Physics Reports最新文献

{"title":"Review: Quantum metrology and sensing with many-body systems","authors":"Victor Montenegro ,&nbsp;Chiranjib Mukhopadhyay ,&nbsp;Rozhin Yousefjani ,&nbsp;Saubhik Sarkar ,&nbsp;Utkarsh Mishra ,&nbsp;Matteo G.A. Paris ,&nbsp;Abolfazl Bayat","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantum systems, fabricated across various spatial scales from nano to micrometers, are very delicate and naturally sensitive to the variations of their environment. These features make them excellent candidates for serving as sensors with wide range of applications. Indeed, the exceptional precision of quantum sensors arises from their compact size and inherent sensitivity, enabling measurements with unprecedented accuracy within highly localized regions. A key advantage of quantum sensors lies in their resource efficiency, as their achievable precision can scale super-linearly with respect to resources, such as system size, in contrast to the linear scaling characteristic of classical sensors. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as quantum-enhanced sensitivity, fundamentally depends on exploiting uniquely quantum mechanical features, including superposition, entanglement, and squeezing. Originally, quantum sensing was formulated for particles prepared in a special form of entangled states. Yet, certain realization of these probes may be susceptible to decoherence and interaction between particles may also be detrimental to their performance. An alternative framework for quantum sensing has been developed through exploiting quantum many-body systems, where the interaction between particles plays a crucial role. In this review, we investigate different aspects of the latter approach for quantum metrology and sensing. Many-body probes have been used for sensing purposes in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium scenarios. Quantum criticality, as a well-studied subject in many-body physics, has been identified as a resource for achieving quantum-enhanced sensitivity in both of these scenarios. In equilibrium, various types of criticalities, such as first order, second order, topological, and localization phase transitions have been exploited for sensing purposes. In non-equilibrium scenarios, quantum-enhanced sensitivity has been discovered for Floquet, dissipative, and time crystal phase transitions. While each type of these criticalities, either in equilibrium or non-equilibrium scenarios, has its own characteristics, the presence of one feature is crucial for achieving quantum-enhanced sensitivity and that is energy/quasi-energy gap closing. In non-equilibrium quantum sensing, time becomes another parameter which can affect the sensitivity of the probe. Typically, the sensitivity enhances as the probe evolves in time. In this review, we provide an overview on recent progresses on different aspects of quantum metrology and sensing with many-body systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1134 ","pages":"Pages 1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional Abelian and non-Abelian gauge Higgs theories","authors":"Claudio Bonati ,&nbsp;Andrea Pelissetto ,&nbsp;Ettore Vicari","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gauge symmetries and Higgs mechanisms are key features of theories describing high-energy particle physics and collective phenomena in statistical and condensed-matter physics. In this review we address the collective behavior of systems of multicomponent scalar fields interacting with gauge fields, which can be already present in the underlying microscopic system or emerge only at criticality. The interplay between local gauge and global symmetries determines the phase diagram, the nature of the Higgs phases, and the nature of phase transitions between the high-temperature disordered and the low-temperature Higgs phases. However, additional crucial features determine the universal properties of the critical behavior at continuous transitions. Specifically, their nature also depends on the role played by the gauge modes at criticality. Effective (Abelian or non-Abelian) gauge Higgs field theories emerge when gauge modes develop critical correlations. On the other hand, a more standard critical behavior, which admits an effective description in terms of Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>Φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> theories, occurs when gauge-field modes are short ranged at the transition. In the latter case, gauge fields only prevent non-gauge invariant correlation functions from becoming critical. This review covers the recent progress made in the study of Higgs systems with Abelian and non-Abelian gauge fields. We discuss the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of systems with a classical partition function, focusing mainly on three-dimensional systems, and only briefly discussing two-dimensional models. However, by using the quantum-to-classical mapping, the results on the critical behavior for classical systems in <span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> dimensions can be extended to quantum transitions in <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> dimensions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1133 ","pages":"Pages 1-92"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the foundations of statistical mechanics","authors":"Marco Baldovin ,&nbsp;Giacomo Gradenigo ,&nbsp;Angelo Vulpiani ,&nbsp;Nino Zanghì","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although not as wide, and popular, as that of quantum mechanics, the investigation of fundamental aspects of statistical mechanics constitutes an important research field in the building of modern physics. Besides the interest for itself, both for physicists and philosophers, and the obvious pedagogical motivations, there is a further, compelling reason for a thorough understanding of the subject. The fast development of models and methods at the edge of the established domain of the field requires indeed a deep reflection on the essential aspects of the theory, which are at the basis of its success. These elements should never be disregarded when trying to expand the domain of statistical mechanics to systems with novel, little known features.