Progress in Quantum Electronics最新文献

{"title":"Strained-layer quantum well materials grown by MOCVD for diode laser application","authors":"Luke J. Mawst , Honghyuk Kim , Gary Smith , Wei Sun , Nelson Tansu","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100303","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2183578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of energy-autonomous solar cell receivers for satellite–air–ground–ocean optical wireless communication","authors":"Meiwei Kong,&nbsp;Chun Hong Kang,&nbsp;Omar Alkhazragi,&nbsp;Xiaobin Sun,&nbsp;Yujian Guo,&nbsp;Mohammed Sait,&nbsp;Jorge A. Holguin-Lerma,&nbsp;Tien Khee Ng,&nbsp;Boon S. Ooi","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the advent of the Internet of Things, energy- and bandwidth-related issues are becoming increasingly prominent in the context of supporting the massive connectivity of various smart devices. To this end, we propose that solar cells with the dual functions of energy harvesting and signal acquisition are critical for alleviating energy-related issues and enabling optical wireless communication (OWC) across the satellite–air–ground–ocean (SAGO) boundaries. Moreover, we present the first comprehensive survey on solar cell-based OWC technology. First, the historical evolution of this technology is summarized, from its beginnings to recent advances, to provide the relative merits of a variety of solar cells for simultaneous energy harvesting and OWC in different application scenarios. Second, the performance metrics, circuit design, and architectural design for energy-autonomous solar cell receivers are provided to help understand the basic principles of this technology. Finally, with a view to its future application to SAGO communication networks, we note the challenges and future trends of research related to this technology in terms of channel characterization, light source development, photodetector development, modulation and multiplexing techniques, and network implementations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3386802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Er-doped crystalline active media for ~ 3 μm diode-pumped lasers","authors":"Richard Švejkar,&nbsp;Jan Šulc,&nbsp;Helena Jelínková","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Lasers based on erbium ions using </span>⁴I_11/2 ​→ ​⁴I_13/2<span><span> transition can generate laser radiation in the spectral range from 2.7 ​μm to 3 ​μm. Since the strong absorption peak of water is located at 3 ​μm, there has been an effort to develop a suitable laser source for various medical applications, e.g. dentistry, dermatology, urology, or surgery. Laser radiation from this wavelength range can also be used in spectroscopy, as a pumping source for optical parametric </span>oscillators, or for further mid-infrared conversion.</span></p><p>This paper represents an overview of the erbium-doped active media (e.g. Er:YAG, Er:YAP, Er:GGG, Er:SrF₂, Er:YLF, Er:Y₂O₃, Er:KYW, etc.) for laser radiation generation in the spectral range 2.7–3 ​μm. In the first part of this paper, the particular active media are discussed in detail. On the other hand, the experimental results summarized absorption and emission cross-section spectra together with decay times at upper (⁴I_11/2) and lower (⁴I_13/2) laser levels of all tested Er-doped samples at room temperature. Moreover, laser results in CW and pulsed laser regime with tunability curves, achieved in recent years, are presented, too.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3386801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonic Ge-Sb-Te phase change metamaterials and their applications","authors":"Tun Cao ,&nbsp;Rongzi Wang ,&nbsp;Robert E. Simpson ,&nbsp;Guixin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The ultrafast, reversible, nonvolatile and multistimuli responsive phase change of Ge-Sb-Te (GST) alloy makes it an interesting “smart” material. The optical features of GST undergo significant variation when its state changes between amorphous<span><span><span> and crystalline, meaning that they are useful for tuning photonic components. A GST </span>phase change material (PCM) can be efficiently triggered by stimuli such as short optical or electrical pulses, providing versatility in high-performance photonic applications and excellent capability to control light. In this review, we study the fundamentals of GST-tuned photonics and systematically summarise the progress in this area. We then introduce current developments in both GST-metal hybrid </span>metamaterials<span> and GST-based dielectric metamaterials, and investigate the strategy of designing reversibly switchable GST-based </span></span></span>photonic devices<span> and their advantages. These devices may have a vast array of potential applications in optical memories, switches, data storage, cloaking, photodetectors, modulators, antennas etc. Finally, the prospect of implementing GST PCM in emerging fields within photonics is considered.