Progress in Materials Science最新文献

{"title":"Mechanically active polymeric adhesives (MAPAs) for tissue regeneration","authors":"Ziming Zhao ,&nbsp;Ran Yang ,&nbsp;Binggang Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Shujun Zhang ,&nbsp;Changhong Linghu ,&nbsp;Ping Wang ,&nbsp;Shifang Luan ,&nbsp;Huajian Gao ,&nbsp;K. Jimmy Hsia","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tissue adhesives have long been proposed as alternatives to sutures and staples, yet most existing formulations are mechanically passive, providing only static fixation. Recent advances, however, have introduced a new class of mechanically active polymeric adhesives (MAPAs) that can generate forces or dynamically modulate mechanical properties to engage cellular mechanotransduction. By integrating adhesive chemistry with biomechanics, MAPAs actively regulate inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, thereby accelerating tissue regeneration in diverse applications—from skin closure to myocardial repair and musculoskeletal healing. This review defines the concept of MAPAs and situates them within the broader evolution of regenerative biomaterials. We highlight the biological foundations of mechanically guided regeneration and summarize design principles for adhesive matrices and interfaces. Particular attention is given to stimulation modalities—thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical—that enable spatiotemporal control of mechanical cues, and to emerging AI-driven approaches that accelerate materials discovery and optimize mechanics–adhesion synergy. Applications in wound care, cardiac rehabilitation, and musculoskeletal repair illustrate the translational potential of MAPAs. Finally, we discuss key challenges, including the mechanistic understanding of mechanobiological coupling, clinical feasibility, reliability and safety in complex physiological environments, regulatory translation, and issues related to large-scale manufacturing and storage, while also highlighting opportunities for performance optimization and functional expansion. MAPAs thus represent a paradigm shift from passive sealants to active, mechano-therapeutic platforms poised to reshape regenerative medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101658"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chalcogenide cocatalysts in photocatalytic H2 production","authors":"Duoduo Gao ,&nbsp;Huogen Yu ,&nbsp;Hermenegildo García ,&nbsp;Jiaguo Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a crucial energy carrier with the potential to reduce carbon emissions and accelerate the transition to an eco-friendly future. Photocatalytic overall-water splitting (OWS) delivers a hopeful, green, and clean method for hydrogen production, but its efficiency remains unsatisfactory. This review contends that achieving high-efficiency photocatalytic OWS remains a significant challenge both theoretically and practically due to key obstacles such as asynchronized emission of O₂ and H₂, backward/side reaction, and slow O₂-evolution kinetics. We highlight that the sustainable trend of coupling H₂ evolution with selective organic synthesis represents a more valuable and appealing alternative. This process can be significantly promoted by the incorporation of cocatalysts. Following this demand, the function and mechanism of cocatalysts are comprehensively summarized. Then, we put a special focus on recent achievements and progress in microstructure regulation of chalcogenide cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen generation, including the increase of active site numbers, improvement of active site efficiency, and acceleration of interfacial electron transfer by different strategies. Finally, we provide a forward-looking outlook on the emerging opportunities and development directions for chalcogenide cocatalysts in the materials science and catalysis fields. It is expected that this review will offer fresh insights and inspire further innovative research towards the development and optimization of highly efficient photocatalytic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101663"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure of calcium silicate hydrate","authors":"Qiang Fu ,&nbsp;Junzhou Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) is the main hydration product of cement, and its structural properties determine the microstructure, mechanical properties, and durability of cement-based materials. This study conducts a literature review on the latest research progress in C–S–H structures. First, the structure of C–S–H is explained at the molecular-scale, nanoscale, and micron-scale, and the relationship between the structures at each scale is discussed. Second, the influence mechanisms of the Ca/Si ratio, pH, relative humidity, and the aluminum phase on the C–S–H structure are analyzed in detail from a multiscale perspective. The analysis shows that these factors can affect the surface energy level of the silicate chain by changing the molecular structure of C–S–H. This in turn influences the shape and size of the C–S–H nano units. This further affects the stacking of C–S–H nano units, resulting in significant differences in the C–S–H stacking density, pore structure, and morphology. Finally, the evolution law of the C–S–H structure with changes in elemental (Ca/Si ratio, Al incorporation), pH, relative humidity, and extreme environment is summarized, problems existing in the current research on the C–S–H structure are discussed, and future research prospects are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101666"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen embrittlement of additively manufactured NiTi shape memory alloys: Review on interactions between microstructure and mechanical properties","authors":"A. Behvar ,&nbsp;M.Beyk Khorasani ,&nbsp;S. Mohajerani ,&nbsp;A. Algamal ,&nbsp;M. Sojoodi ,&nbsp;H. Bajaj ,&nbsp;S. Vanaei ,&nbsp;N. Taheri ,&nbsp;A. Celebi ,&nbsp;M.J. Mahtabi ,&nbsp;M.B. Djukic ,&nbsp;M. Elahinia","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101661","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hydrogen embrittlement poses a formidable challenge to the structural integrity and functional performance of high-performance NiTi applications in biomedical, aerospace, and hydrogen energy sectors, where hydrogen exposure is inevitable, and structural reliability is paramount. There is a growing interest in fabricating these smart alloys in additively manufactured (AM) parts to harness additional features and functionality. It is therefore important to systematically study the effect of hydrogen-rich environments on the superelasticity and shape memory, the main functional properties of these alloys. Despite extensive research on hydrogen embrittlement in conventionally manufactured (CM) metallic alloys, the impact of AM-induced microstructural heterogeneities, such as residual stresses, fine grains, and porosity, on hydrogen-microstructure interactions remains underexplored. There is a need to study hydrogen embrittlement to enhance our understanding of the intricate hydrogen-material interactions, phase transformation behaviors, and HE-assisted failure mechanisms, especially of AM NiTi shape memory alloys. This review addresses this need by systematically analyzing how AM-specific microstructures influence (1) hydrogen trapping and diffusion kinetics, (2) multiple active hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, (3) phase stabilization, and (4) hydrogen embrittlement-provoked mechanical degradation. These issues are not well characterized in the current literature. To this end, the complex interplay between hydrogen diffusion and trapping processes, phase stability, and mechanical degradation is examined, with a particular focus on hydrogen-induced martensitic stabilization, active hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms/models in NiTi shape memory alloys: hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (HELP), and hydrogen enhanced decohesion (HEDE), including their synergy (HELP + HEDE model), and hydride embrittlement. The classical single-mechanism hydrogen embrittlement models are inadequate in capturing the intricate diffusional-mechanical coupling in AM NiTi shape memory alloys. We have discussed this issue and explained the necessity of novel multi-scale modeling and experimental frameworks. These proposed frameworks provide the basis for understanding the interplay of hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen damage mechanisms. This understanding leads to mitigating the hydrogen embrittlement in AM NiTi shape memory alloys and similar alloys. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges in designing AM NiTi shape memory alloys with improved hydrogen embrittlement resistance, identifying gaps in predictive modeling and real-time characterization techniques. Future research directions emphasize the need for real-time in situ characterization techniques, integrated computational-experimental approaches, and innovative hydrogen embrittlement mitigation strategies such as microalloying, surface engineering, and post-processing treatments to enhance hy","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101661"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer-based stimuli-responsive biomaterials featuring self-generated electric fields for tissue repair","authors":"Xiaoyu Li ,&nbsp;Yufei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zexing Deng ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Shuqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yihan Shan ,&nbsp;Baolin Guo ,&nbsp;Yong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When tissue injury exceeds its intrinsic regenerative capacity, artificial interventions are required. Endogenous electric fields (EEFs) have been shown to regulate cell and tissue behavior, providing a physiological basis for using electrical stimulation (ES) to mimic or amplify these cues with precise, low-amplitude, continuous signaling that tunes membrane potential, Ca²⁺ influx, and downstream pathways. Replicating EEFs via biomaterials featuring self-generated electric fields (SGEF biomaterials) enables wireless, conformal delivery in tissues without wired power or bulky hardware, improving safety, comfort, and integration. This review focuses on polymer-based SGEF biomaterials to deliver ES without wired external power sources or batteries. We summarize the mechanisms by which ES modulates tissue repair and regeneration, and then survey polymer-based SGEF biomaterials, including piezoelectric polymers, polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators, thermoelectric polymers, photoelectric polymers, and polymer-based magnetoelectric composites, highlighting their historical development, working principles and recent advances. The effects of polymer chemistry, structure and fabrication strategies on electrical output and stability are discussed. Representative applications in varying kinds of tissues are analyzed in terms of tissue-specific requirements. Finally, the prospects and future directions of polymer-based SGEF biomaterials are envisioned. This review presents a comprehensive summary and classifies polymer-based SGEF strategies according to their transduction