Progress in Polymer Science最新文献_第2页

Polymeric thermogels: Fundamentals and strategies for their rational design 高分子热凝胶：合理设计的基础和策略

IF 27.1 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102004

Jun Jie Chang, Qianyu Lin, Nicholas Ong, Joey Wong Hui Min, Valerie Ow, Belynn Sim, Cally Owh, Rubayn Goh, Jason Y.C. Lim, Xian Jun Loh

{"title":"Polymeric thermogels: Fundamentals and strategies for their rational design","authors":"Jun Jie Chang, Qianyu Lin, Nicholas Ong, Joey Wong Hui Min, Valerie Ow, Belynn Sim, Cally Owh, Rubayn Goh, Jason Y.C. Lim, Xian Jun Loh","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102004","url":null,"abstract":"Thermogels are promising biomaterials with the ability to attain temperature-induced sol-gel transitions. This property enables their injectability, facilitating minimally invasive administration for a range of biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing. However, their assembly via physical crosslinks often result in weaker mechanical properties when compared to covalent hydrogels. Over the years, the development of more sophisticated thermogels by leveraging past insights and incorporating novel synthetic and fabrication techniques has successfully resulted in a wide variety of thermogels with a range of physicochemical properties. This has enabled the precise control over the physical and chemical characteristics of thermogels, allowing their customization for various applications through rational design. This review categorizes the desirable qualities of thermogels into key physical and biochemical properties, highlighting their importance in performance optimization. Then, it explores the various strategies and approaches that have been used by research groups to precisely tailor thermogel properties, discussing the insights gained from these results. Finally, the review provides a perspective on the future of thermogel development. Collectively, the insights provided herein will guide rational and targeted design of thermogel properties that serve emerging biomedical applications and beyond.","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144787350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chemical recycling of nitrogen containing polymers: processes and industrial prospects 含氮聚合物的化学回收：工艺与工业前景

IF 26.1 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102002

Sofie Houben , Marta Mestre Membrado , Lander Van Belleghem , Ion Olazabal , Niels Van Velthoven , Karolien Vanbroekhoven , Haritz Sardon , Dirk De Vos , Elias Feghali , Kathy Elst

{"title":"Chemical recycling of nitrogen containing polymers: processes and industrial prospects","authors":"Sofie Houben , Marta Mestre Membrado , Lander Van Belleghem , Ion Olazabal , Niels Van Velthoven , Karolien Vanbroekhoven , Haritz Sardon , Dirk De Vos , Elias Feghali , Kathy Elst","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen containing polymers (NCPs), particularly polyurethanes (PU) and polyamides (PA), play a crucial role in a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, leading to exponential growth in recent years. The production of both polymers relies primarily on fossil-fuel-derived monomers and lacks sustainable waste disposal solutions. To reduce fossil-fuel dependency, scaling up chemical recycling to an industrial scale is essential. Various systems have been developed at a lab scale, nevertheless, progress toward industrial-scale implementation remains scarce. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main chemical recycling approaches. Systems already operating at an industrial scale are reviewed separately and a general comparison of all techniques is made for each polymer. Beyond technical aspects, this review highlights broader challenges, including concerns with economic feasibility, regulatory constraints related to handling toxic compounds, and logistical challenges in waste collection. The future perspective gives an update on the state-of-the-art of chemical recycling and outlines the current limitations toward a fully circular economy for the two major NCPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 102002"},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144787349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Polymer Chain-End Chemistry: Unlocking Next-Generation Functional Materials 聚合物链端化学：解锁下一代功能材料

