Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management最新文献

{"title":"Implications of non-anode effect-related PFC emissions from primary aluminium","authors":"J. Marks, S. Rand","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.659731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.659731","url":null,"abstract":"Smelter exhaust measurements for perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions were carried out at 13 facilities in China from 2008 to 2010. The work has resulted in better global inventory of PFC emissions from primary aluminium production by having a measurement database of emission factors from Chinese aluminium producers. The measurements made in China revealed that PFC emissions could be produced during primary aluminium production that do not relate directly to anode effects. Although these emissions are much lower than during anode effects, they are generally always present and, therefore, are potentially substantial. Evaluations of two possible causes were completed, however, both were inconclusive. First, whether the non-anode effect (NAE)-related emissions are related to imbalances in anode current. Second, whether emissions were related to imbalances in cell voltage. Further investigations are needed to identify the root cause and to identify options to reduce these emissions. Although these NAE-related emissions were discovered in Chinese smelters, industry should investigate to see whether similar emissions might be occurring in smelters outside China at lower levels. In addition, the discovery of the NAE emissions necessitates the reexamination of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology for calculating PFC emissions. The current methodology is based on the presumption that anode effects are responsible for all PFC emissions and, therefore, PFC emissions can be calculated from anode effect process data alone.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123370223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good Derivatives. A Story of Financial and Environmental Innovation","authors":"Elizabeth Zelljadt","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.759952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.759952","url":null,"abstract":"‘Eclectic’ is the adjective that best summarizes both format and content of Richard Sandor’s new book Good Derivatives in a single word, while the phrase ‘all over the place’ is the best multi-word characterization. The book’s overall format is intended to be autobiographical, and indeed the narrative at first follows a chronological path from Sandor’s humble roots in Brooklyn through his academic life, particularly as a young economics professor at Berkeley. Personal narrative is accompanied, however, by sections resembling materials for a class on futures markets and financial products – replete with numerical examples of, e.g. a hedger’s profit or loss under two hypothetical mortgage interest rate buying/selling scenarios. These textbook-like elements aim to impart the knowledge of commodity trading and exchange infrastructure readers need to fully understand the importance of Sandor’s critical contributions to financial markets – why he is known as the ‘father of’ critical derivatives products including mortgage interest rate futures and treasury bond and note futures, some of which became the most widely traded contracts in the world. The narrative traces the evolution of US commodity trading and the role of exchanges as institutions, from Sandor’s first engagement with them in the 1960s through the present – a fascinating history of modern commodity markets and financial innovation particularly relevant in the current context of the financial crisis. Unsuccessful attempts to meld this history with personal anecdotes, however, make for a rambling text that is hard to follow because it skips abruptly from descriptions of family members or friends to unrelated steps in Sandor’s career. Readers with an environmental policy background and experience in greenhouse gas management will find the second half of the book most relevant: it describes Sandor’s involvement in and creation of environmental markets from the early 1990s, including the sulphur emissions permit trading under the US EPA’s acid rain programme and global application of its cap-and-trade concept to mitigate climate change. These chapters illustrate the birth of many concepts and practices now ‘standard fare’ for greenhouse gas accounting professionals: the idea of offsetting emissions, additionality of those offsets, questions about ownership of environmental attributes, and creating demand for tradable permits were all new issues back then – ones Sandor and his team tackled in the process of creating the Chicago Climate Exchange. The narration gives the impression that neither the Exchange, nor the concepts its establishment involved, would have gone anywhere without the backing of a wellknown and well-connected businessman who nurtures contacts to influential decision makers – one two-page section about the late 1990s discusses being invited to testify at a US Senate hearing, presenting at a White House climate change conference hosted by president Clinton, ‘running into’ the he","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115857834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incentives for the use of forest biomass: a comparative analysis of Kyoto Protocol accounting pre- and post-2012","authors":"D. Frieden, N. Peña, D. N. Bird","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.723513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.723513","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on differences between incentives of current and post-2012 Kyoto Protocol land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) accounting