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Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials最新文献

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In-situ liquid phase TEM observations of nucleation and growth processes 原位液相TEM观察成核和生长过程
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.003
James J. De Yoreo
{"title":"In-situ liquid phase TEM observations of nucleation and growth processes","authors":"James J. De Yoreo","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nucleation and growth of crystals is a pervasive phenomenon in the synthesis of man-made materials, as well as mineral formation within geochemical and biological environments. Over the past two decades, numerous <em>ex situ</em> studies of crystallization have concluded that nucleation and growth pathways are more complex than envisioned within classical models. The recent development of <em>in situ</em><span> liquid phase TEM (LP-TEM) has led to new insights into such pathways by enabling direct, real-time observations of nucleation and growth events. Here we report results from LP-TEM studies of Au nanoparticle, CaCO</span><sub>3</sub><span> and iron oxide formation. We show how these </span><em>in situ</em> data can be used to obtain direct evidence for the mechanisms underlying crystallization, as well as dynamic information that provides constraints on important kinetic and thermodynamic parameters not available through <em>ex situ</em> methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 69-88"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3385830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 37
Fundamentals and engineering of defects 缺陷的基础和工程
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.004
Peter Rudolph
{"title":"Fundamentals and engineering of defects","authors":"Peter Rudolph","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>An overview of the important defect types, their origins and interactions during the bulk crystal growth from the melt and selected epitaxial processes is given. The equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics, kinetics and interaction principles are considered as driving forces of defect generation, incorporation and assembling. Results of modeling and practical in situ control are presented. Strong emphasis is given to semiconductor crystal growth since it is from this class of materials that most has been first learned, the resulting knowledge then having been applied to other classes of material. The treatment starts with melt-structure considerations and zero-dimensional defect types, i.e. native and extrinsic </span>point defects<span>. Their generation and incorporation mechanisms are discussed. Micro- and macro-segregation phenomena – striations and the effect of constitutional supercooling – are added. Dislocations and their patterning are discussed next. The role of high-temperature dislocation dynamics<span><span> for collective interactions, like cell structuring and bunching, is specified. Additionally, some features of epitaxial dislocation kinetics and engineering are illustrated. Next the grain boundary formation mechanisms, such as dynamic polygonization and interface instabilities, are discussed. The interplay between facets, inhomogeneous </span>dopant<span> incorporations and twinning is shown. Finally, second phase precipitation and inclusion trapping are discussed. The importance of in situ stoichiometry control is underlined. Generally, selected measures of defect engineering are given at the end of each sub-chapter.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 89-110"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3385831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
III-V compound semiconductors: Growth and structures III-V型化合物半导体:生长与结构
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.019
Thomas F. Kuech
{"title":"III-V compound semiconductors: Growth and structures","authors":"Thomas F. Kuech","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The semiconductors formed from group 13 metals and from group 15 anions, referred to as the III-V semiconductors, have found use in a broad range of technologies. Their versatility arises from the wide range of optical and electronic properties accessed through the formation of multi-component alloys. These alloys can be synthesized using the epitaxial growth techniques for devices consisting of several-to-hundreds of highly controlled individual layers monolithically formed into a nearly defect-free structure. This ability to design and fabricate such detailed structures, whose dimensions can be at the nanometer scale, has been driven by an understanding of the crystal growth and materials technology. The paper introduces key features of these materials, their materials science and crystal growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 352-370"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2600882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 40
Polymorphism of edible fat crystals 食用脂肪晶体的多态性
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.021
Hironori Hondoh, Satoru Ueno
{"title":"Polymorphism of edible fat crystals","authors":"Hironori Hondoh,&nbsp;Satoru Ueno","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The course focuses on the polymorphism and polymorphic transformation of edible fat crystals, such as chocolate. The morphology, crystallization behavior and polymorphic transformation will be observed under optical microscopy, and melting point of each polymorph will be determined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 398-399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3385835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Growth of semiconductor silicon crystals 半导体硅晶体的生长
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.014
Koichi Kakimoto, Bing Gao, Xin Liu, Satoshi Nakano
{"title":"Growth of semiconductor silicon crystals","authors":"Koichi Kakimoto,&nbsp;Bing Gao,&nbsp;Xin Liu,&nbsp;Satoshi Nakano","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper focuses on the recent developments in Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth of silicon<span> for large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs) and multi-crystalline silicon growth using a directional solidification method for solar cells. Growth of silicon crystals by the CZ method currently allows the growth of high-quality crystals that satisfy the device requirements of LSIs or power devices for electric cars. This paper covers how to obtain high-quality crystals with low impurity content and few point defects<span>. It also covers the directional solidification method, which yields crystals with medium conversion efficiency for photovoltaic applications. We discuss the defects and impurities that degrade the efficiency and the steps to overcome these problems.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 273-285"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2005507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Thermodynamics -for understanding crystal growth- 热力学-用于理解晶体生长-
