Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Vibrational resonance: A review","authors":"Jianhua Yang ,&nbsp;S. Rajasekar ,&nbsp;Miguel A.F. Sanjuán","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past two decades, vibrational resonance has garnered significant interest and evolved into a prominent research field. Classical vibrational resonance examines the response of a nonlinear system excited by two signals: a weak, slowly varying characteristic signal, and a fast-varying auxiliary signal. The characteristic signal operates on a much longer time scale than the auxiliary signal. Through the cooperation of the nonlinear system and these two excitations, the faint input can be substantially amplified, showcasing the constructive role of the fast-varying signal. Since its inception, vibrational resonance has been extensively studied across various disciplines, including physics, mathematics, biology, neuroscience, laser science, chemistry, and engineering. Here, we delve into a detailed discussion of vibrational resonance and the most recent advances, beginning with an introduction to characteristic signals commonly used in its study. Furthermore, we compile numerous nonlinear models where vibrational resonance has been observed to enhance readers’ understanding and provide a basis for comparison. Subsequently, we present the metrics used to quantify vibrational resonance, as well as offer a theoretical formulation. This encompasses the method of direct separation of motions, linear and nonlinear vibrational resonance, re-scaled vibrational resonance, ultrasensitive vibrational resonance, and the role of noise in vibrational resonance. Later, we showcase two practical applications of vibrational resonance: one in image processing and the other in fault diagnosis. This presentation offers a comprehensive and versatile overview of vibrational resonance, exploring various facets and highlighting promising avenues for future research in both theory and engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1067 ","pages":"Pages 1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157324001066/pdfft?md5=c340822d3fb93afe6fecd80ae9aa7153&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157324001066-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140145347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm and its variants","authors":"Kostas Blekos ,&nbsp;Dean Brand ,&nbsp;Andrea Ceschini ,&nbsp;Chiao-Hui Chou ,&nbsp;Rui-Hao Li ,&nbsp;Komal Pandya ,&nbsp;Alessandro Summer","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a highly promising variational quantum algorithm that aims to solve combinatorial optimization problems that are classically intractable. This comprehensive review offers an overview of the current state of QAOA, encompassing its performance analysis in diverse scenarios, its applicability across various problem instances, and considerations of hardware-specific challenges such as error susceptibility and noise resilience. Additionally, we conduct a comparative study of selected QAOA extensions and variants, while exploring future prospects and directions for the algorithm. We aim to provide insights into key questions about the algorithm, such as whether it can outperform classical algorithms and under what circumstances it should be used. Towards this goal, we offer specific practical points in a form of a short guide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1068 ","pages":"Pages 1-66"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140141794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on f(Q) gravity","authors":"Lavinia Heisenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent years have witnessed a rise in interest in the geometrical trinity of General Relativity and its extensions. This interest has been fuelled by novel insights into the nature of gravity, the possibility to address computational and conceptual questions—such as the determination of black hole entropy or the definition of gravitational energy–momentum—from a new perspective. In particular, <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> gravity has also inspired numerous works on black holes, wormholes, and cosmology. In the latter case, <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> models have the potential to elucidate phenomena in both early and late-time cosmology without necessitating the inclusion of dark energy, the inflaton field, or dark matter. Particularly noteworthy is the role of <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> theories in addressing cosmological tensions, presenting exciting possibilities for reshaping our understanding of gravity and its manifestations in cosmology. The emergence of intriguing new black hole solutions and the potential existence of wormhole solutions suggest the presence of novel physics within the realm of strong gravity. These phenomena have become increasingly measurable only in recent times, opening up exciting avenues for further exploration and discovery. This review is tailored to students and researchers alike. It offers a self-contained and pedagogical introduction to metric-affine geometry—The mathematical foundation and indispensable tool upon which the geometrical trinity of General Relativity as well as its various extensions are built.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1066 ","pages":"Pages 1-78"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139943022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lecture notes on generalized symmetries and applications","authors":"Ran Luo ,&nbsp;Qing-Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Yi-Nan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this lecture note, we give a basic introduction to the rapidly developing concepts of generalized symmetries, from the perspectives of both high energy physics and condensed matter physics. In particular, we emphasize on the (invertible) higher-form and higher group symmetries. For the physical applications, we discuss the geometric engineering of QFTs in string theory and the symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases in condensed matter physics.</p><p>The lecture note is based on a short course on generalized symmetries, jointly given by Yi-Nan Wang and Qing-Rui Wang in Feb. 2023, which took place at School of Physics, Peking University (<span>https://indico.ihep.ac.cn/event/18796/</span><svg><path></path></svg>).