Physics Reports最新文献

Large language models for spreading dynamics in complex systems 复杂系统中扩展动力学的大型语言模型

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-05-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.006

Shuyu Jiang , Hao Ren , Yichang Gao , Yi-Cheng Zhang , Li Qi , Dayong Xiao , Jie Fan , Rui Tang , Wei Wang

{"title":"Large language models for spreading dynamics in complex systems","authors":"Shuyu Jiang , Hao Ren , Yichang Gao , Yi-Cheng Zhang , Li Qi , Dayong Xiao , Jie Fan , Rui Tang , Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spreading dynamics is a central topic in the physics of complex systems and network science, providing a unified framework for understanding how information, behaviors, and diseases propagate through interactions among system units. In many propagation contexts, spreading processes are influenced by multiple interacting factors, such as information expression patterns, cultural contexts, living environments, cognitive preferences, and public policies, which are difficult to incorporate directly into classical modeling frameworks. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have exhibited strong capabilities in natural language understanding, reasoning, and generation, enabling explicit perception of semantic content and contextual cues in spreading processes, thereby supporting the analysis of the different influencing factors. Beyond serving as external analytical tools, LLMs can also act as interactive agents embedded in propagation systems, potentially influencing spreading pathways and feedback structures. Consequently, the roles and impacts of LLMs on spreading dynamics have become an active and rapidly growing research area across multiple research disciplines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in applying LLMs to the study of spreading dynamics across two representative domains: digital epidemics, such as misinformation and rumors, and biological epidemics, including infectious disease outbreaks. We first examine the foundations of epidemic modeling from a complex-systems perspective and discuss how LLM-based approaches relate to traditional frameworks. We then systematically review recent studies from three key perspectives, which are epidemic modeling, epidemic detection and surveillance, and epidemic prediction and management, to clarify how LLMs enhance these areas. Finally, open challenges and potential research directions are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1171 ","pages":"Pages 1-50"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resonances through subwavelength holes: Theory, computation, and applications 透过亚波长空穴的共振：理论、计算与应用

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-04-29 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.005

Junshan Lin , Hai Zhang

{"title":"Resonances through subwavelength holes: Theory, computation, and applications","authors":"Junshan Lin , Hai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electromagnetic wave scattering by subwavelength hole structures has received significant research interest in the past two decades, due to the unusual physical phenomena that arise in these media when external radiation is present, such as the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) and strongly localized optical field at the hole apertures. It turns out that resonances, which are broadly defined as complex eigenvalues of the underlying Maxwell’s operator, play a major role in EOT and anomalous field enhancement for such media. These resonances can be induced by the geometry (such as tiny holes) or the medium parameter (such as permittivity values) of the problem, or their collaborative interactions. In this paper, we survey the mathematical theory that has been developed to understand the various resonances in subwavelength hole structures, along with quantitative analyses of their resonant scattering and the induced EOT phenomena. We also review computational methods proposed for modeling resonant wave scattering in these multiscale media and the mathematical frameworks established for applications in sensing and imaging. Finally, we discuss open problems and outstanding mathematical challenges in the field. The mathematical investigation of the resonances for this class of problems provides the fundamental theory as well as computational algorithms for the design of more efficient subwavelength optical devices and their applications. It also sheds light on the studies of other related spectral problems with the differential operators defined over multiscale media.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1170 ","pages":"Pages 1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Geometric bifurcation theory: Fisher information geometry applied to dynamical and complex systems 几何分岔理论：应用于动态和复杂系统的费雪信息几何

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-04-23 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.004

