Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management最新文献

Navigating Canada's greenhouse gas policy landscape: a comparison of carbon market mechanisms in the oil and gas sector 引导加拿大温室气体政策格局:石油和天然气行业碳市场机制的比较

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.971406

T. Tarnoczi, K. Driver

{"title":"Navigating Canada's greenhouse gas policy landscape: a comparison of carbon market mechanisms in the oil and gas sector","authors":"T. Tarnoczi, K. Driver","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.971406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.971406","url":null,"abstract":"Canada has the third largest oil reserves in the world and its production is expected to grow to 4.9 million barrels per day by 2020. As energy production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions grow, Canada's provincial governments are implementing policies that utilize market-based mechanisms to mitigate GHG emissions. The oil and gas sector should seek to understand this fragmented policy landscape as there is significant business risk that the policy and legal environment will change quickly, imposing incremental costs to regulated emitters. Market-based regulations also give oil and gas producers the opportunity to gain a competitive advantage by developing new forms of revenue from commoditizing GHG emission reduction projects. This research compares carbon market mechanisms across and within jurisdictional boundaries using seven criteria: facility type, project type, baseline, additionality, crediting period, measurement, monitoring and verification, and credit value. These criteria are used to compare existing and emerging carbon market mechanisms in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, as well as GHG fuels standards. Results show variability in rules for commoditizing GHG emission reduction projects. The study highlights significant differences between carbon market mechanisms and offers key design features for effective market-based GHG policy in Canada's oil and gas sector.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127911084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Life cycle assessment of biofuels in the European Renewable Energy Directive: a combination of approaches? 欧洲可再生能源指令中生物燃料的生命周期评估:多种方法的结合?

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.998442

C. Whittaker

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of biofuels in the European Renewable Energy Directive: a combination of approaches?","authors":"C. Whittaker","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.998442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.998442","url":null,"abstract":"The European Renewable Energy Directive (RED) was produced by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union to promote the uptake of energy from renewable resources by participating member states. It sets greenhouse gas (GHG) saving targets for renewable transport fuels and dictates the method by which this should be calculated. This study examines the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology set out in the RED and compares it to attributional and consequential assessments. A case study of wheat-based bioethanol is used to illustrate how differences in methodology affect the GHG emission results. The results show that GHG emissions from wheat bioethanol are lowest when calculated under the RED, and highest when substitution credits are applied. The RED has been shown to not only combine attributional LCA and consequential LCA approaches but also to contain rules for specific co-products. For example, cereal residues are not allocated GHG emissions from cultivation, and exported electricity is awarded a credit based on similar electricity generation from the same source. It is suggested that these rules may be a reaction to concerns over indirect global land use change, and therefore these methodological anomalies in the RED place artificial biases in GHG emission results.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"354 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121708113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

CO2 emissions flow due to international trade: multi-regional input–output approach for Spain 国际贸易导致的二氧化碳排放流:西班牙的多区域投入产出方法

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2015.1022092

E. Gemechu, I. Butnar, M. Llop, F. Castells, G. Sonnemann

{"title":"CO2 emissions flow due to international trade: multi-regional input–output approach for Spain","authors":"E. Gemechu, I. Butnar, M. Llop, F. Castells, G. Sonnemann","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2015.1022092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2015.1022092","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of globalization and free trade agreements, international trade is enormously growing and putting more pressure on the environment over the last few decades. This has drawn the attention of both environmental system analysts and economists in response to the ever-growing concerns over climate change and the urgent need for global action for its mitigation. This work aims at analysing the implication of international trade in terms of CO2 responsibility between Spain and its important trading partners using a multi-regional input–output approach based on the data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Input–Output Database. The empirical results show that Spain is a net importer of CO2 emissions, equivalent to 29% of its emissions due to domestic production. The CO2 emissions embodied in the trade with China take the largest share and this is mainly due to the importation of energy-intensive products from China. When analysed by the end-use type, intermediate goods contribute the largest portion, which is about 67% of the total emissions associated with imported goods. Products such as motor vehicles, chemicals, a variety of machineries and equipment, textile and leather products, and construction materials are the key imports responsible for the major portion of CO2 emissions. Being at its peak in 2005, the construction sector is the most responsible activity behind both domestic and imported emissions.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129387013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Footprinting farms: a comparison of three GHG calculators 足迹农场:三种温室气体计算器的比较

