Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management最新文献_第2页

Common practices for manual greenhouse gas sampling in rice production: a literature study on sampling modalities of the closed chamber method 水稻生产中人工温室气体取样的一般做法:封闭室法取样方式的文献研究

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.892807

B. Sander, R. Wassmann

{"title":"Common practices for manual greenhouse gas sampling in rice production: a literature study on sampling modalities of the closed chamber method","authors":"B. Sander, R. Wassmann","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.892807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.892807","url":null,"abstract":"Rice production is a major source of global methane emissions and many studies have been conducted to quantify flux rates of methane alongside N2O emissions from rice fields. The closed chamber method with manual sampling is the conventional approach for determining greenhouse gas (GHG) emission rates from rice fields. However, as of now, there is no commonly accepted standard for the measurement protocols, so that published studies encompass a variety of different modalities depending on the specific settings and labour limitations of a given study. This literature study comprises 155 peer-reviewed articles on manual GHG sampling with a static closed chamber as a basis to determine the most common practices of this method regarding the following features: (1) procedures (duration of chamber closure, number of gas samples per chamber closure and number of replicate chambers), (2) timing (number of samplings per day and time of day of sampling) and (3) intervals (between two consecutive sampling days).It has been found that some features show a high degree of uniformity among these studies, namely, the procedures. On the other hand, other features of the measuring protocol diverge widely (timing and intervals). Derived from these results, the following common practices (compiling features being applied in more than 66% of the studies that give information on the particular feature) have been identified: duration of chamber closure (30 minutes or less), number of gas samples per chamber closure (3 or 4), number of replicates (3), number of samplings per day (1 or 2), time of day of sampling (late morning) and interval (7 days or less).","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122411105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 40

Scale-dependent temporal variation in determining the methane balance of a temperate fen 确定温带沼泽甲烷平衡的尺度相关时间变化

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.850395

A. Günther, Vytas Huth, G. Jurasinski, S. Glatzel

{"title":"Scale-dependent temporal variation in determining the methane balance of a temperate fen","authors":"A. Günther, Vytas Huth, G. Jurasinski, S. Glatzel","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.850395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.850395","url":null,"abstract":"Methane emissions from peatlands vary considerably over time which complicates the determination of methane balances. In this study, the relative magnitude of methane flux variation over different time scales (years, seasons, days) is evaluated using data from two years of manual chamber estimation. Closed-chamber estimations were conducted on three vegetation stands in a fen in northeastern Germany. During the first investigation year, emissions were considerably higher than during the second year. Clear seasonal patterns were only present during the first year. In both years emissions varied among vegetation stands. The parameters year and month together explained more than half of the variation in methane fluxes. In contrast, the parameter time of day was not significant in explaining variation in methane fluxes. The impact of methane emission patterns on the resulting balances decreases with a decreasing time scale. The results suggest that methane balances might be significantly biased if they rely on data from one or two years only. Consequently, if there is interest in whole balances, resources should be allocated primarily towards acquiring long-term data series. This might involve a reduction of measurement frequency to monthly or bimonthly methane flux determination.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122839521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Carbon dioxide emissions from natural gas combustion – country-specific emission factors for the Czech Republic 天然气燃烧产生的二氧化碳排放-捷克共和国国家特定排放因子

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2014-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2014.905244

Eva Krtkova, P. Fott, Vladimir Neuzil

{"title":"Carbon dioxide emissions from natural gas combustion – country-specific emission factors for the Czech Republic","authors":"Eva Krtkova, P. Fott, Vladimir Neuzil","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2014.905244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2014.905244","url":null,"abstract":"Natural gas combustion comprises an important part of CO2 emissions in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic used for estimation of CO2 emissions from natural gas combustion until 2012 submission the less accurate basic methodology which uses default emission factor (EF), which does not take into account the national conditions. In order to improve this situation a research of a national-specific approach to EF determination was performed. This paper represents results of this research which was aimed at development of EF not only for the last reported year but for the whole time series since 1990. The activity data and net calorific values are available in sufficient quality for the whole time series; however the data about molar composition of natural gas and other physical characteristics necessary for the development of country-specific EFs were available only for some period; the most valuable data were available since 2007. Development of the appropriate values of EFs for all reported years starting 1990 till present was based on the findings of relevant correlations of EF and net calorific value.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117137545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Global protocol for community scale greenhouse gas emissions: a trial application in the West Highlands of Scotland 社区规模温室气体排放全球议定书:在苏格兰西高地的试验应用