Vinícius Barros da Silva , João Peres Vieira , Edson D. Leonel

{"title":"Geometric bifurcation theory: Fisher information geometry applied to dynamical and complex systems","authors":"Vinícius Barros da Silva , João Peres Vieira , Edson D. Leonel","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although geometrical methods have been applied across many fields of physics, their systematic use in connection with bifurcations and nonlinear phenomena only emerged between 2019 and 2024, when Fisher information geometry was employed to study bifurcations, limit cycles, and other nonlinear dynamical phenomena, leading to the covariant formulation of geometric bifurcation theory (GBT). In this approach, incorporating Fisher information theory into the axioms of nonlinear dynamics yields a corresponding Riemannian metric, allowing for the representation of dynamical systems as Riemannian manifolds. The metric and its scalar curvature are particularly valuable tools for exploring nonlinear phenomena, especially in cases where standard methods provide limited or no solutions. This report aims to review the main contributions of this geometrical formalism within the framework of dynamical systems governed by differential equations. In particular, we present a detailed overview of the mathematical framework of GBT, including the construction of Riemannian manifolds from dynamical systems, the Fisher information metric, and the role of scalar curvature in detecting local and global bifurcations, limit cycles, and other nonlinear phenomena. We also discuss how GBT provides a solution to the second part of Hilbert’s sixteenth problem, and how this result aligns with earlier findings obtained some time ago through other methods under somewhat different circumstances. Finally, we highlight the current state of GBT and promising directions for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1169 ","pages":"Pages 1-114"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-Newtonian rheological aspects of blood in computational hemodynamics 计算血流动力学中血液的非牛顿流变学方面

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-04-20 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.003

Salman Ahmad , Salman Zeb , Yifan Sun , Hengjie Guo , Yonghui Qiao

{"title":"Non-Newtonian rheological aspects of blood in computational hemodynamics","authors":"Salman Ahmad , Salman Zeb , Yifan Sun , Hengjie Guo , Yonghui Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In medicine, invasive procedures involve cutting or penetrating the skin to access the inside of the body, whereas non-invasive procedures do not. Non-invasive diagnostic and treatment methods offer several advantages, including reduced discomfort and fewer potential complications compared to invasive approaches. Computational hemodynamics has emerged as a valuable approach for diagnosing and treating diseases of the human circulatory system, particularly in guiding optimal treatment options. This interdisciplinary field combines computational modeling, fluid dynamics, and medical imaging to explore blood flow behavior under various physiological conditions and in the context of diseases. Blood viscosity is recognized to exhibit non-Newtonian rheological properties, meaning it can change with shear rate. Empirical research has revealed that blood displays intricate non-Newtonian fluid characteristics (i.e., shear-thinning, viscoelasticity, yield stress, and thixotropy). Consequently, various computational and clinical analyses use various non-Newtonian fluid models to model blood. However, researchers have not reached a consensus on a single non-Newtonian fluid model that adequately describes the non-Newtonian characteristics of blood. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of all non-Newtonian fluid models along with the Newtonian model utilized in computational hemodynamics, highlighting the importance of understanding the complex rheological nature of blood and its impact on the dynamics of the circulatory system. In addition, this review examines various mathematical modeling approaches for the flow of blood in the circulatory system under different constraints, along with their solution methods, to suggest and optimize computational hemodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1168 ","pages":"Pages 1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interplay of sync and swarm: Theory and application of swarmalators 同步与群体的相互作用：群集者的理论与应用

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-04-14 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.002

Gourab Kumar Sar , Kevin O’Keeffe , Joao U.F. Lizárraga , Marcus A.M. de Aguiar , Christian Bettstetter , Dibakar Ghosh

{"title":"Interplay of sync and swarm: Theory and application of swarmalators","authors":"Gourab Kumar Sar , Kevin O’Keeffe , Joao U.F. Lizárraga , Marcus A.M. de Aguiar , Christian Bettstetter , Dibakar Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swarmalators, entities that combine the properties of swarming particles with synchronized oscillations, represent a novel and growing area of research in the study of collective behavior. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of swarmalator research, focusing on the interplay between spatial organization and temporal synchronization. After a brief introduction to synchronization and swarming as separate phenomena, we discuss the various mathematical models that have been developed to describe swarmalator systems, highlighting the key parameters that govern their dynamics. The review also discusses the emergence of complex patterns, such as clustering, phase waves, and synchronized states, and how these patterns are influenced by factors such as interaction range, coupling strength, and frequency distribution. Recently, some minimal models were proposed that are solvable and mimic real-world phenomena. The effect of predators in the swarmalator dynamics is also discussed. Finally, we explore potential applications in fields ranging from robotics to biological systems, where understanding the dual nature of swarming and synchronization could lead to innovative solutions. By synthesizing recent advances and identifying open challenges, this review aims to provide a foundation for future research in this interdisciplinary field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1167 ","pages":"Pages 1-52"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predictability of complex systems 复杂系统的可预测性

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-04-09 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.001

En Xu , Yilin Bi , Hongwei Hu , Xin Chen , Zhiwen Yu , Yong Li , Yanqing Hu , Tao Zhou