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.984609

Emma Keller, M. Chin, Veronica Chorkulak, R. Clift, Yvette Faber, Jacquetta Lee, Henry King, Llorenç Milà i Canals, M. Stabile, C. Stickler, N. Viart

{"title":"Footprinting farms: a comparison of three GHG calculators","authors":"Emma Keller, M. Chin, Veronica Chorkulak, R. Clift, Yvette Faber, Jacquetta Lee, Henry King, Llorenç Milà i Canals, M. Stabile, C. Stickler, N. Viart","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.984609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.984609","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture and forestry (including land use changes) contribute approximately 30% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally, but have a significant mitigation potential. Several activities to reduce GHGs at a landscape scale are under development (e.g. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation activities or Clean Development Mechanism projects) but these will not be effective without improvements at the basic management scale: the farm. A number of farm-level GHG calculators have been developed; to increase farmers awareness of the GHG impacts of their management practices; to aid decision-support for mitigation actions; and to enable farmers to calculate and communicate their GHG emissions, whether for their own records, as a prerequisite to supply chain certification, or as part of larger scale mechanisms. This paper compares three farm-level GHG calculators with significant potential influence. It demonstrates how the tools differ in output when using the same input data and highlights in detail what lies behind these differences. It then discusses more generally some potential implications of using different calculators and the important considerations that must be made, thus helping future tool users or developers to interpret results and better achieve consistent and comparable results.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126197520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Better together: increasing our impact and growing the emissions management community 更好的合作:增加我们的影响和发展排放管理社区

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.1025473

M. Gillenwater, T. Pulles

引用次数: 1

Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction from the petrochemical industry in Thailand 评估泰国石化行业的温室气体排放和减排情况

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2015.1008362

P. Kanchanapiya, N. Limphitakphong, C. Pharino, O. Chavalparit

{"title":"Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and reduction from the petrochemical industry in Thailand","authors":"P. Kanchanapiya, N. Limphitakphong, C. Pharino, O. Chavalparit","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2015.1008362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2015.1008362","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the baseline and indicators for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures used to reduce GHG emissions in Thai petrochemical plants. The results demonstrate that petrochemical production between 2005 and 2010 had an annual energy requirement in the range of 120,000–170,000 TJ. The proportions of energy consumption for the petrochemical industry's upstream, intermediate and downstream groups were 75%, 14% and 11%, respectively. The amount of GHG emissions from the petrochemical industry during 2005–2010 was approximately 8000 to 12,000 kt CO2 eq./year. This value represents approximately 3% of the total GHG emissions of Thailand. The upstream petrochemical industry accounted for the highest GHG emissions of 62%, whereas the intermediate and downstream groups were responsible for 21% and 17%, respectively. The carbon intensities of the upstream petrochemical products for the olefin and aromatic groups ranged from 1.104 to 1.485 t CO2 eq./t and 0.420 to 1.125 t CO2 eq./t, respectively. For the intermediate and downstream petrochemical products, the carbon intensities ranged from 0.396 to 1.209 t CO2 eq./t and from 0.096 to 0.477, respectively. The likely reason for the decrease in carbon intensity from 2005 to 2010 is that the industry sector implemented measures to improve energy conservation and updated production processes. The most significant potential for GHG emissions reduction was found in fuel conservation measures, steam conservation measures and electricity conservation measures.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133578093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Methodology for the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions during land application of sewage sludge 污水污泥土地利用过程中温室气体排放的量化方法

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2015.1012618

S. Pilli, P. Bhunia, S. Yan, R. Tyagi, R. Surampalli

{"title":"Methodology for the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions during land application of sewage sludge","authors":"S. Pilli, P. Bhunia, S. Yan, R. Tyagi, R. Surampalli","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2015.1012618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2015.1012618","url":null,"abstract":"Land application of sewage sludge improves soil physical, chemical and biological properties, minimizes the mineral fertilizer application and reduces maintenance of soil. In this work, various methods to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to land application of sewage sludge described in the literature were summarized and their limitations were presented. Moreover, an improved methodology to evaluate GHG emissions due to the land application of sewage sludge was proposed. Further, based on the proposed methodology, GHG emissions due to land application of sewage sludge at lower, higher and average concentrations of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) were assessed. The results revealed that GHG emissions substantially decreased when higher nutrients containing sewage sludge were applied to land. For methodologies presented in the literature, GHG emissions or reductions due to land application did not change with nutrients concentrations of sewage sludge. However, based on the proposed methodology GHG emissions or reductions varied according to sludge nutrients concentrations.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116272896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A spatial uncertainty metric for anthropogenic CO2 emissions 人为CO2排放的空间不确定性度量