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.001
Tatau Nishinaga
{"title":"Thermodynamics -for understanding crystal growth-","authors":"Tatau Nishinaga","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To understand what entropy is, thermodynamical entropy was derived from Boltzmann's entropy formula. After defining the Helmholtz and the Gibbs free energies, we calculated the formation Gibbs free energies of an equilibrium and a non-equilibrium nucleus following Toschev's approach taking a water droplet as an example. It is demonstrated that the Gibbs free energy for the formation of a cluster takes the maximum as the cluster radius is increased. The cluster at this maximum is called critical nucleus.</p><p>Thermodynamics is also a useful tool to obtain the rate of crystal growth in a vapor phase. The partial pressures of all gaseous species are calculated by solving equations given by the law of mass action and the initial conditions. The mathematical formulas to give the growth rates in a closed tube and in a gas flow system are derived.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 43-57"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2706064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Three study cases of growth morphology in minerals: Halite, calcite and gypsum 岩盐、方解石和石膏三种矿物生长形态的研究实例
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.012
Dino Aquilano , Fermín Otálora , Linda Pastero , Juan Manuel García-Ruiz
{"title":"Three study cases of growth morphology in minerals: Halite, calcite and gypsum","authors":"Dino Aquilano ,&nbsp;Fermín Otálora ,&nbsp;Linda Pastero ,&nbsp;Juan Manuel García-Ruiz","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Beyond fundamental aspects of crystal growth and morphology, the growth of minerals is a challenging subject because in most cases we face a problem with unknown growth conditions. Actually, in the field of geological studies, we have to decipher the growth conditions of a crystal using the information contained in the very crystal. One of these characteristics of crystals that contain information about their growth is their morphology and time evolution. In this article, we introduce the subject of crystal morphology by using three important minerals, calcite, halite and gypsum, as three didactic case studies to illustrate the application of the current knowledge in the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 227-251"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2600879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 84
Selective nucleation and self-organized crystallization 选择性成核和自组织结晶
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.013
Fei Jia, Di Zhao, Mu Wang
{"title":"Selective nucleation and self-organized crystallization","authors":"Fei Jia,&nbsp;Di Zhao,&nbsp;Mu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nucleation is an important step in crystallization, and many self-organized patterns are determined in this process. In this study, after briefly reviewing the fundamentals of nucleation theory, we take a few examples to show the significance of concave-corner-mediated nucleation in both self-organized formation of long-range-ordered patterns and in self-assembly of metallic nano wire array. We show that successive concave-corner-mediated nucleation on the growth front is an important mechanism leading to many long-range ordering effects in crystallization. This mechanism can also be applied in fabricating metallic nano wires with specific geometry, including straight metallic wire array with tunable line width<span> and nanowires with periodic structures.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 252-272"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2343843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Fluid dynamics in crystal growth: The good, the bad, and the ugly 晶体生长中的流体动力学:好的、坏的和丑陋的
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.015
Jeffrey J. Derby
{"title":"Fluid dynamics in crystal growth: The good, the bad, and the ugly","authors":"Jeffrey J. Derby","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fluid dynamics<span> are important in processes that grow large crystals from a liquid phase. This paper presents a primer on fluid mechanics and convection, followed by a discussion of the physics and scaling of flows in such processes. Specific examples of fluid flows in crystal growth systems are presented and classified according to their impact on outcomes, good or bad. Turbulence in crystal growth is discussed within the limited extent of our understanding, which is incomplete, or ugly.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 286-301"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2005508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
The role of surface and interface structure in crystal growth 表面和界面结构在晶体生长中的作用
IF 5.1 2区 材料科学
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.010
Elias Vlieg
{"title":"The role of surface and interface structure in crystal growth","authors":"Elias Vlieg","doi":"10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Crystal growth occurs at the interface of a crystal and its growth medium. Due to the abrupt termination at the surface, at the interface the properties of the crystal will typically deviate from the bulk and this can affect the growth behaviour. Also the properties of the growth medium at the interface will typically differ from the bulk. In growth from solution, for example, the liquid will show ordering induced by the crystal surface or have a different composition. Here techniques to study such growth interfaces will be discussed together with examples of the effect that the properties of the interface can have on the growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":409,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials","volume":"62 2","pages":"Pages 203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2016.04.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2600877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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