IF 27.1 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102003

Hojun Lee, Yeonji Lee, Namjun Kim, Moon Jeong Park

{"title":"Polymer Chain-End Chemistry: Unlocking Next-Generation Functional Materials","authors":"Hojun Lee, Yeonji Lee, Namjun Kim, Moon Jeong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102003","url":null,"abstract":"End-group functionalization has emerged as a powerful and versatile strategy in polymer science, offering precise control over physical properties, nanoscale self-assembly, and interfacial functionality without altering the polymer backbone. This review summarizes recent progress in the chemistry and applications of end-functionalized polymers across three thematic domains. First, we examine how tailored end groups influence intrinsic polymer properties, including thermal transitions, solubility, crystallization behaviors, and interfacial adhesion. Second, we explore the role of end-group interactions in directing polymer self-assembly, emphasizing their ability to modulate chain packing, interfacial curvature, and phase behavior in block copolymer systems, particularly in the formation of complex network morphologies. Third, we highlight the growing technological relevance of end-functionalized polymers with network morphologies in emerging applications such as solid-state battery electrolytes, mechanical metamaterials, and optical metamaterials. In polymer electrolytes, ion–dipole interactions localized at the chain termini decouple ion transport from segmental motion, yielding high ionic conductivity and low activation energy at low salt concentrations. In mechanical metamaterials, end-group-directed 3D networks enhance structural resilience and tunable deformation behavior. In optical metamaterials, metal-end-functionalized block copolymers could serve as nanoscale templates for the bottom-up fabrication of high-refractive-index architectures via metal–ligand coordination, tackling the resolution limits of top-down lithography. Collectively, these advances underscore the transformative potential of end-group chemistry for next-generation polymer materials.","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Processing–Structure–Property–Performance relationships of polymer composites for untethered magnetic robotics 无系留磁性机器人用聚合物复合材料的加工-结构-性能-性能关系

IF 26.1 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102005

Sukyoung Won , Kijun Yang , Jeong Jae Wie

{"title":"Processing–Structure–Property–Performance relationships of polymer composites for untethered magnetic robotics","authors":"Sukyoung Won , Kijun Yang , Jeong Jae Wie","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Miniaturized magnetic robots can be wirelessly maneuvered into hard-to-reach regions beyond the limits of manual control, enabling diverse functionalities such as drug delivery, microfluidic control, cargo transportation, ultraprecision polishing, and microplastic removal. From the perspective of mechanical engineering, robot locomotion has been extensively discussed in previous reviews. However, targeted and high-precision actuation requires multidisciplinary understanding from the perspective of polymer and materials science, which remains insufficiently covered in earlier reviews. This review aims to elucidate processing–structure–property–performance relationships in recent magnetically responsive polymer composites (i.e., magnetic polymer composites) for magnetic robot actuation. We address processing strategies and underlying rationales for magnetic polymer composites by considering magnetic properties of magnetic fillers and thermal processability of polymer matrices. Locomotion of millimeter-to-nanometer scale robots is discussed based on comprehensive understanding of processing, structure, properties, and actuation of magnetic polymer composites. This review offers insights required to advance magnetic robotics, paving the way for future miniaturized actuators and robots with diverse biomedical, environmental, industrial, and interdisciplinary functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 102005"},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144737630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ionic polymers for bioelectronics 用于生物电子学的离子聚合物

IF 26 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101994

Ilaria Abdel Aziz , David Mecerreyes

引用次数: 0

A decade of innovation: Synthesis, properties and applications of PLA copolymers 创新的十年：聚乳酸共聚物的合成、性能和应用

IF 26.1 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101991

Zoi Terzopoulou , Alexandra Zamboulis , Nikolaos D. Bikiaris , Eleftheria Xanthopoulou , Rafail O. Ioannidis , Dimitrios N. Bikiaris