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1065 ","pages":"Pages 1-43"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139907521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hiding the extra dimensions: A review on scale separation in string theory","authors":"Thibaut Coudarchet","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present an overview of both older and recent developments concerning scale separation in string theory. We focus on parametric scale separation obtained at the classical level in flux compactifications down to AdS vacua. We review the scenarios that have been proposed to achieve a hierarchy of scales between spacetime and the internal space, built from a low-dimensional perspective. We then discuss how they have been understood to arise from proper higher-dimensional descriptions. Eventually, limitations of these constructions as well as Swampland and holographic arguments addressing the question of scale separation in string theory are discussed. The purpose of the review is to draw an accurate picture of the state of the art of the subject at the moment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1064 ","pages":"Pages 1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139748944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Hermitian topological magnonics","authors":"Tao Yu ,&nbsp;Ji Zou ,&nbsp;Bowen Zeng ,&nbsp;J.W. Rao ,&nbsp;Ke Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dissipation in mechanics, optics, acoustics, and electronic circuits is nowadays recognized to be not always detrimental but can be exploited to achieve non-Hermitian topological phases or properties with functionalities for potential device applications, ranging from sensors with unprecedented sensitivity, energy funneling, wave isolators, non-reciprocal signal amplification, to dissipation induced phase transition. As elementary excitations of ordered magnetic moments that exist in various magnetic materials, magnons are the information carriers in magnonic devices with low-energy consumption for reprogrammable logic, non-reciprocal communication, and non-volatile memory functionalities. Non-Hermitian topological magnonics deals with the engineering of dissipation and/or gain for non-Hermitian topological phases or properties in magnets that are not achievable in the conventional Hermitian scenario, with associated functionalities cross-fertilized with their electronic, acoustic, optic, and mechanic counterparts, such as giant enhancement of magnonic frequency combs, magnon amplification, (quantum) sensing of the magnetic field with unprecedented sensitivity, magnon accumulation, and perfect absorption of microwaves. In this review article, we address the unified approach in constructing magnonic non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, introduce the basic non-Hermitian topological physics, and provide a comprehensive overview of the recent theoretical and experimental progress towards achieving distinct non-Hermitian topological phases or properties in magnonic devices, including exceptional points, exceptional nodal phases, non-Hermitian magnonic SSH model, and non-Hermitian skin effect. We emphasize the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian approach based on the Lindbladian or self-energy of the magnonic subsystem but address the physics beyond it as well, such as the crucial quantum jump effect in the quantum regime and non-Markovian dynamics. We provide a perspective for future opportunities and challenges before concluding this article.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1062 ","pages":"Pages 1-86"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ICTP lectures on (non-)invertible generalized symmetries","authors":"Sakura Schäfer-Nameki","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>What comprises a global symmetry of a Quantum Field Theory (QFT) has been vastly expanded in the past 10 years to include not only symmetries acting on higher-dimensional defects, but also most recently symmetries which do not have an inverse. The principle that enables this generalization is the identification of symmetries with topological defects in the QFT. In these lectures, we provide an introduction to generalized symmetries, with a focus on non-invertible symmetries. We begin with a brief overview of invertible generalized symmetries, including higher-form and higher-group symmetries, and then move on to non-invertible symmetries. The main idea that underlies many constructions of non-invertible symmetries is that of stacking a QFT with topological QFTs (TQFTs) and then gauging a diagonal non-anomalous global symmetry. The TQFTs become topological defects in the gauged theory called (twisted) theta defects and comprise a large class of non-invertible symmetries including condensation defects, self-duality defects, and non-invertible symmetries of gauge theories with disconnected gauge groups. We will explain the general principle and provide numerous concrete examples. Following this extensive characterization of symmetry generators, we then discuss their action on higher-charges, i.e. extended physical operators. As we will explain, even for invertible higher-form symmetries these are not only representations of the <span><math><mi>p</mi></math></span>-form symmetry group, but more generally what are called higher-representations. Finally, we give an introduction to the Symmetry Topological Field Theory (SymTFT) and its utility in characterizing symmetries, their gauging and generalized charges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1063 ","pages":"Pages 1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139726566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single crystal perovskite an emerging photocatalytic and storage material: Synthesis to applications via theoretical insight","authors":"Newmoon Priyadarshini ,&nbsp;Sriram Mansingh ,&nbsp;Kundan Kumar Das ,&nbsp;Ritik Mohanty ,&nbsp;Kaushik Parida ,&nbsp;Gayatree Barik ,&nbsp;Kulamani Parida","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The utilization of solar energy through artificial photocatalysis has emerged as a potential candidate to tackle the surging energy crisis and staggering environmental pollution. The advancement of novel materials is one of the crucial factors for pushing the real-world application of photocatalytic energy generation, and energy storage. Recently, single crystal perovskites (SCPs) have been the show stopper of the current research arena towards projecting a better platform for fundamental research owing to their inherent properties like the absence of grain boundaries, high charge-carrier-mobility, high carrier lifetime, etc. compared to their respective nanocrystalline, and polycrystalline counterparts. This review highlights the recent progress in the rational design of efficient SCPs for photocatalytic applications. The best possible growth mechanism, best-suited characterization techniques, and properties influencing photocatalysis are explicitly covered. Moreover, the raising stability concerns and strategies adopted to address the issues are also discussed. Most importantly, we have elaborated on the fundamental theoretical understanding of SCPs utilizing various computational methods. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of current state-of-the-art works on <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> evolution, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> reduction, and energy storage. To conclude, we outlined the critical challenges and envisioned the future roadmap for the further expansion of SCPs in solar energy conversion and storage applications. We hope this review will provide a new pathway for proper understanding and engineering of SCP-based systems for the rapidly expanding research area of clean energy generation and storage domain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1061 ","pages":"Pages 1-53"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139713735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronization in multiplex networks","authors":"Xiaoqun Wu ,&nbsp;Xiuqi Wu ,&nbsp;Chong-Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Mao ,&nbsp;Jun-an Lu ,&nbsp;Jinhu Lü ,&nbsp;Yi-Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Linyuan Lü","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synchronization in a network of connected elements is essential to the proper functioning of both natural and engineered systems and is thus of increasing interest across disciplines. In many cases, synchronization phenomena involve not just actions within a single network in isolation, but the coordinated and coherent behaviors of several networks interacting with each other. The interactions between multiple systems play a crucial role in determining the emergent dynamics. One paradigm capable of representing real-world complex systems is that of multiplex networks, where the same set of nodes exists in multiple layers of the network. Recent studies have made significant progress in understanding synchronization in multiplex networks. In this review, we primarily focus on two key aspects: structural complexity and dynamical complexity. From the perspective of structural complexity, we present how the topological setting, such as the interlayer coupling pattern, affects the synchronizability of a multiplex network. The structural characteristics of a multiplex network, in particular, give rise to dynamical complexity, including the emergence of intralayer synchronization (within each layer) and interlayer synchronization (between layers). We also discuss the major methods for studying the stability of complete, intralayer, and interlayer synchronization, as well as synchronization control in multiplex networks. Additionally, we briefly introduce some relevant applications. Lastly, the review provides a comprehensive summary of the notable findings in the study of synchronization in multiplex networks, emphasizing the interplay between their structural and dynamical complexities, and identifies open problems that present opportunities for future research in this field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1060 ","pages":"Pages 1-54"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139713747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observational evidence for primordial black holes: A positivist perspective","authors":"B.J. Carr ,&nbsp;S. Clesse ,&nbsp;J. García-Bellido ,&nbsp;M.R.S. Hawkins ,&nbsp;F. Kühnel","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We review numerous arguments for primordial black holes (PBHs) based on observational evidence from a variety of lensing, dynamical, accretion and gravitational-wave effects. This represents a shift from the usual emphasis on PBH constraints and provides what we term a positivist perspective. Microlensing observations of stars and quasars suggest that PBHs of around <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⊙</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> could provide much of the dark matter in galactic halos, this being allowed by the Large Magellanic Cloud microlensing observations if the PBHs have an extended mass function. More generally, providing the mass and dark matter fraction of the PBHs is large enough, the associated Poisson fluctuations could generate the first bound objects at a much earlier epoch than in the standard cosmological scenario. This simultaneously explains the recent detection of high-redshift dwarf galaxies, puzzling correlations of the source-subtracted infrared and X-ray cosmic backgrounds, the size and the mass-to-light ratios of ultra-faint-dwarf galaxies, the dynamical heating of the Galactic disc, and the binary coalescences observed by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA in a mass range not usually associated with stellar remnants. Even if PBHs provide only a small fraction of the dark matter, they could explain various other observational conundra, and sufficiently large ones could seed the supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei or even early galaxies themselves. We argue that PBHs would naturally have formed around the electroweak, quantum chromodynamics and electron–positron annihilation epochs, when the sound-speed inevitably dips. This leads to an extended PBH mass function with a number of distinct bumps, the most prominent one being at around <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⊙</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, and this would allow PBHs to explain many of the observations in a unified way.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1054 ","pages":"Pages 1-68"},"PeriodicalIF":30.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003976/pdfft?md5=a5ce2a94fe3d9fadaea8c56cf91080d0&pid=1-s2.0-S0370157323003976-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139675044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}