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.1000793

D. Woodard, M. Branham, G. Buckingham, S. Hogue, M. Hutchins, R. Gosky, G. Marland, E. Marland

{"title":"A spatial uncertainty metric for anthropogenic CO2 emissions","authors":"D. Woodard, M. Branham, G. Buckingham, S. Hogue, M. Hutchins, R. Gosky, G. Marland, E. Marland","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.1000793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.1000793","url":null,"abstract":"Large point sources account for as much as 60% of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions for some countries. Because CO2 emissions are seldom measured directly, but are generally estimated from other data, we need to understand the uncertainty of these emissions estimates. Simply stated, for any given geographical and temporal location, we would like to quantify the emissions and the associated uncertainty with as fine a resolution as possible. While US data on point sources are largely assumed to be among the best available globally, the reported locations of these sources, based on the data set used in this analysis, are estimated to differ by 0.84 km on average from their actual locations. This paper presents a metric to quantify spatial uncertainty in point sources and explains why the uncertainty in point source data cannot be described with traditional methods. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate expected emissions values for each point source and the associated spatial uncertainty is derived from these expected values. The uncertainty metric can be used to define and calibrate appropriate levels of resolution for regions with more or less reliable data sets. Gridded data are output to be incorporated into other data products reporting spatially explicit emissions estimates.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"231 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132708103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Assessment of national carbon dioxide emission factors for the Lithuanian fuel combustion sector 评估立陶宛燃料燃烧部门的全国二氧化碳排放系数

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.905243

I. Konstantinaviciute, V. Miškinis, E. Norvaiša, V. Bobinaitė

{"title":"Assessment of national carbon dioxide emission factors for the Lithuanian fuel combustion sector","authors":"I. Konstantinaviciute, V. Miškinis, E. Norvaiša, V. Bobinaitė","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.905243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.905243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at deriving country-specific CO2 emission factors for fuels combusted in the Lithuanian energy sector. Rigorously assessed country-specific CO2 emission factors will contribute to accurate and reliable estimates of CO2 emissions. The paper presents the methods applied to derive country-specific CO2 emission factors together with their recommended values and uncertainties for various types of fuels. Analysis of the data provided by the plant operators participating under the European Union emission trading system and aggregation of the measurements results of the accredited research laboratories allowed to determine country-specific CO2 emission factors for the different types of fuels. Uncertainties of recommended CO2 emission factors were derived at a fuel type-specific level. It was set that recommended values of CO2 emission factors are within the uncertainty range of the IPCC default values. The application of determined country-specific CO2 emission factors in the Lithuanian energy sector increases accuracy and decreases uncertainty of the national greenhouse gas inventory.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123296026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Changing land uses and greenhouse gas emissions: a case study of an ancient city in India 土地利用变化与温室气体排放:以印度一座古城为例

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.872535

Shikha Sharma, D. Pandey, M. Agrawal

{"title":"Changing land uses and greenhouse gas emissions: a case study of an ancient city in India","authors":"Shikha Sharma, D. Pandey, M. Agrawal","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.872535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.872535","url":null,"abstract":"The land-use change is a recognized contributor to the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Rising population has forced conversion of natural land uses to agriculture and human settlements. Varanasi, an ancient city, is experiencing an urban sprawl, which is leading to expansion of city boundary. A large area under forests has already been converted into agriculture. Under increasing load of waste generation, some of these agricultural lands are getting converted into dumping sites. The present study is aimed at assessing the fluxes of CH4 and CO2 from different land uses in Varanasi city. Sites representing land uses under forest, agriculture and landfill were identified in and around Varanasi. Forest acted as the net sink for CO2, whereas agriculture and landfill were the net sources. All three sites, however, acted as net source for CH4. The emission rate was lowest in forest, which is the natural land-use type in the region. The land-use conversion also affected soil properties as reflected by the modification in physical properties and nutrient contents. The study clearly indicates significant GHGs emissions associated with the formation of man-made systems.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127292491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1