mechanisms to facilitate comparison and future materials design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101660"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic spectral modulation devices based on reversible metal electrodeposition: principles, modification strategies, and applications","authors":"Wenhao Wang ,&nbsp;Long Wang ,&nbsp;Shenghao Jin ,&nbsp;Liuying Wang ,&nbsp;Gu Liu ,&nbsp;Haoyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangming Pang ,&nbsp;Wenhaoyu Wu ,&nbsp;Rundong Guo ,&nbsp;Tonghao Liu ,&nbsp;Boxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Dongqing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dynamic spectral regulation facilitates the manipulation of light across various wavelength bands, leveraging distinct optical properties to enable diverse functionalities and behaviors. Precise control of solar and thermal radiation offers novel pathways for heat flow manipulation, with promising applications in energy-efficient buildings, camouflage, and aerospace technologies. Reversible metal electrodeposition (RMED) technology, through its electrochromic properties, allows flexible control of light transmission behavior, demonstrating significant potential for advanced thermal regulation. However, a comprehensive review focusing on the effects of different modification methods on optical and electrochemical performances, as well as systematic analysis of the applications and mechanisms of RMED, remains lacking. Herein, this review first demonstrates the fundamental electrochemical and optical regulation principles of RMED, elucidating the underlying physico-chemical mechanisms and discussing performance evaluation methods. Then, the modification strategies for devices operating in different wavelength bands and based on different metal systems are discussed and compared. Finally, the review presents feasible strategy for addressing the current main challenges and discusses future research directions. This review aims to guide future improvement of device performance in terms of cycle stability, open-circuit stability, response rate, and spectral modulation range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101664"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced simulations from DFT to machine learning for solid-state hydrogen storage: fundamentals, progresses, challenges and perspectives","authors":"Shuling Chen ,&nbsp;Mei Yang ,&nbsp;Shaoyang Shen ,&nbsp;Liuzhang Ouyang","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid-state hydrogen storage represents a pivotal technology for enabling a safe and efficient hydrogen economy, yet its development is hindered by performance limitations and the high costs associated with experimental trial-and-error. Computational simulations have thus emerged as indispensable tools for elucidating atomic-scale mechanisms, predicting material properties, and accelerating the rational design. This review provides a systematic and critical analysis of the fundamental principles, recent progress, and application of multiscale simulation methodologies of solid-state hydrogen storage, from density functional theory and molecular dynamics to phase field, finite element analysis, Monte Carlo, and machine learning. We begin with a detailed overview of classifications, mechanisms, and key performance indicators. Then, we propose a structured classification of computational approaches optimized for solid-state hydrogen storage, comparing their respective strengths and limitations. Furthermore, we highlight the transformative potential of machine learning for high-throughput screening and predictive modelling. Finally, perspectives on future research directions are outlined, including the development of integrated multiscale frameworks, high-performance computing strategies, digital twin systems, and the establishment of standardized databases. This work underscores the critical role of computational simulations in overcoming the fundamental challenges of solid-state hydrogen storage and guiding the development of next-generation materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101653"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tunable physicochemical properties of PDMS@nanoparticle composites: modifications, mechanisms, and emerging applications","authors":"B.D. Cardoso ,&nbsp;G. Nobrega ,&nbsp;I.S. Afonso ,&nbsp;A. Souza ,&nbsp;L.B. Neves ,&nbsp;C.L. Faria ,&nbsp;J.L. Diaz de Tuesta ,&nbsp;J.E. Ribeiro ,&nbsp;R.A. Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polydimethylsiloxane@nanoparticles (PDMS@NPs) composites represent a versatile class of advanced elastomers whose physicochemical behavior can be finely tuned through nanoscale interfacial design and nanofiller morphology. Owing to their inherent flexibility, transparency, and chemical stability, PDMS based systems have emerged as model platforms for developing multifunctional materials with optimized mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, acoustic and wetting properties. This review systematically elucidates the structure property relationships in PDMS@NPs composites and the interaction mechanisms between NPs and polymer chains that enable tunable control over bulk and interfacial behavior, with particular emphasis on how NPs dimensionality and aspect ratio (0D, 1D, and 2D fillers) regulate stress transfer, transport pathways, and functional interconnectivity within the matrix. Three main NP incorporation strategies, (namely, physical mixing of presynthesized NPs, <em>in situ</em> synthesis on cured PDMS, and <em>in situ</em> formation within uncured matrices) are critically compared in terms of