Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications

Abstract

Sequence-defined polymers offer unparalleled structural precision, enabling tailored biological interactions, enhanced stability, and optimized function. Unlike traditional synthetic polymers, which often lack defined structures, these materials allow for precise tuning of molecular interactions to improve biomedical performance. This review surveys advancements over the past decade, covering foundational studies that elucidate sequence-function relationships - such as interactions with model lectins - as well as direct biomedical applications including nucleotide delivery, lectin and protein inhibition, antibacterial and antiviral strategies, tumor therapy, and bioimaging. The control over polymer sequences is crucial for enhancing specificity, reducing off-target effects, and improving stability in physiological environments.

By comparing sequence-defined polymers with natural biopolymers and conventional synthetic materials, we highlight their advantages in addressing challenges like immune recognition, enzymatic degradation, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. These materials present new avenues for developing targeted therapies, precision drug delivery systems, and advanced biomaterials.

Distinguishing itself from previous reviews focused on synthetic methodologies, this work emphasizes how sequence precision impacts biological function and thus potential biomedical applications. By summarizing foundational examples, recent breakthroughs and key challenges, we provide insights into the pivotal role of sequence-defined macromolecules in shaping the next generation of bioactive materials.