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.877313

M. Brander, Sue J. Carstairs, C. Topp

{"title":"Global protocol for community scale greenhouse gas emissions: a trial application in the West Highlands of Scotland","authors":"M. Brander, Sue J. Carstairs, C. Topp","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.877313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.877313","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and removals is essential to effective action on climate change. Assessments of GHG are now carried out at a number of different levels, including both the national and corporate level. Greater public participation may also help to reach climate change mitigation targets and one way to support this is to develop emissions accounts for local areas that are identifiable to those who live there. A new standard, the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) was issued in 2012 and provides rules to facilitate an account for a whole community. This standard has been trialled through an application of the proposed accounting rules to an area of the West Highlands of Scotland. The accounting rules were clear to follow and the main practical difficulties were not with the standard itself but with the availability of sufficiently disaggregated data. The main weakness identified with the GPC is that it is predominantly focussed on providing a production-based inventory, whereas we suggest that community level inventories will be most relevant to community level action if the scope of the inventory focusses on the emission sources that can be influenced by the community.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128672889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

A new tool to quantify carbon dioxide emissions from energy use and the impact of energy policies 一个量化能源使用和能源政策影响的二氧化碳排放的新工具

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.874260

D. Villarreal-Singer, Juan-Carlos de Obeso, Madeleine A. Rubenstein, M. Carr

{"title":"A new tool to quantify carbon dioxide emissions from energy use and the impact of energy policies","authors":"D. Villarreal-Singer, Juan-Carlos de Obeso, Madeleine A. Rubenstein, M. Carr","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.874260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.874260","url":null,"abstract":"A new tool to quantify carbon dioxide emissions from energy use was developed to provide a simple and transparent framework to quantify the impact of a single policy or a suite of policies on global carbon dioxide emissions. The model was tested for the period 1996–2009 by comparing with the reported emissions from the International Energy Agency. The resulting projections were within 1%, averaged for the 14-year period of historic (reported values). The tool was then employed to model carbon dioxide emissions for a suite of 495 enacted climate and energy policies under three different economic growth scenarios. Projected 2020 carbon dioxide emissions for business as usual were 42.6 ± 2.1 GtCO2. Due to the impact of the full suite of policies, 2020 emissions fell to 35.2 ± 2.1 GtCO2. Lastly, the emissions of the largest 10 CO2 emitters were compared with their Copenhagen targets to provide context. Considering the transparency of the tool presented herein and its ability to model a single policy or a large set of climate and energy policies, it could prove useful to policy-makers and other stake-holders.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114632606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The Gulf monarchies and climate change 海湾君主国和气候变化

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.850396

A. Michaelowa

引用次数: 4

Verification of the Danish greenhouse gas key categories and annex II indicators 核查丹麦温室气体主要类别和附件二指标

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.870022

P. Fauser, Malene Nielsen, M. Winther, M. S. Plejdrup, S. Gyldenkærne, M. H. Mikkelsen, R. Albrektsen, L. Hoffmann, M. Thomsen, Katja Hjelgaard, O. Nielsen