</div><div>It is thus important to (re)consider in a careful way the main ingredients involved in the foundations of statistical mechanics. Among those, a primary role is covered by the dynamical aspects (e.g. presence of chaos), the emergence of collective features for large systems, and the use of probability in the building of a consistent statistical description of physical systems.</div><div>With this goal in mind, in the present review we aim at providing a consistent picture of the state of the art of the subject, both in the classical and in the quantum realm. In particular, we will highlight the similarities of the key technical and conceptual steps with emphasis on the relevance of the many degrees of freedom, to justify the use of statistical ensembles in the two domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1132 ","pages":"Pages 1-79"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charm and bottom hadrons in hot hadronic matter","authors":"Santosh K. Das ,&nbsp;Juan M. Torres-Rincon ,&nbsp;Ralf Rapp","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy quarks, and the hadrons containing them, are excellent probes of the QCD medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, as they provide essential information on the transport properties of the medium and how quarks color-neutralize into hadrons. Large theoretical and phenomenological efforts have been dedicated thus far to assess the diffusion of charm and bottom quarks in the quark–gluon plasma and their subsequent hadronization into heavy-flavor (HF) hadrons. However, the fireball formed in heavy-ion collisions also features an extended hadronic phase, and therefore any quantitative analysis of experimental observables needs to account for the rescattering of charm and bottom hadrons. This is further reinforced by the presence of a QCD cross-over transition and the notion that the interaction strength is maximal in the vicinity of the pseudo-critical temperature. We review existing approaches for evaluating the interactions of open HF hadrons in a hadronic heat bath and the pertinent results for scattering amplitudes, spectral functions and transport coefficients. While most of the work to date has focused on <span><math><mi>D</mi></math></span>-mesons, we also discuss excited states as well as HF baryons and the bottom sector. Both the HF hadro-chemistry and bottom observables will play a key role in future experimental measurements. We also conduct a survey of transport calculations in heavy-ion collisions that have included effects of hadronic HF diffusion and assess its impact on various observables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1129 ","pages":"Pages 1-53"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum dynamics in Krylov space: Methods and applications","authors":"Pratik Nandy ,&nbsp;Apollonas S. Matsoukas-Roubeas ,&nbsp;Pablo Martínez-Azcona ,&nbsp;Anatoly Dymarsky ,&nbsp;Adolfo del Campo","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of quantum systems unfolds within a subspace of the state space or operator space, known as the Krylov space. This review presents the use of Krylov subspace methods to provide an efficient description of quantum evolution and quantum chaos, with emphasis on nonequilibrium phenomena of many-body systems with a large Hilbert space. It provides a comprehensive update of recent developments, focused on the quantum evolution of operators in the Heisenberg picture as well as pure and mixed states. It further explores the notion of Krylov complexity and associated metrics as tools for quantifying operator growth, their bounds by generalized quantum speed limits, the universal operator growth hypothesis, and its relation to quantum chaos, scrambling, and generalized coherent states. A comparison of several generalizations of the Krylov construction for open quantum systems is presented. A closing discussion addresses the application of Krylov subspace methods in quantum field theory, holography, integrability, quantum control, and quantum computing, as well as current open problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1125 ","pages":"Pages 1-82"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ANTARES detector: Two decades of neutrino searches in the Mediterranean Sea","authors":"A. Albert ,&nbsp;S. Alves ,&nbsp;M. André ,&nbsp;M. Ardid ,&nbsp;S. Ardid ,&nbsp;J.- J. Aubert ,&nbsp;J. Aublin ,&nbsp;B. Baret ,&nbsp;S. Basa ,&nbsp;Y. Becherini ,&nbsp;B. Belhorma ,&nbsp;F. Benfenati ,&nbsp;V. Bertin ,&nbsp;S. Biagi ,&nbsp;J. Boumaaza ,&nbsp;M. Bouta ,&nbsp;M.C. Bouwhuis ,&nbsp;H. Brânzaş ,&nbsp;R. Bruijn ,&nbsp;J. Brunner ,&nbsp;J. Zúñiga","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interest for studying cosmic neutrinos using deep-sea detectors has increased after the discovery of a diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube collaboration and the possibility of wider multi-messenger studies with the observations of gravitational waves. The ANTARES detector was the first neutrino telescope in seawater, operating successfully in the Mediterranean Sea for more than a decade and a half. All challenges related to the operation in the deep sea were accurately addressed by the collaboration. Deployment and connection operations became smoother over time; data taking and constant re-calibration of the detector due to the variable environmental conditions were fully automated. A wealth of results on the subject of astroparticle physics, particle physics and multi-messenger astronomy have been obtained, despite the relative modest size of the detector, paving the way to a new generation of larger undersea detectors. This review summarizes the efforts by the ANTARES collaboration that made the possibility to operate neutrino telescopes in seawater a reality and the results obtained in this endeavor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1121 ","pages":"Pages 1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of particle-laden flows modeling: Single/multiphase modeling approaches, benchmarks, heat transfer, intermolecular interactions, recent advances and future directions","authors":"Anas Ghannam ,&nbsp;Ahmad Chehade ,&nbsp;Muhammad Mustafa Generous ,&nbsp;Anas Alazzam ,&nbsp;Clement Kleinstreuer ,&nbsp;Goodarz Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Eiyad Abu-Nada","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Understanding the profound complexity of particle-laden flows is critical to advances across multiple disciplines. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding these multiphase systems, addressing both their fundamental physics and diverse modeling approaches. By beginning with effective single-phase models that are characterized by their homogeneous​ mixture properties, the review sets a foundation for exploring more advanced techniques.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The presentation then transitions to multiphase models, where advancements seek to overcome the limitations of single-phase approaches. The mixture model, valued for its simplicity and computational efficiency, struggles to capture detailed interphase interactions. This challenge leads to the multiphase Eulerian models, which treat fluid and particle phases as interpenetrating continua. The Eulerian–Lagrangian approach emerges to address the need for higher fidelity, enabling detailed tracking of individual particles, whether point-like or resolved, in the fluid. Fully Lagrangian models further refine the focus on particle dynamics, offering specialized insights despite significant computational demands.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The dynamics of particle-laden flows are shaped by the interplay of forces among particles, fluids, and surfaces. Forces such as drag, lift, Magnus, and Brownian, along with thermophoretic, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions, govern the individual particle motions. External influences, including acoustic radiation, Lorentz forces, and gravity, add complexity to these interactions. Scaling analyses provide clarity by identifying dominant dynamics across varying spatial and temporal scales.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Benchmark studies play a pivotal role in validating these models. Classical test cases, ranging from single-particle sedimentation to particle–particle dynamics, thermal migration, and Brownian motion, highlight the challenges of integrating particle transport phenomena across scales. Heat transfer mechanisms in particle-laden flows introduce another layer of complexity. Conduction, convection, and radiation interact with particle motion to shape the thermal behavior of particle–fluid suspension. At higher speeds, the multiphase mixture transitions to turbulent flow, and turbulence modeling approaches are used to analyze the chaotic flow regimes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The techniques described in this article deepen the understanding of the complex hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of particle-laden systems, which are critical in numerous engineering and scientific applications. In addition, the review systematically explores the applications of particle-laden flows, identifying commonly used modeling approaches for various conditions. It further highlights the key forces influencing specific applications, offering critical insights into their significance and practical implications.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ultimately, this review attempts to provide an essential and thorough g","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1118 ","pages":"Pages 1-96"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axion astrophysics","authors":"Pierluca Carenza ,&nbsp;Maurizio Giannotti ,&nbsp;Jordi Isern ,&nbsp;Alessandro Mirizzi ,&nbsp;Oscar Straniero","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stars have been recognized as optimal laboratories to probe axion properties. In the last decades there have been significant advances in this field due to a better modeling of stellar systems and accurate observational data. In this work we review the current status of constraints on axions from stellar physics. We focus in particular on the Sun, globular cluster stars, white dwarfs and (proto)-neutron stars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1117 ","pages":"Pages 1-102"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of line profile asymmetry in precision spectroscopy","authors":"Dmitry A. Solovyev ,&nbsp;Timur A. Zalialiutdinov ,&nbsp;Aleksei A. Anikin ,&nbsp;Leonti N. Labzowsky","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this review, we have investigated the asymmetry of the line profile in precision one- and two-photon spectroscopy of hydrogen and helium atoms within the framework of a rigorous QED approach. A detailed analysis of the angular correlations of the quantum interference effect has been carried out using various examples. Nonresonant effects are also considered in relation to some astrophysical problems. In particular, a rigorous QED derivation of the nonresonant extension for the Lorentz line profile is given using the Ly <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> transition as an example; such a QED derivation has been lacking in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1114 ","pages":"Pages 1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling multiscale infectious disease in complex systems","authors":"Jiajun Xian ,&nbsp;Minghui Liu ,&nbsp;Xuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Meiyi Yang ,&nbsp;Tianshu Xie ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Liu ,&nbsp;Yi-Cheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Yang ,&nbsp;Gui-Quan Sun ,&nbsp;Jinlin Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.physrep.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The infectious diseases spreading in real-world complex systems are exceptionally rapid and present rich spatiotemporal evolution patterns and critical phenomena at different scales. Using mathematical modelling approaches to study multiscale infectious diseases is crucial for understanding the rules of infectious diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in multiscale infectious disease modelling, including microcosmic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scales, respectively, describing the infectious disease spreading in fact-to-fact contact (e.g., conference), metropolitan areas and globally. This review mainly presents the recent progress of the modelling approaches, the effects of complex systems scale, and the critical phenomena associated with them at the three scales. Finally, the challenges and the open issues for future studies for multiscale infectious disease modelling are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":404,"journal":{"name":"Physics Reports","volume":"1113 ","pages":"Pages 1-57"},"PeriodicalIF":23.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}