{"title":"Predictability of complex systems","authors":"En Xu , Yilin Bi , Hongwei Hu , Xin Chen , Zhiwen Yu , Yong Li , Yanqing Hu , Tao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of complex systems has attracted widespread attention from researchers in the fields of natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Prediction is one of the central issues in this field. Although most related studies have focused on prediction methods, research on the predictability of complex systems has received increasing attention across disciplines—aiming to provide theories and tools to address a key question: What are the limits of prediction accuracy? Predictability itself can serve as an important feature for characterizing complex systems, and accurate estimation of predictability can provide a benchmark for the study of prediction algorithms. This allows researchers to clearly identify the gap between current prediction accuracy and theoretical limits, thereby helping them determine whether there is still significant room to improve existing algorithms. More importantly, investigating predictability often requires the development of new theories and methods, which can further inspire the design of more effective algorithms. Over the past few decades, this field has undergone significant evolution. In particular, the rapid development of data science has introduced a wealth of data-driven approaches for understanding and quantifying predictability. This review summarizes representative achievements, integrating both data-driven and mechanistic perspectives. After a brief introduction to the significance of the topic in focus, we will explore three core aspects: the predictability of time series, the predictability of network structures, and the predictability of dynamical processes. Finally, we will provide extensive application examples across various fields and outline open challenges for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1166 ","pages":"Pages 1-107"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Review of neutral naturalness 回顾中性自然性

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-04-05 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.12.001

Brian Batell , Matthew Low , Ethan T. Neil , Christopher B. Verhaaren

{"title":"Review of neutral naturalness","authors":"Brian Batell , Matthew Low , Ethan T. Neil , Christopher B. Verhaaren","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hierarchy between the mass parameter of the Higgs boson and larger mass scales becomes ever more puzzling as experiments explore higher energies. Neutral naturalness is the umbrella term for symmetry-based explanations for these hierarchies whose quark symmetry partners are not charged under the SU(3)<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> color gauge group of the Standard Model. Though the first manifestations of this idea predate the physics runs of the Large Hadron Collider, since the Higgs discovery this paradigm has grown and developed to include a wide variety of concrete realizations with connections to intriguing collider signals. Determining the phenomenology of such models often requires the characterization—typically relying on lattice calculations—of a new confining gauge symmetry. This presents additional motivation to further develop our understanding of nonperturbative field theory as well as to pursue specific lattice studies. The wide range of suggested hidden sectors also produces a variety of dark matter candidates, intersections with astrophysics and cosmology, and ties to neutrinos and flavor. In this review, we orient the reader within both this growing collection of specific models and the physical phenomena they produce. We also survey the often less familiar dynamics of hidden-sector glueballs and quirks. In addition to providing a guide to past efforts, we reveal interesting directions for further study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1165 ","pages":"Pages 1-49"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Speedups in nonequilibrium thermal relaxation: Mpemba and related effects 非平衡热松弛中的加速：Mpemba和相关效应

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-03-29 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.10.009

Gianluca Teza , John Bechhoefer , Antonio Lasanta , Oren Raz , Marija Vucelja

{"title":"Speedups in nonequilibrium thermal relaxation: Mpemba and related effects","authors":"Gianluca Teza , John Bechhoefer , Antonio Lasanta , Oren Raz , Marija Vucelja","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of our intuition about the behavior of physical systems is shaped by observations at or near thermal equilibrium. However, even a basic phenomenon such as a thermalquench can lead to states far from thermal equilibrium, where counterintuitive,anomalous effects can occur. A prime example of anomalous thermal relaxation is the Mpemba effect, in which a system prepared at a hot temperature cools down to the temperature of the cold environment faster than an identical system prepared at a warm temperature. Although originally reported for water more than 2000 years ago by Aristotle, the recent observation of analogous relaxation speedups in a variety of systems has motivated the search for generic explanations from the point of view of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Here, we review anomalous relaxation effects, which all share a nonmonotonic dependence of relaxation time versus initial “distance” from the final state or from the phase transition. We review the early water experiments and classify the zoology of anomalous relaxation phenomena related to the Mpemba effect. We then introduce general concepts and provide a modern definition of the effect, focusing on the theoretical frameworks of stochastic thermodynamics, kinetic theory, Markovian dynamics, and phase transitions. We discuss the recent experimental and numerical developments that followed these theoretical advances. These developments paved the way for the prediction and observation of novel phenomena, such as the inverse Mpemba effect. The review is self-contained and introduces anomalous relaxation phenomena in single- and many-body systems, both classical and quantum. We also discuss the broader relevance of the Mpemba effect, including its relation with equilibrium and dynamical phase transitions and its experimental implications. We end with perspectives that connect anomalous speedups to new ideas for designing optimal heating/cooling protocols, heat engines, and efficient samplers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1164 ","pages":"Pages 1-97"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Vertical structure and dynamics of a galactic disk 星系盘的垂直结构和动力学