rules. Three changes to the LULUCF accounting rules were agreed to in Durban. These changes alter national-level incentives for retaining wood in forests, using wood for products or using it for energy. Post-2012, accounting for emissions from managed forests will be mandatory rather than voluntary, as is currently the case. Reference levels, rather than historical carbon stock levels, will be used to measure these emissions. Finally, increases and decreases in harvested wood products (HWP) pools will be reported. These changes provide national-level incentives to increase forest carbon stocks and to use nationally harvested wood for products. However, the rule that no emissions are counted at the point of combustion of biomass remains unaltered. This gives entities with greenhouse gas (GHG) obligations under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) an incentive to use wood for energy, counteracting the national-level incentives. Use of additionally harvested wood for energy may increase national emissions within commitment period time-frames because combustion of biomass, in most cases, results in higher carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy supplied than combustion of the fossil fuels it replaces. In contrast, retention of wood in forests or use of domestic wood for products, will, particularly under the post-2012 rules, tend to result in lower national-level emissions being accounted. However, neither retention of wood in forests nor increases in the HWP pool results in benefits to individual entities, as currently there is no EU scheme under which the entities involved face GHG obligations.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124143581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeling the Heat: The Politics of Climate Policy in Rapidly Industrializing Countries","authors":"A. Michaelowa","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.722005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.722005","url":null,"abstract":"With overtaking of the US by China as the world’s largest emitter in the mid-2000s and the emergence of the group of advanced developing countries called BASIC during the Copenhagen conference, rapidly industrializing countries have taken centre stage in international climate policy. So far, only journal articles or single book chapters (see e.g. Garnaut et al., 2008 or Michaelowa and Michaelowa, 2009) or grey literature in the negotiation context have been published, but a good overview in the form of a book has been lacking. Bailey and Compston have brought together 10 chapters on rapidly industrializing countries in three sections by a mix of contributors, mostly young political science researchers. The first one provides the context through four chapters on generic climate policy challenges for this country group, their positions in the climate negotiations, and how the EU and the US deal with these countries. The second section consists of four country case studies on Brazil, China, India and Russia. An extended chapter provides conclusions. Bailey and Compston see climate policy in emerging countries as an issue of ‘high political toxicity’ and see generally a tendency to avoid actions that go beyond business-as-usual. On the basis of policy network theory, they provide a taxonomy of ‘resource exchange’, where access to decision-making process is traded by policymakers and interest groups. Bailey and Compston find four key strategies: unilateral policy action if the government feels to be able to ignore interest groups, providing concessions in other policy fields, changing preferences of other actors or introducing policy instruments that allow shifting the terms of resource exchange to the detriment of the interest group. Barker’s introductory chapter provides an overview about recent climate policy and half-page abstracts of the energy and climate policy situation in the countries covered by the case studies. Then, a series of short paragraphs on key climate policy topics follows in a somewhat haphazard sequence: the appropriateness of cost–benefit analysis, additionality determination for CDM projects, funding of adaptation, technology transfer support, fuel subsidy reduction and emissions trading. Davenport sketches the history of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol negotiations and the positions taken by emerging economies. A nice section on the voluntary Argentinean target of the late 1990s is worth reading. A section on reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (somewhat misplaced) and on the emergence of BASIC during the Copenhagen negotiations precedes a discussion on regime effectiveness and equity. Afionis and Bailey discuss the diplomacy of the EU towards the four countries covered in the book, highlighting the tug-of-war with Russia regarding the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. They summarize that collaboration works best where co-benefits from emissions mitigation activities are harnessed. Harris does the same for","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121897281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issues and challenges for the national system for greenhouse gas inventory in the context of REDD+","authors":"N. Tulyasuwan, M. Henry, M. Secrieru, I. Jonckheere, S. Federici","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.716298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.716298","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of the current negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) is to become a mechanism that mobilizes financial resources to developing countries to fund climate change mitigation activities. To achieve this goal, it is essential that the appropriate infrastructure be established to support such