Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Anomalous soft photons: Status and perspectives","authors":"R. Bailhache ,&nbsp;D. Bonocore ,&nbsp;P. Braun-Munzinger ,&nbsp;X. Feal ,&nbsp;S. Floerchinger ,&nbsp;J. Klein ,&nbsp;K. Köhler ,&nbsp;P. Lebiedowicz ,&nbsp;C.M. Peter ,&nbsp;R. Rapp ,&nbsp;K. Reygers ,&nbsp;W. Schäfer ,&nbsp;H.S. Scheid ,&nbsp;K. Schweda ,&nbsp;J. Stachel ,&nbsp;H. van Hees ,&nbsp;C.A. van Veen ,&nbsp;M. Völkl","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report summarizes the work of the EMMI Rapid Reaction Task Force on “Real and Virtual Photon Production at Ultra-Low Transverse Momentum and Low Mass at the LHC”. We provide an overview of the soft-photon puzzle, i.e., of the long-standing discrepancy between experimental data and predictions based on Low’s soft-photon theorem, also referred to as “anomalous” soft photon production, and we review the current theoretical understanding of soft radiation and soft theorems. We also focus on low-mass dileptons as a tool for determining the electrical conductivity of the medium produced in high-energy nucleus–nucleus collisions. We discuss how both topics can be addressed with the planned ALICE 3 detector at the LHC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1097 ","pages":"Pages 1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration at the high-energy frontier: ATLAS Run 2 searches investigating the exotic jungle beyond the Standard Model","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report presents a comprehensive collection of searches for new physics performed by the ATLAS Collaboration during the Run 2 period of data taking at the Large Hadron Collider, from 2015 to 2018, corresponding to about 140 fb⁻¹ of <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span> proton–proton collision data. These searches cover a variety of beyond-the-standard model topics such as dark matter candidates, new vector bosons, hidden-sector particles, leptoquarks, or vector-like quarks, among others. Searches for supersymmetric particles or extended Higgs sectors are explicitly excluded as these are the subject of separate reports by the Collaboration. For each topic, the most relevant searches are described, focusing on their importance and sensitivity and, when appropriate, highlighting the experimental techniques employed. In addition to the description of each analysis, complementary searches are compared, and the overall sensitivity of the ATLAS experiment to each type of new physics is discussed. Summary plots and statistical combinations of multiple searches are included whenever possible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 301-385"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ATLAS searches for additional scalars and exotic Higgs boson decays with the LHC Run 2 dataset","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report reviews the published results of searches for possible additional scalar particles and exotic decays of the Higgs boson performed by the ATLAS Collaboration using up to 140 fb⁻¹ of 13 TeV proton–proton collision data collected during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider. Key results are examined, and observed excesses, while never statistically compelling, are noted. Constraints are placed on parameters of several models which extend the Standard Model, for example by adding one or more singlet or doublet fields, or offering exotic Higgs boson decay channels. Summaries of new searches as well as extensions of previous searches are discussed. These new results have a wider reach or attain stronger exclusion limits. New experimental techniques that were developed for these searches are highlighted. Search channels which have not yet been examined are also listed, as these provide insight into possible future areas of exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 184-260"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The quest to discover supersymmetry at the ATLAS experiment","authors":"ATLAS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for supersymmetry with the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider intensified after the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. The search programme expanded in both breadth and depth, profiting from the increased integrated luminosity and higher centre-of-mass energy for the collision data collected between 2015 and 2018, and gaining new sensitivity to unexplored areas of supersymmetry parameter space through the use of novel experimental signatures and innovative analysis techniques. This report summarises the supersymmetry searches at ATLAS using up to 140 fb⁻¹ of <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span> collisions at <span><math><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math></span>, including the limits set on the production of gluinos, squarks, and electroweakinos for scenarios with or without R-parity conservation, and including models where some of the supersymmetric particles are long-lived.