Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management最新文献

{"title":"Emission inventory compilation: from scavenging to predation","authors":"T. Pulles","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.837320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.837320","url":null,"abstract":"Emission inventories provide a more or less scientific tool for policies and measures in the climate change and air pollution fields (Pulles & Heslinga, 2009). The development of these inventories and the methods applied in them shows an interesting path from scavenging whatever data and information the inventory team can find towards a well-organized and targeted activity where these experts now hunt for data they need. This development should be of interest to any inventory team in any developed or developing country given the responsibility to report national inventories within the UN climate change framework of the National Communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs) as of 2014 (UNFCCC, 2013).","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114892893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of approaches and functions for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from long-term harvested wood products in carbon abatement projects","authors":"S. Sharma, M. Telfer, Samuel T.G. Phua","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.820631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.820631","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term harvested wood products (Lt-HWPs) are not released to the atmosphere immediately after tree harvesting, but retire over a period of time depending on the types of their uses. Two different approaches, one accounting for carbon emissions from possible end of life pathways after retirement of HWPs and another assuming immediate carbon release, were applied to the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) approved Improved Forest Management-Logged Protected Forest project in Australia. Exponential and logistic functions using Tier 2 parameters were used to track the annual retirement from Lt-HWPs and compared the results to exponential (Winjum et al. parameters) function and linear 20 years (VCS method). Exponential (Winjum et al. parameters) function with the immediate release of carbon that retire/decay annually generated the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (69,382 tCO2-e), followed by exponential (Tier 2) function with 234,628 tCO2-e. Linear 20-year (VCS method) generated the highest GHG emissions among all methods (367,299 tCO2-e) over 25 project crediting period. For a project producing sawnwood (30%), exponential function (Winjum et al. parameters) also produced the lowest estimation of GHG emissions from Lt-HWPs. Although the exponential annual decay (Winjum et al. parameters) function which assumes immediate carbon release, generated the lowest GHG emission from Lt-HWPs in the temperate climatic region, the end of life pathway approach employing exponential or logistic functions with Tier 2 parameters, can simulate carbon emissions from Lt-HWPs more accurately and yield an unbiased estimation of GHG emission from HWPs, Interestingly, linear 20-year (VCS method) using a fixed timeframe of a 20-year linear function was neither found conservative in terms of net GHG emissions, nor flexible enough to take into account different wood product types and climatic region specific decay rates that may vary with project location and forest types.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115316549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ambitions in Copenhagen Pledges: Country case studies of drivers and barriers","authors":"Peter Stigson, Katarina Buhr, Susann Roth","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.812010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.812010","url":null,"abstract":"The climate pledges under the Copenhagen Accord have been evaluated by researchers in quantitative terms, but less attention has been provided on insights into what drove countries and what political barriers impeded countries to submit a pledge and the ambitiousness of the pledges. This article therefore highlights what the drivers and barriers are under the Copenhagen Accord and assesses whether the political considerations can be expected to differ from the positions under a binding climate regime under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. By means of case studies the research finds that the political origin differs and in general views that the Accord is viewed as adding to transparency and legitimacy of the negotiations. Moreover, while the pledges can be viewed as a separate regime, it should be complemented by emissions trading to spur increased ambition. The research also identifies that the pledges are commonly viewed as binding and that barriers are increasingly viewed as drivers seeing that costs of climate action is viewed as lower than inaction.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126930162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Top-down, bottom-up or in-between: how can a UNFCCC framework for market-based approaches ensure environmental integrity and market coherence?","authors":"Joelle de Sepibus, W. Sterk, A. Tuerk","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.798782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.798782","url":null,"abstract":"The Durban Climate Conference agreed on the creation of a new market-based mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and to consider the establishment of an overall framework for various mitigation approaches, including opportunities for using markets (‘Framework’). The creation of such a Framework is therefore of high political significance, as it should ensure on the one hand that new market-based mechanisms contribute to global climate change mitigation and to achievement of targets, and on the other hand, that different market-based approaches can be integrated in a global carbon market. As yet, there is little clarity as to the roles and design of such a framework. This paper contributes to the debate by discussing and evaluating inter alia several design options, and explores how the various options could be implemented and how they interrelate. It concludes that a strong central oversight at the level of the UNFCCC is probably the only option that could reassure the vast majority of UNFCCC Parties that the environmental integrity of new market-based mechanisms is in fact ensured. This does, however, not exclude that some reasonable balance may be struck between centralization and flexibility.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129838335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and insurance","authors":"M. Trexler","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.791225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.791225","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124668036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technologies, policies and measures for GHG abatement at the urban scale","authors":"P. Erickson, M. Lazarus, C. Chandler, S. Schultz","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.806866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.806866","url":null,"abstract":"As a greater fraction of the world's residents moves to cities, urban-scale policies will play a critical role in mitigating global climate change. Recognizing this role, many city governments around the world are developing greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets and action plans. Despite their ambition, however, these jurisdictions often lack the capability to prioritize actions based on the scale of GHG abatement potential and to use mitigation assessment to set and a plan on how to meet (often ambitious) emissions targets. This paper helps to address these gaps by (a) developing a general typology of urban-scale emission-reduction technologies and practices, (b) identifying policies and measures that can support their adoption, (c) assessing their relative abatement potential in the nearer (2020) and longer (2050) term and (d) examining the relative degree of influence that urban jurisdictions can wield with respect to realizing these potentials. Local jurisdictions can use this typology as an initial screening tool to identify technologies and practices with higher GHG abatement potential, especially those in the transport and buildings sectors, as well as policies and measures that may support them. Researchers can use the results to inform priorities for further development of standardized analytical methods, toolkits and indicators.