activities, in the shape of a common approach to measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) for REDD+ activities: an operational national forest greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. In particular, in the light of more frequent future reporting requirements, a national inventory system (NIS) for GHG inventories is required for non-Annex I Parties in order to ensure permanent MRV. Given the limited literature available on NIS in the context of REDD+, the aim of this article is to identify the current needs facing non-Annex I Parties and to offer some suggestions as to how these needs may be met. An analysis of non-Annex I Parties reveals diversity among regions. In many aspects, parties from Latin America are generally better informed about and more engaged with the development of AFOLU GHG inventories, followed by the Asia-Pacific and Africa regions. Despite regional variations, the main common challenges are as follows: insufficient institutional arrangements, inadequate financing, limited technical capacity and a lack of available data. Our suggestions for meeting these needs and overcoming the challenges posed by the establishment of an NIS for GHG inventories are made based on the current practices of Annex I Parties.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129711184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency of landfill gas collection for methane emission reduction","authors":"H. Oonk","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.730798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.730798","url":null,"abstract":"Landfill gas collection seems to be overestimated in many countries with methane emission inventories. When no measurements are available, IPCC guidelines allow a default collection efficiency of 20% can be used for the methane generated on landfills with collection. However many Annex 1 countries estimate landfill gas collection to be much higher than 20%. This article reviews available information on collection efficiency. Collection efficiency depends on the phase of the landfill. During operation, a large part of the methane potential is generated. In the absence of a collection system, most is released to the atmosphere. In many cases, landfill gas collection only starts after closure and in this period collection efficiencies generally increases. High efficiencies are achieved, when the site is capped with an impermeable liner. For estimation of collection efficiencies, different landfill types should be distinguished: (a) closed landfills without gas collection; (b) capped landfills; (c) closed landfills with temporary cover and gas collection; (d) landfills in operation with and (e) landfills in operation without gas collection. For landfills with state of the art liners, collection efficiencies can be 90–100%. For closed landfills, reported efficiencies range from 10–90%. For landfills in operation, efficiencies are 10 to 80%.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133018513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appropriate frequency and time of day to measure methane emissions from an irrigated rice paddy in Japan using the manual closed chamber method","authors":"Kazunori Minamikawa, K. Yagi, T. Tokida, B. Sander, R. Wassmann","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.729988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.729988","url":null,"abstract":"Rice agriculture is a large anthropogenic source of atmospheric methane (CH4). The reliable estimation of CH4 emissions requires frequent measurements to trace diurnal and seasonal variations. To evaluate the appropriate intervals and optimal time of day to measure CH4 emissions using the manual closed chamber method, this study analysed four datasets of CH4 fluxes in a Japanese irrigated rice paddy measured at 2-hour intervals using the automated closed chamber method. The typical diurnal variation in the CH4 flux was observed after the rice's heading stage, during which the daily time-weighted mean CH4 flux was observed twice, in the 08:00–11:59 and 18:00–21:59 time windows. During the flooded rice-growing period, the CH4 emissions, which were estimated by weekly measurements once per day during the 10:00–11:59 time window, corresponded to 93–106% of the emissions calculated using the automated measurement method. In contrast, no regular measurement strategies produced a satisfactory estimate of the CH4 emissions during the non-flooded rice-growing period because of a sharp increase in the CH4 flux just after the drainage. Consequently, the combination of weekly measurements once per day at approximately 10:00 as local mean time for the flooded rice-growing period and daily measurements once per day during the daytime for 1 week after each drainage event is recommended as a strategy to obtain the estimation with a ±10% error.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127065292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of three methods for the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from spontaneous combustion in open-cut coal mines","authors":"W. Lilley, Stuart J Day, David J. Williams, M. Rae, J. Carras","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.724951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.724951","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gas emissions from spontaneous combustion in coal mines are currently excluded from national inventories by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change because there are no robust methods available to quantify the emissions. This article reports on investigations of three approaches being pursued with the aim of developing methods which are sufficiently robust to enable these emissions to be included in inventories. The first method was based on the use of airborne thermal infrared photography coupled with chamber measurements of emissions from hot mine spoil pile surfaces. In the second method, crosswind traverses of the plume using an instrumented vehicle were used to estimate the emission fluxes. The third method was based on inverse atmospheric modelling using stationary CO2 monitors. All three methods showed considerable scatter in their estimates but also showed appreciable overlap. While the three methods used in this study have shown convergence, there is still considerable uncertainty associated with any single approach.