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2620884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underwater wireless optical communications: Opportunity, challenges and future prospects commentary on “Recent progress in and perspectives of underwater wireless optical communication”","authors":"Boon S. Ooi,&nbsp;Meiwei Kong,&nbsp;Tien Khee Ng","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100275","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1518672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in and perspectives of underwater wireless optical communication","authors":"Shijie Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinwei Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Liu ,&nbsp;Guoqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is an emerging and feasible </span>underwater communication technology and has developed rapidly in recent years. Building a high-performance and practical UWOC system requires comprehensive consideration and optimization design from the device to the system, as well as from the internal modulation to the external environment. This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in UWOC systems, covering aspects about the system transmitters and receivers, advanced </span>modulation formats and underwater channels. Some key technologies to improve transmission capacity of UWOC are classified and summarized to provide guidance for system design. The main challenges and perspectives to achieve a reliable UWOC system are also mentioned. The summary and analysis of these advances and techniques will shed light on the future development of UWOC technology and assist in the construction of the internet of underwater things.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2183580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rectifying antennas for energy harvesting from the microwaves to visible light: A review","authors":"C.A. Reynaud ,&nbsp;D. Duché ,&nbsp;J.-J. Simon ,&nbsp;E. Sanchez-Adaime ,&nbsp;O. Margeat ,&nbsp;J. Ackermann ,&nbsp;V. Jangid ,&nbsp;C. Lebouin ,&nbsp;D. Brunel ,&nbsp;F. Dumur ,&nbsp;D. Gigmes ,&nbsp;G. Berginc ,&nbsp;C.A. Nijhuis ,&nbsp;L. Escoubas","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Rectifying antennas are often prensented as a potentiel technological breakthrough for energy harvesting. First theorized in the 1970’s, the downsizing of an antenna coupled with a </span>rectifier<span><span><span> has become technologically achievable with the progresses of fabrication techniques such as electron beam or </span>photolithography<span>. However, reaching infrared or visible region of the electromagnetic spectra still entails challenges on the integration of a rectifier operating in the terahertz range. New bottom up approaches are likely to bring a promising solution to this issue. To improve our understanding of the key points of rectifying antennas’ design for the infrared and </span></span>visible light<span>, and the challenges of device fabrication, this work reviews the progresses of this technology, going back from the first historical RF energy harvesting systems and covering the most innovative trends to this date.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2183581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watt-level ultrafast laser inscribed thulium waveguide lasers","authors":"Esrom Kifle ,&nbsp;Pavel Loiko ,&nbsp;Carolina Romero ,&nbsp;Javier Rodríguez Vázquez de Aldana ,&nbsp;Magdalena Aguiló ,&nbsp;Francesc Díaz ,&nbsp;Patrice Camy ,&nbsp;Uwe Griebner ,&nbsp;Valentin Petrov ,&nbsp;Xavier Mateos","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>We report on the first watt-level ultrafast laser inscribed </span>Thulium </span>waveguide (WG) lasers. Depressed-index buried channel WGs with a circular cladding (type III) are produced in monoclinic Tm</span>³⁺:KLu(WO₄)₂ crystals. Laser operation is achieved under conventional (³H₆ → ³H₄) and in-band (³H₆ → ³F₄<span><span>) pumping. In the former case, employing a Raman fiber laser emitting at 1679 ​nm as pump, the continuous-wave Tm channel WG laser generated 1.37 ​W ​at 1915–1923 ​nm with a record-high slope efficiency of 82.7% (with respect to the absorbed pump power), a threshold of only 17 ​mW and a spatially single-mode output with </span>linear polarization. The WG propagation losses were 0.2 ​± ​0.3 ​dB/cm. Passive Q-switching of Tm channel WG lasers is achieved using Cr</span>²⁺:ZnS and Cr²⁺:ZnSe saturable absorbers. With Cr²⁺:ZnS, record-short pulses of 2.6 ns/6.9 ​μJ ​at a repetition rate of 8.0 ​kHz were generated. The developed WGs are promising for compact GHz mode-locked lasers at ~2 ​μm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2620886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral coherence, Part I: Passive-resonator linewidth, fundamental laser linewidth, and Schawlow-Townes approximation","authors":"Markus Pollnau ,&nbsp;Marc Eichhorn","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The degree of spectral coherence characterizes the spectral purity of light. It can be equivalently expressed in the time domain by the decay time <em>τ</em> or the quality factor <em>Q</em><span> of the light-emitting oscillator, the coherence time </span><em>τ</em> ^<em>coh</em> or length <span><math><mi>ℓ</mi></math></span>^<em>coh</em><span> of emitted light or, via Fourier transformation to the frequency domain, the linewidth Δ</span><em>ν</em><span><span><span> of emitted light. We quantify these parameters for the reference situation of a passive Fabry-Pérot resonator. We investigate its </span>spectral line shapes, mode profiles, and Airy distributions and verify that the sum of all mode profiles generates the corresponding Airy distribution. The Fabry-Pérot resonator is described, as an oscillator, by its Lorentzian linewidth and finesse and, as a scanning spectrometer, by its Airy linewidth and finesse. Furthermore, stimulated and spontaneous emission are analyzed semi-classically by employing Maxwell′s equations and the law of energy conservation. Investigation of emission by atoms inside a Fabry-Pérot resonator, the Lorentz oscillator model, the Kramers-Kronig relations, the amplitude-phase diagram, and the summation of quantized electric fields consistently suggests that stimulated and spontaneous emission of light occur with a phase 90° in lead of the incident field. These findings question the quantum-optical picture, which proposed, firstly, that </span>stimulated emission occurred in phase, whereas spontaneous emission occurred at an arbitrary phase angle with respect to the incident field and, secondly, that the laser linewidth were due to amplitude and phase fluctuations induced by spontaneous emission. We emphasize that the first derivation of the Schawlow-Townes laser linewidth was entirely semi-classical but included the four approximations that (i) it is a truly continuous-wave (cw) laser, (ii) it is an ideal four-level laser, (iii) its resonator exhibits no intrinsic losses, and (iv) one photon is coupled spontaneously into the lasing mode per photon-decay time </span><em>τ</em>_<em>c</em> of the resonator, independent of the pump rate. After discussing the inconsistencies of existing semi-classical and quantum-optical descriptions of the laser linewidth, we introduce the spectral-coherence factor, which quantifies spectral coherence in an active compared to its underlying passive mode, and derive semi-classically, based on the principle that the gain elongates the photon-decay time and narrows the linewidth, the fundamental linewidth of a single lasing mode. This linewidth is valid for lasers with an arbitrary energy-level system, operating below, at, or above threshold and in a cw or a transient lasing regime, with the gain being smaller, equal, or larger compared to the losses. By applying approximations (i)-(iv) we reproduce the original Schawlow-Townes equation. It provides the hi","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2620887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terahertz sources based on stimulated polariton scattering","authors":"Andrew J. Lee,&nbsp;David J. Spence,&nbsp;Helen M. Pask","doi":"10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we review the field of terahertz (THz) sources which make use of the nonlinear, stimulated polariton scattering (SPS) process. A historical perspective of the technology is offered, in addition to an investigation of modern SPS-based THz sources. Breakthroughs in these source technologies have coincided with rapid developments in laser technology over the past 10 years. We are now in an age where pulsed SPS-THz sources are generating peak powers in excess of 50 ​kW, and continuous wave SPS-THz sources can be produced using diode pump powers as low as 2.3 ​W. The versatility of this approach to THz generation has enabled the generation of coherent THz radiation across continuous wave (CW), nanosecond-, and picosecond-pulsed modalities, with sources spanning the frequency range 0.5–13 ​THz. Being based on robust and well-developed, crystalline solid-state laser technology, these sources hold great promise as an enabling technology for a plethora of THz applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":414,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Quantum Electronics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.7,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2620888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}