{"title":"Verification of the Danish greenhouse gas key categories and annex II indicators","authors":"P. Fauser, Malene Nielsen, M. Winther, M. S. Plejdrup, S. Gyldenkærne, M. H. Mikkelsen, R. Albrektsen, L. Hoffmann, M. Thomsen, Katja Hjelgaard, O. Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.870022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.870022","url":null,"abstract":"Danish emission values, implied emission factors (IEFs) and activity data (AD) for the national greenhouse gas inventory are assessed according to an updated verification procedure. Focus is on 28 Annex II indicators and 25 identified Key Categories, represented by 29 verification categories covering energy, agriculture, industry and waste. The data are based on the national greenhouse gas inventory for the years 1990 (base year), 2000 and 2010, as reported in 2012, and provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the European Union. Inter-country comparison and time trend consistency check of Annex II indicators, covering energy and industry, is made for EU15 countries, excluding Italy and Luxembourg. Inter-country comparison and time trend consistency check of IEFs is made for EU15 countries, excluding Luxemburg and including Norway and Switzerland and for some verification steps also including Australia, Canada, Japan, Russian Federation, USA and aggregated values for EU15 and EU27. National and inter-country verification and time trend consistency check of AD are made with data for energy consumption [(Eurostat. (2013). European commission. Retrieved January 9, 2013], agricultural statistics [Eurostat. (2013). European commission. Retrieved January 9, 2013], industrial processes (UN. (2013). United Nations Statistical Yearbook 2010 – fifty fifth issue. New York: United Nations. Retrieved October 12, 2012, from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/syb/default.htm) and waste disposal (OECD. (1997, 2004). Environmental data, compendium 1997 and 2004. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Verification in this approach is a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessments and gives lines of evidence of the correctness of the emission inventory.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"124 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116703716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Mobilizing business for low-carbon economy: Taiwan's vision, pathway, and challenge 动员企业推动低碳经济:台湾的愿景、路径与挑战

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.823836

Wenjing Hu, Hui-Chen Chien, Robert Shih, Chen-An Lien

引用次数: 3

Agri-food certification schemes: how do they address greenhouse gas emissions? 农业食品认证计划:如何解决温室气体排放问题?

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-09-27 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.840200

Emma Keller, Llorenç Milà i Canals, Henry King, Jaquetta Lee, R. Clift

{"title":"Agri-food certification schemes: how do they address greenhouse gas emissions?","authors":"Emma Keller, Llorenç Milà i Canals, Henry King, Jaquetta Lee, R. Clift","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.840200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.840200","url":null,"abstract":"The number of private and voluntary agri-food standards, or certification schemes, has boomed in recent years. Their proliferation and prominence has been fuelled, in part, through wide-scale adoption by agri-food supply chain actors using them to display environmental credentials and to signify that products have been ‘sustainably sourced’. As both a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a sector with significant mitigation potential, agriculture has faced increasing pressures to demonstrate GHG emission reductions; it is therefore important to understand whether and how GHGs are addressed within certification schemes. This paper reviews a number of well-known and widely applied certification schemes in the agri-food arena, focussing on several of the certification schemes employed by Unilever and other multi-national companies as part of their commitment to reduce their GHG footprint and source their agricultural raw materials sustainably. A framework is constructed to enable comparison of schemes to elucidate the differences in the range of GHG drivers considered, the type of intervention in which they are addressed and how strictly the GHG relevant requirements are imposed. This should be useful for companies who are embarking on GHG reduction activities and are using agri-food certification schemes as a mechanism to do so.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132000421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Country risk levels and cost of political risk of international greenhouse gas mitigation projects 国际温室气体减缓项目的国家风险水平和政治风险成本

Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/20430779.2013.815088

J. Harnisch, K. Enting

{"title":"Country risk levels and cost of political risk of international greenhouse gas mitigation projects","authors":"J. Harnisch, K. Enting","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.815088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.815088","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a publically available and widely used commercial country risk indicator, this article shows that greenhouse gas emissions other than land-use change related largely arise in countries which belong to the group of lower commercial investment risk, i.e. which are attractive to external investors. The same correlation is found between GDP of a country and commercial investment risk. Nevertheless, the pattern for population is less clear. The 20 largest emitters out of the lower-risk group of countries cover roughly 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions, whereas the 119 countries that constitute the higher-risk group cover less than 24% of global emissions. The analysis finds that risk premiums ranging from USD 8 to 56 billion per year could mobilize the incremental investment levels found for the two key International Energy Agency 2011 climate policy scenarios (USD 80 and 560 billion annually, respectively) under 2013 conditions. Covering these country risk premiums for the underlying project, investments can provide the conducive financial framework for the dissemination of best practices for the promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy. Risk premiums can be channelled efficiently and effectively if financial knowledge specific to national and sector circumstances is available in intermediaries trusted by governments and investors.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123850340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2