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127235889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking greenhouse gas emissions to greenhouse gas reduction policies at the local government level in Florida","authors":"S. J. Garren, R. Brinkmann","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.729987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.729987","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories have emerged in the last decade as a key policy and management tool for local governments to address global warming. Yet, it is evident that there are many different methodologies available to local government staff involved with developing a measure of emissions for their communities. A review of methodologies utilized by state and local governments in Florida indicates that there are highly variable approaches used to calculate inventories from different emission categories. In addition, the procedures that are used may not be appropriate for the scale of a local jurisdiction due to problems associated with generalizing or averaging emissions data. It is suggested that a more standardized approach be developed and that a clearinghouse for GHG data be established. Such an effort would help to develop clear methodologies for assessing and measuring GHG emissions at different levels of government with the goal of tracking the effectiveness of specific GHG policies. This article provides a background and comparative analysis of GHG methodologies; a summary of national, state, and local government GHG policy in Florida; an analysis for issues with linking GHG emissions to policy; and, recommendations to improve these methodologies and data collection.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"3423 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127504316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Coalitions: Business, Climate Politics and the Rise of Emissions Trading","authors":"A. Michaelowa","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.722004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.722004","url":null,"abstract":"The role of business in climate policy has been analysed in a large number of books, both addressed at managers (see e.g. Bayon et al., 2009; Pinkse and Kolk, 2009) and researchers (see Newell, 2000; Skjaerseth and Skodvin, 2003). Moreover, emission trading analysis has seen an upswing since the first systems were introduced around 2005 (see Stowell, 2005; Skjaerseth and Wettestad, 2008). Often, emission trading is seen as a solution which came from Anglo-Saxon researchers, found its first practical applications in the US and then jumped across the Atlantic to find an unlikely champion in the EU. The latter became the leader in implementation of domestic trading and was instrumental for the development of global carbon markets through the linking of the EU ETS with the Kyoto Mechanisms CDM and JI. The role of business is usually seen as important but not decisive for these developments, with some oil companies such as BP and Shell introducing pilot trading schemes (Skjaerseth and Skodvin, 2003). In the EU industry associations actually tried to prevent the introduction of the trading scheme and only became supporters when they realized the possibility to make substantial windfall profits (Skjaerseth and Wettestad, 2008). Meckling starts from a different hypothesis: he thinks that companies were the key drivers behind introducing emission trading and achieved this by forming coalitions with other important stakeholders, especially policymakers. To prove this hypothesis, he first embarks on a voyage through different political science theories that could explain company influence on policy decisions. Meckling then goes on to assess the influence of business coalitions through the methods of process tracing, correlation and counterfactual thought experiments to establish ‘narrative causality’. For the reader not well versed in political science theories, it seems that Meckling develops narrative case studies – one for the Kyoto Protocol, one for the EU ETS and one for the emergence of trading schemes in the US. In my view this choice is already biased because all cases eventually led to emission trading. It would have been enlightening to include the case of Japan where no emissions trading system emerged or Australia where it took over 10 years to be approved. The studies are based on assessment of an eclectic array of documents and 52 interviews with a wide range of stakeholders held in 2007 and 2008, of which 24 came from business. Interviewee selection was done according to perceived importance of persons. It is impossible to check this claim because names of interviewees are not provided by Meckling. A long chapter discusses the characteristics of business coalitions and how they can exploit windows of opportunities opened through political crises. Meckling develops a policy matrix based on the relation of costs and benefits of a proposed environmental policy and the degree of political pressure business is exposed to. Only if costs are lower t","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121463557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}