{"title":"A decade of innovation: Synthesis, properties and applications of PLA copolymers","authors":"Zoi Terzopoulou , Alexandra Zamboulis , Nikolaos D. Bikiaris , Eleftheria Xanthopoulou , Rafail O. Ioannidis , Dimitrios N. Bikiaris","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decade, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) copolymers have emerged as a versatile class of materials, offering enhanced properties and broader application potential compared to neat PLA. As the leading biobased plastic, PLA has high strength, good processability, and industrial compostability; however, its brittleness, limited thermal stability, and slow (bio)degradation under ambient conditions hinder its widespread adoption in advanced applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PLA-based copolymers, excluding PLA stereoisomers and poly(lactic-<em>co</em>-glycolic acid) (PLGA), focusing on their synthesis, structure-property relationships, and potential uses. Copolymerization strategies—including ring-opening polymerization (ROP), polycondensation, and controlled radical polymerization—enable precise control over PLA’s mechanical, thermal, and degradation characteristics. The incorporation of diverse comonomers, such as lactones, diacids, diols, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and naturally derived polymers, has led to copolymers with tuneable properties suited for packaging, textiles, biomedical applications, and sustainable materials engineering. Advances in block, random, and graft copolymer architectures further expand PLA's functionality, enabling the design of high-performance biobased materials. By summarizing recent findings, this review highlights how tailored PLA copolymers are shaping the future of sustainable polymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101991"},"PeriodicalIF":26.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Discreteness and dispersity in the design of polymeric materials 高分子材料设计中的离散性与分散性

IF 26 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101992

Alessio Lo Bocchiaro, Carlos Pavón, Francesca Lorandi, Edmondo M. Benetti

{"title":"Discreteness and dispersity in the design of polymeric materials","authors":"Alessio Lo Bocchiaro, Carlos Pavón, Francesca Lorandi, Edmondo M. Benetti","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature produces macromolecules with discrete molar mass and precise composition, both of which are essential for ensuring structural control, distinctive properties, and specific functions. However, in some cases, bioderived components are heterogeneous in size, and this plays a crucial role in defining their physicochemical characteristics. In a similar way, polymer scientists have been striving to develop robust synthetic protocols to access macromolecules with homogeneous composition and discrete molar mass. Simultaneously, significant advances in controlled polymerization techniques have enabled the precise regulation of chain length heterogeneity, or dispersity (<em>Đ</em>), across a wide range of values. Achieving perfectly monodisperse polymers is not only a remarkable synthetic achievement but also provides fundamental building blocks for new classes of polymeric materials. These materials could be either free of defects or exhibit properties that are precisely tunable in a quantized manner. On the other hand, obtaining polymer samples with controlled dispersity provides an additional tuning parameter for the physicochemical properties of a variety of materials formulations. By leveraging macromolecular discreteness and fine-tuning polymer dispersity, we have expanded the toolbox for designing advanced “soft” materials. Block copolymers with discrete segment lengths or controlled dispersity can be used to create novel nanostructured materials. Stimuli-responsive polymeric systems can be engineered to precisely adjust their physical transitions while maintaining a constant chemical composition. In addition, tailoring polymer dispersity during the fabrication of gels and brush coatings enhances the ability to fine-tune their physicochemical properties, further broadening their potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101992"},"PeriodicalIF":26.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications 生物医学应用的序列定义聚合物

IF 26 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101993

Nicholas Jäck , Sören Nagel , Laura Hartmann

{"title":"Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications","authors":"Nicholas Jäck , Sören Nagel , Laura Hartmann","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sequence-defined polymers offer unparalleled structural precision, enabling tailored biological interactions, enhanced stability, and optimized function. Unlike traditional synthetic polymers, which often lack defined structures, these materials allow for precise tuning of molecular interactions to improve biomedical performance. This review surveys advancements over the past decade, covering foundational studies that elucidate sequence-function relationships - such as interactions with model lectins - as well as direct biomedical applications including nucleotide delivery, lectin and protein inhibition, antibacterial and antiviral strategies, tumor therapy, and bioimaging. The control over polymer sequences is crucial for enhancing specificity, reducing off-target effects, and improving stability in physiological environments.</div><div>By comparing sequence-defined polymers with natural biopolymers and conventional synthetic materials, we highlight their advantages in addressing challenges like immune recognition, enzymatic degradation, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. These materials present new avenues for developing targeted therapies, precision drug delivery systems, and advanced biomaterials.</div><div>Distinguishing itself from previous reviews focused on synthetic methodologies, this work emphasizes how sequence precision impacts biological function and thus potential biomedical applications. By summarizing foundational examples, recent breakthroughs and key challenges, we provide insights into the pivotal role of sequence-defined macromolecules in shaping the next generation of bioactive materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101993"},"PeriodicalIF":26.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