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-03-23 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.003

Chanda J. Jog

{"title":"Vertical structure and dynamics of a galactic disk","authors":"Chanda J. Jog","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most of the visible mass in a typical spiral galaxy is distributed in a thin disk, with a radial extent much larger than its thickness. While the planar disk structure, including non-axisymmetric features such as spiral structure, has been studied extensively, the vertical structure normal to the disk plane has not received comparable attention. This review aims to give a comprehensive, pedagogic introduction to the rich topic of vertical structure of a galactic disk in hydrostatic equilibrium, and discuss the theoretical developments in this field in the context of recent observations. A realistic multi-component disk plus halo model of a galaxy has been developed and studied by us in detail. This takes account of both stars and interstellar gas, treated as isothermal components with different velocity dispersions, which are gravitationally coupled; further, the disk is in the gravitational field of the dark matter halo. This review focuses on this model and the results from it in different physical cases.</div><div>The gas and halo crucially affect the resulting self-consistent stellar distribution such that it is vertically constrained to be closer to the mid-plane, and has a steeper profile than in the standard one-component case, in agreement with modern observations. The scale height of a typical stellar disk increases with galactocentric radius; that is, the disk flares, by a factor of few within the visible radial extent of the disk. These robust results question the sech<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> profile and a constant scale height, routinely used in the literature for convenience. In an important application, the observed HI gas scale height is used as a constraint on the model which helps determine the shape and the density profile of the dark matter halo for galaxies. Finally, we outline some key, open questions which can be addressed in the near future using the above model, and new observational data — for example, from the IFU surveys and JWST. These promise to give a better understanding of this topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1163 ","pages":"Pages 1-98"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dissipative optical solitons: From scalar 1D- to 2D- and 3D-, topological and vector solitons 耗散光孤子：从标量一维到二维和三维，拓扑和矢量孤子

IF 29.5 1区物理与天体物理

Physics Reports Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.005

Nikolay N. Rosanov, Sergey V. Fedorov, Nikolay A. Veretenov

{"title":"Dissipative optical solitons: From scalar 1D- to 2D- and 3D-, topological and vector solitons","authors":"Nikolay N. Rosanov, Sergey V. Fedorov, Nikolay A. Veretenov","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this review we present the current status of the theory of dissipative optical solitons — light packets localized due to the balance of inflow (positive dissipation) and outflow (negative dissipation) of energy, and give references on the experiments in the field. We mention various mechanisms of radiation localization and the premises leading to this concept, and briefly compare the physics and properties of conservative, under conditions of negligible dissipation, and dissipative, with the balance of energy inflow and outflow, optical solitons. We shortly discuss the general properties of electromagnetic pulses and the formulation of paraxial radiation propagation in dissipative media. The characteristics of two important classes of spatial and spatiotemporal dissipative optical solitons are described in detail: those in driven wide-aperture nonlinear interferometers and in relative laser schemes without and with driving. An example of what is apparently the only exactly solvable problem in the field is given, clearly demonstrating the connection of these solitons with optical bistability and switching waves. The nontrivial internal structure of the solitons under consideration, related to the distribution of radiation energy fluxes, is explained, and the results of the analysis of the interaction of solitons and the formation of soliton complexes are presented. Particular attention is paid to the nature of the motion of these structures and its connection with their symmetry. Similarly, studied are the issues of topological optics of dissipative solitons, related to the presence of uncertainties (topological singularities) of the field phase and/or polarization state. Vector solitons are considered for 1D, 2D and 3D cases revealing their connections with the scalar ones and underlying their new dynamical features. Quantum fluctuations in dissipative solitons and extremely short solitons are considered more briefly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1162 ","pages":"Pages 1-60"},"PeriodicalIF":29.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0