically” and endure hardships. Thus, patriotic initiative of the inhabitants of Vyazma to build a Second Patriotic War monument seems quite remarkable. It is even more peculiar, as monuments were not built until the end of the direct hostilities. Moreover, the public offered to erect the monument at its expense. The construction itself was a grassroots initiative and could have been picked up by other Russian cities, contributing to a revival of public support for the army and raising the troops morale. The project took into account the communal psychology of the Russian peasant, dressed in overcoat and fighting at the front. Names of fellow countrymen recipients of the Order of St George were to be incribed on the monument, providing an incentive for heroism at the front. Also, the heroes’ names of were to be included in special lists in rural schools. Information on the opening of the monument and proposed forms of perpetuating countrymen was sent to the fronts. A three-minute film was made about the monument in Vyazma. However, despite its clearly patriotic orientation and prospects, the Vyazma initiative was not supported nationwide. The analysis of Russian press in summer 1916 has showed that most popular newspapers and magazines did not publish information on this event. The Second Patriotic War monument in Vyazma is the first and only monument dedicated to the First World War in Russia. The methods of perpetuating heroes were, most likely, never implemented, and the empire itself lasted less than a year. In 1918 the monument was destroyed.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69386223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Composition of Sacred Lands Tenants in Attica of the Second Half of the 4th Century B.C. according to Epigraphika","authors":"E. Bulycheva","doi":"10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-331-341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-331-341","url":null,"abstract":"The article assesses social composition of holy lands tenants in Attica of the 4th century B. C. Epigraphic material is an important source for the study of various spheres of society in the Athenian polis. There remain inscriptions on stone steles containing data on leasing of sacred lands (temenos) in Attica, dating back to the second half of the 4th century B. C. Using their data, the researcher can consider a number of issues related to the history of agrarian relations in ancient Athens. However, this material has not been used by scholars for studying history of land relations in the Athenian polis. Thus, the article is to analyze social composition of temenos tenants in Attica in the second half of the 4th century B. C. on the basis of epigraphic material at our disposal, to present their motives for the transaction. The article uses as its main source texts of agreements on lease of sacred lands in Attica, published in collections of epigraphic material by I. Kirhner and H. Pleket and cited in the scientific journal Hesperia. These inscriptions detail terms of lease of land plots dedicated to gods and heroes, name tenants, and (in some cases) indicate their rights and obligations. Based on the analysis of tests of sacred lands lease agreements, the author comes to the conclusion that tenants of sacred lands in Attica in the second half of the 4th century B. C. were citizens of the polis. Their comparative analysis with inscriptions concerning private land leasing in the same period suggests that in the sphere of private land ownership there were cases when tenants were meteks, who did not have civil status. Prosopographic analysis of the temenos tenants’ names allows the author to assume that many had noble origins and were very famous people in the polis. The author also underscores the fact that, in some cases, social composition of sacred lands tenants depended on location of the land plot. In the central areas, lands of the largest sanctuaries were dominated by tenants with a high social status. Temenos on the periphery or coastal lands were mostly leased to commoners. The article also attempts to identify motives of citizens with a high social status for participating in the lease. Apparently, this was, primarily, fulfillment of a kind of liturgy before the polis, which consisted in obligation to maintain sacred land ownership, which had a special meaning. In general, it is concluded that the majority of tenants of sacred lands in Attica in the second half of the 4th century B. C. were citizens, in some cases, of high social status, which indicates a special attitude to sacred land ownership in the Athenian polis, a desire to preserve and develop this land fund in the best traditions of the civil collective.","PeriodicalId":41551,"journal":{"name":"Herald of an Archivist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69387659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}