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127370185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is wrong with ‘real’ carbon offsets?","authors":"M. Gillenwater","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.781879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.781879","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last several years, an extensive literature on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission offsets and offset programmes has emerged (CRS, 2007; OQI, 2008; Kotchen, 2009; Bushnell, 2010; Kollmuss et al., 2010; Sovacool, 2011; Gillenwater and Seres, 2012). Common to much of this literature and to all major GHG emission offset programmes is some elaboration of quality criteria for defining what constitutes an acceptable offset project. The purpose of this short essay, while supporting the use of offsets as a policy mechanism, is to argue that a ubiquitous element in these quality criteria is essentially meaningless and should be purged from the technical lexicon for this topic. Reports and studies on carbon offset programmes and markets make frequent reference to common quality principles for emission offset projects. If you have followed any of these programme design discourses you can probably repeat most of the principles by memory: real, additional, permanent, verifiable, no double counting, etc. Different programmes or protocols might add other points about GHG accounting concepts like leakage (i.e. changes in GHG emissions outside of the specified system boundary) or the quality of the baseline used (i.e. reference projection of emissions absent the specified intervention), or the principles might be further supplemented with good practice precepts that could apply to any programme, such as accuracy, completeness, or conservativeness. But, common in the literature as well as to almost all programmes, standards, and protocols is the explicit statement that offset projects must be ‘real’. However, there is a problem here. What does it mean for an offset project to be real? What would an unreal offset project be? How could we tell if it was not real, and is this something policy makers, offset programme administrators, and verification bodies should be concerned about? For years I have never really been clear what was meant by the term ‘real’ in the context of carbon offsets. But, apparently like almost everyone in this community of practice, I went along with using the lingua franca. All the literature and discussions I had with other experts confirmed that this term had a commonly understood and significant meaning. It must be worth using and repeating because everyone else was repeating it ... yes? Some things you do not question because they sound good, even if you are not sure what they mean. You assume everyone else understands and that maybe you are just missing some key rationale. An early, although possibly not the earliest, reference to the term ‘real’ in emissions trading comes from the US Clean Air Act. Specifically, the ‘New Source Review’ programme under the United States Clean Air Act of 1977, which required offsets under that programme to ‘real, creditable, quantifiable, permanent, and federally enforceable’ [emphasis added]. Given that this early form of an offset programme set ‘real’ as its leading quality criteria, it seems likely ","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129628840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse gas inventory at an institution level: a case study of Massey University, New Zealand","authors":"Z. Butt","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.760157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.760157","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from four major sectors such as energy, agriculture, waste and forestry were measured in 2004 at the Turitea campus of Massey University in New Zealand and 2,200 ha of its associated farms. Emissions from these sectors in 1990 were also estimated to compare the 2004 emissions with the base year of the Kyoto protocol. Where possible, the standard guidelines provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change were followed. However, sometimes at the level of institution, such as a university, some of the data necessary to calculate a GHG inventory were not readily available. This meant that new methods for calculating some emissions have to be developed and followed. The annual gross GHG emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) from Massey University and its associated farms in 2004 were 26,696 ± 2,674 Mg which were about 7.9% above the level of 1990 emissions. It was estimated that the forestry sector removed about 4,094 ± 439 Mg of CO2e through carbon sequestration in 2004, leaving overall net emissions 8.6% below the base-line GHG emissions of 1990.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125426153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obituary: Daniel Martino","authors":"T. Pulles","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.787814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.787814","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115003732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogas recovery in an experimental MSW cell in Brazil: lessons learned and recommendations for CDM projects","authors":"F. Maciel, J. Jucá","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.764482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.764482","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas emissions in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are a serious air-pollution problem both at the local and global level. Methane, the main gas produced from the decomposition of waste, is the second largest contributor of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This situation demands attention in Brazil, where there are still approximately 4,000 open dumps in operation that contribute to environmental contamination. The pilot project developed at the Muribeca/PE Landfill aimed to evaluate the potential for biogas generation and analyse energy production from the deployment of an experimental cell with 36,659 tonnes of MSW and a pilot plant capable of generating 20 kW. The results showed that MSW decomposition was more intense and rapid than predicted in the international literature. The feasibility analysis showed that it is viable to include the sale of electrical energy in the project with pricing restrictions and that the viability is greatly increased when Certified Emission Reductions are included. The main lessons learned from the different phases of the study (design, implementation, pre-operation, monitoring, and operation) will be of great use as recommendations for future emission-reduction projects.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132867242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}