PEDOT:PSS-based electronic materials: Preparation, performance tuning, processing, applications, and future prospect 基于pss的电子材料：制备，性能调整，加工，应用和未来展望

IF 26 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101990

Shuai Chen , Lishan Liang , Yuqian Zhang , Kaiwen Lin , Mingna Yang , Ling Zhu , Xiaomei Yang , Ling Zang , Baoyang Lu

{"title":"PEDOT:PSS-based electronic materials: Preparation, performance tuning, processing, applications, and future prospect","authors":"Shuai Chen , Lishan Liang , Yuqian Zhang , Kaiwen Lin , Mingna Yang , Ling Zhu , Xiaomei Yang , Ling Zang , Baoyang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) represents a breakthrough in addressing the processability challenges of traditionally insoluble and infusible conducting polymers (CPs). It uniquely combines solution processability with high chemical and thermal stability, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. For over 35 years, PEDOT:PSS has remained at the forefront of both commercial and academic research in organic electronics, spanning disciplines such as chemistry, materials science, biology, electronics, medicine, energy, and engineering. This review offers a comprehensive and systematic overview of PEDOT:PSS, covering synthesis strategies, performance optimization, composite system design, and processing techniques across various material forms, including aqueous dispersions, powders, films, nanofibers, hydrogels, aerogels, elastomers, and sponges. It also discusses the specific requirements, current status, and ongoing challenges in both laboratory research and industrial applications. In light of recent advances in flexible, wearable, and multifunctionally integrated electronics, this review outlines future development directions with an emphasis on miniaturization and environmental sustainability. Particular attention is given to emerging applications in flexible, wearable, biomedical, and intelligent electronics, aiming to provide researchers with critical insights to inspire innovation at the frontiers of this rapidly evolving field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 101990"},"PeriodicalIF":26.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recent advances in the design of hydrogels: Renaissance of the Hofmeister effect 水凝胶设计的最新进展：霍夫迈斯特效应的复兴

IF 26 1区化学

Progress in Polymer Science Pub Date : 2025-06-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101989

Huan Tan , Xiaolan Li , Linlong Li , Xue Bai , Jing You , Yuanyuan Zhou , Shirun Chu , Xiao Huang , Qiaoli Wu , Jie Weng , Jun Li

{"title":"Recent advances in the design of hydrogels: Renaissance of the Hofmeister effect","authors":"Huan Tan , Xiaolan Li , Linlong Li , Xue Bai , Jing You , Yuanyuan Zhou , Shirun Chu , Xiao Huang , Qiaoli Wu , Jie Weng , Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hofmeister effect has been known for >135 years since Hofmeister and Lewith’s foundational work. Over the past decade, salt treatment induced by the Hofmeister effect in concentrated gelator molecules has attracted considerable interest in designing functional hydrogels without any complicated chemical modifications. Herein, we provide a detailed overview of recent advances in using the Hofmeister effect to regulate the properties of hydrogels, from the perspective of fundamental theories to applications. This review comprehensively emphasizes the main interactions or effects related to specific ions influencing the performance of pre-gel solutions for hydrogel formation. Moreover, this review focuses on the roles of salt ions in regulating the properties and functionalities of hydrogels, including mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, anti-freezing capability, optical properties, printability, analytical sensitivity, and shape memory ability. Additionally, we provide an overview of the potential applications of these hydrogels in various fields. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities of this approach and proposes potential issues for understanding the Hofmeister effect in designing functional hydrogels. The broad scale and versatility of this approach make it a promising strategy for developing task-specific hydrogels with customized properties and functionalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":413,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Polymer Science","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 101989"},"PeriodicalIF":26.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0