interfacial coupling, dispersion stability, and processing scalability. Particular attention is given to how interfacial engineering, nanofiller morphology, and hierarchical architecture govern stress transfer, phonon transport, charge percolation, and optical or surface responses. In addition, a property design prospective is presented that links interphase design and nanofiller morphology to mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, acoustic and wetting-controlled surface properties. This review further critically examines the limiting factors that reduce the applicability of PDMS@NPs composites, including performance degradation, interface instability, and limited recyclability, as well as long-term stability under mechanical, thermal, optical, and environmental conditions. Emerging directions such as green filler synthesis, recyclable PDMS matrices<em>,</em> dynamic and hierarchical interphases, and predictive modeling of morphology-dependent dynamic interfaces are outlined. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive and critical perspective on PDMS@NPs composites as a next generation of soft, functional, and sustainable elastomeric materials, opening new avenues for advances in flexible electronics, soft robotics, biomedical devices, and adaptive coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101656"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residual stress and distortion in fusion welding and fusion-based additive manufacturing: measurements, mechanisms and control strategies","authors":"T. DebRoy ,&nbsp;K. Khan ,&nbsp;T. Mukherjee ,&nbsp;W. Zhang ,&nbsp;J.A. Francis ,&nbsp;A. De","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual stress and distortion in welding and additive manufacturing are persistent challenges to the achievement of dimensional accuracy and the reliability of components. Residual stress, arising from temperature gradients, phase transformations, and mechanical constraints, can lead to cracking, warping, and fatigue degradation, particularly in low-ductility alloys. Since additive manufacturing is evolving rapidly, a comprehensive understanding of stress generation and distortion and their control is urgently needed. This paper is unique in its comprehensive evaluation of both experimental and computational approaches to residual stress management. It examines experimental techniques such as digital image correlation and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The review evaluates numerical simulations and the insights gained from the use of physics-based models. It also explores emerging tools, including machine learning and surrogate modeling, for enhancing prediction accuracy and efficiency. Additionally, the development of models for rapid stress prediction addresses the computational inefficiencies of traditional finite element methods. It introduces calculation tools for comparing distortion susceptibility across processes and highlights open-source resources. This review also seeks to advance the field by identifying current knowledge gaps, especially in micro and other small-scale applications, and proposing future research directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101651"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO for enabling A sustainable energy economy","authors":"Allwin Sudhakaran ,&nbsp;Divya Prasad ,&nbsp;Manav Saxena ,&nbsp;Akshaya K. Samal ,&nbsp;Greeshma Gadikota ,&nbsp;Arvind H. Jadhav","doi":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tunable electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to CO unlocks possibilities for distribution and on – demand production of carbonaceous fuels and chemicals. In this review article, the advances in energy- and material-efficient CO₂ conversion to CO including the underlying catalyst design principles, including size, morphology, metal-support interactions; role of electrode compositions and morphologies, and electrolytes; and grain boundary densities are discussed. Specifically, the influence of catalysts bearing noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag) and base metal electrocatalysts (e.g., Zn, Fe, and Co) on the efficiency of CO₂ conversion to CO are discussed. The influence of carbon-based materials such as heteroatom-doped carbon and carbon-based hybrids on the mechanisms, selectivity, and yields associated with CO₂ conversion to CO is evaluated. In terms of energy consumption and techno-economics, conventional CO₂-to-CO electrolysis requires approximately 5–8 kWh per kilogram of CO produced, corresponding to an electrical-to-chemical energy efficiency of 45–60%. Given that electricity price is the most significant factor determining the economic viability of this process, an increase of only 2 cents per kWh can raise the production cost of CO by approximately 25%. Consequently, the cost and energy efficiency of CO₂-to-CO technology are directly linked to its competitiveness. The role of electrolytes including aqueous solutions, organic solutions, and ionic liquids on reaction efficiency, pH, anions, cations, organic additives, and proton donors on electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to CO is critically reviewed. The scientific advances underpinning the development of scalable electrochemical devices for converting CO₂ to CO are discussed in the context of scale – up and deployment.</div><div>s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":411,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Materials Science","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 101655"},"PeriodicalIF":40.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}