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1116 ","pages":"Pages 261-300"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysing quantum systems with randomised measurements","authors":"Paweł Cieśliński ,&nbsp;Satoya Imai ,&nbsp;Jan Dziewior ,&nbsp;Otfried Gühne ,&nbsp;Lukas Knips ,&nbsp;Wiesław Laskowski ,&nbsp;Jasmin Meinecke ,&nbsp;Tomasz Paterek ,&nbsp;Tamás Vértesi","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measurements with randomly chosen settings determine many important properties of quantum states without the need for a shared reference frame or calibration. They naturally emerge in the context of quantum communication and quantum computing when dealing with noisy environments, and allow the estimation of properties of complex quantum systems in an easy and efficient manner. In this review, we present the advancements made in utilising randomised measurements in various scenarios of quantum information science. We describe how to detect and characterise different forms of entanglement, including genuine multipartite entanglement and bound entanglement. Bell inequalities are discussed to be typically violated even with randomised measurements, especially for a growing number of particles and settings. Furthermore, we also present an overview on the estimation of non-linear functions of quantum states and shadow tomography from randomised measurements. Throughout the review, we complement the description of theoretical ideas by explaining key experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1095 ","pages":"Pages 1-48"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of large oscillations in electrostatic MEMS","authors":"Majed S. Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Mahmoud E. Khater ,&nbsp;Mohamed Arabi ,&nbsp;Eihab M. Abdel-Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a comprehensive experimental study of the dynamics of electrostatic MEMS resonators under large excitations. We identified three frequency ranges where large oscillations occur; a non-resonant region driven by fast–slow dynamic interactions and two resonant regions. In these regions, we found a plethora of dynamic phenomena including cascades of period-doubling bifurcations, a bubble structure, homoclinic and cyclic-fold bifurcations, hysteresis, intermittencies, quasiperiodicity, chaotic attractors, odd-periodic windows within those attractors, Shilnikov orbits, and Shilnikov chaos.</div><div>We encountered these complex nonlinear dynamics phenomena under relatively high dissipation levels, the quality factors of the resonators examined in this study were Q <span><math><mo>=</mo></math></span> 6.2 and 2.1. In the case of MEMS with higher quality factors <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Q</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, it is quite reasonable to expect those phenomena to appear under relatively low excitation levels (compared to the static pull-in voltage). This calls for a new paradigm in the design of electrostatic MEMS that seeks to manage dynamic phenomena rather than attempt to avoid them and, thereby, overly restricting the design space. We believe this is feasible given the repeatable and predictable nature of those phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1094 ","pages":"Pages 1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circuit realization of topological physics","authors":"Huanhuan Yang,&nbsp;Lingling Song,&nbsp;Yunshan Cao,&nbsp;Peng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, topolectrical circuits (TECs) boom in studying the topological states of matter. The resemblance between circuit Laplacians and tight-binding models in condensed matter physics allows for the exploration of exotic topological phases on the circuit platform. In this review, we begin by presenting the basic equations for the circuit elements and units, along with the fundamentals and experimental methods for TECs. Subsequently, we retrospect the main literature in this field, encompassing the circuit realization of (higher-order) topological insulators and semimetals. Due to the abundant electrical elements and flexible connections, many unconventional topological states like the non-Hermitian, nonlinear, non-Abelian, non-periodic, non-Euclidean, and higher-dimensional topological states that are challenging to observe in conventional condensed matter physics, have been observed in circuits and summarized in this review. Furthermore, we show the capability of electrical circuits for exploring the physical phenomena in other systems, such as photonic and magnetic ones. Importantly, we highlight TEC systems are convenient for manufacture and miniaturization because of their compatibility with the traditional integrated circuits. Finally, we prospect the future directions in this exciting field, and connect the emerging TECs with the development of topology physics, (meta)material designs, and device applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1093 ","pages":"Pages 1-54"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of the advances in understanding chaos in low-dimensional dynamical systems subjected to parameter drift","authors":"Dániel Jánosi ,&nbsp;Tamás Tél","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper offers a review while also studying yet unexplored features of the area of chaotic systems subjected to parameter drift of non-negligible rate, an area where the methods of traditional chaos theory are not applicable. Notably, periodic orbit expansion cannot be applied since no periodic orbits exist, nor do long-time limits, since for drifting physical processes the observational time can only be finite. This means that traditional Lyapunov-exponents are also ill-defined. Furthermore, such systems are non-ergodic, time and ensemble averages are different, the ensemble approach being superior to the single-trajectory view. In general, attractors and phase portraits are time-dependent in a non-periodic fashion. We describe the use of general methods which remain nevertheless applicable in such systems. In the phase space, the analysis is based on stable and unstable foliations, their intersections defining a Smale horseshoe, and the intersection points can be identified with the chaotic set governing the core of the drifting chaotic dynamics. Because of the drift, foliations and chaotic sets are also time-dependent, snapshot objects. We give a formal description for the time-dependent natural measure, illustrated by numerical examples. As a quantitative indicator for the strength of chaos, the so-called ensemble-averaged pairwise distance (EAPD) can be evaluated at any time instant. The derivative of this function can be considered the instantaneous (largest) Lyapunov exponent. We show that snapshot chaotic saddles, the central concept of transient chaos, can be identified in drifting systems as the intersections of the foliations, possessing a time-dependent escape rate in general. In dissipative systems, we find that the snapshot attractor coincides with the unstable foliation, and can consist of more than one component. These are a chaotic one, an extended snapshot chaotic saddle, and multiple regular time-dependent attractor points. When constructing the time-dependent basins of attraction of the attractor points, we find that the basin boundaries are time-dependent and fractal-like, containing the stable foliation, and that they can even exhibit Wada properties. In the Hamiltonian case, we study the phenomenon of the break-up of tori due to the drift in terms of both foliations and EAPD functions. We find that time-dependent versions of chaotic seas are not always fully chaotic, they can contain non-chaotic regions. Within such regions we identify time-dependent non-hyperbolic regions, the analogs of sticky zones of classical Hamiltonian phase spaces. We provide approximate formulas for the information dimension of snapshot objects, based on time-dependent Lyapunov exponents and escape rates. Besides these results, we also give possible applications of our methods e.g. in climate science and in the area of Lagrangian Coherent Structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1092 ","pages":"Pages 1-64"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142310391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum transport theory of strongly correlated matter","authors":"Assa Auerbach,&nbsp;Sauri Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This report reviews recent progress in computing Kubo formulas for general interacting Hamiltonians. The aim is to calculate electric and thermal magneto-conductivities in strong scattering regimes where Boltzmann equation and Hall conductivity proxies exceed their validity. Three primary approaches are explained.</p><p>1. Degeneracy-projected polarization formulas for Hall-type conductivities, which substantially reduce the number of calculated current matrix elements. These expressions generalize the Berry curvature integral formulas to imperfect lattices.</p><p>2. Continued fraction representation of dynamical longitudinal conductivities. The calculations produce a set of thermodynamic averages, which can be controllably extrapolated using their mathematical relations to low and high frequency conductivity asymptotics.</p><p>3. Hall-type coefficients summation formulas, which are constructed from thermodynamic averages.</p><p>The thermodynamic formulas are derived in the operator Hilbert space formalism, which avoids the opacity and high computational cost of the Hamiltonian eigenspectrum. The coefficients can be obtained by well established imaginary-time Monte Carlo sampling, high temperature expansion, traces of operator products, and variational wavefunctions at low temperatures.</p><p>We demonstrate the power of approaches 1–3 by their application to well known models of lattice electrons and bosons. The calculations clarify the far-reaching influence of strong local interactions on the metallic transport near Mott insulators. Future directions for these approaches are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1091 ","pages":"Pages 1-63"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Physics of micro- and nano-manipulation: Fundamentals and applications","authors":"Songlin Zhuang ,&nbsp;Xiaotian Lin ,&nbsp;Xinghu Yu ,&nbsp;Zhihong Zhao ,&nbsp;Fangzhou Liu ,&nbsp;Stefano Boccaletti ,&nbsp;Huijun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the emergent advent of miniaturized technologies in the last century, the past ninety years have witnessed the extensive use of micro- and nano-manipulation methods, which were promoted by the tremendous advances in fundamental physics as well as in techniques for sensing and actuating and in award-winning precision instrumentation. Micro- and nano-manipulation techniques imply the application of distinct physical laws at distinct spatial scales, and in turn enabled unprecedented progress in a significant number of scientific disciplines, particularly in the life sciences and its biomedical applications. Today, scientists have to cope with a series of issues that are inherently related to theory implementations at micro- and nanoscales, in the attempt to reveal the underlying principles that can enhance the capability of manipulating micrometer and nanometer-sized objects. Our report has the aim of giving an extensive review of the major results achieved in the study of micro- and nano-manipulation, by focusing on how fundamental physics (from robotic manipulation to magnetic, acoustic and optical fields, to electric and fluidic methods) is elaborated and leveraged to gather control over small objects, and how novel techniques are conceptually designed and practically implemented for important tool sets. We also summarize the representative applications in many disciplines over the past decades and discuss potential trends and open problems for future studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1090 ","pages":"Pages 1-70"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}